stringtranslate.com

Rotzo Formation

The Rotzo Formation (also known in older literature as the Noriglio Grey Limestone Formation) is a geological formation in Italy, dating to roughly between 192 and 186 million years ago and covering the Pliensbachian stage of the Jurassic Period in the Mesozoic Era.[4] Has been traditionally classified as a Sinemurian-Pliensbachian Formation, but a large and detailed dataset of isotopic 13C and 87Sr/86Sr data, estimated the Rotzo Formation to span only over the Early Pliensbachian, bracketed between the Jamesoni-Davoei biozones, marked in the Loppio Oolitic Limestone–Rotzo Fm contact by a carbon isotope excursion onset similar to the Sinemu-Pliens boundary event, while the other sequences fit with the a warm phase that lasts until the Davoei biozone.[1] The Rotzo Formation represented the Carbonate Platform, being located over the Trento Platform and surrounded by the Massone Oolite (marginal calcarenitic bodies), the Fanes Piccola Encrinite (condensed deposits and emerged lands), the Lombadian Basin Medolo Group and Belluno Basin Soverzene Formation (open marine), and finally towards the south, deep water deposits of the Adriatic Basin.[5] The also Pliensbachian Aganane Formation of Morocco represents a regional equivalent, both in deposition and faunal content.

Fossil prosauropod tracks have been reported from the formation.[6] This formation was deposited within a tropical lagoon environment, similar to modern Bahamas which was protected by oolitic shoals and bars from the open deep sea located to the east (Belluno Basin) and towards the west (Lombardia Basin). It is characterized by a rich paleontological content. It is notable mostly thanks to its great amount of big aberrant bivalves, among which is the genus Lithiotis, described in the second half of the nineteenth century. The unusual shape of Lithiotis and Cochlearites shells, extremely elongated and narrow, characterized by a spoon-like body space placed in a high position, rarely preserved, seems to suggest their adaptation to soft and muddy bottoms with a high sedimentation rate.[7] The Bellori outcrop displays about 20 m of limestones with intercalated clays and marls rich in organic matter and sometimes fossil wood (coal) and amber. The limestones are well stratified, with beds 10 cm to more than one metre thick, whereas the clayey levels range between 3 and 40 cm in thickness.[8][9]

Paleoenvironment

The sedimentary cover of the Southern Alps has been recognized as a well-preserved section of the Mesozoic Tethys' southern continental margin, featuring a horst and graben structure linked to the rifting associated with the opening of the central North Atlantic that in the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic, created elevated blocks separated by troughs. While the western margin (Piedmont and Lombardy) quickly submerged in the Early Jurassic (As seen by the Saltrio Formation & Moltrasio Formation), the eastern regions maintained shallow water sedimentation, including the Friuli and Trento Platforms, this last one latter evolving into a pelagic plateau, and separated from the Lombardian basin by the Garda escarpment fault system.[10]

The Early Jurassic Calcari Grigi Group represents the shallow-water sedimentation phase of the Trento Platform, revealing several sites over an area of about 1,500 km2. The continuity of dinosaur tracks from the Hettangian-Pliensbachian interval indicates a stable connection between the Southern Alps' carbonate tidal flats and nearby vegetated lands and freshwater sources, although the exact locations of these lands remain uncertain.[11] Detailed sedimentological studies of the Calcari Grigi Group, particularly the Rotzo Formation, describe it as a shallow subtidal platform with an inner lagoon bordered by oolitic shoals.[8]

The Coste dell’Anglone ichnosite for example, situated on the margin of this lagoon within a sandy barrier complex, was influenced by pioneer plants like Hirmeriellaceae in semi-arid conditions. Sedimentary structures indicate a shallow water tidal environment with heterolithic stratification pointing to steady flows at low current velocities. The presence of dinosaur tracks and supratidal markers suggests repeated subaerial exposure, contrasting with previous interpretations of the site as fully subtidal.[11][12]

These findings align with the lagoon-barrier island complex scenario, featuring a subtidal ramp gently inclined to the west and an intertidal-supratidal barrier island complex trending approximately N-S, now corresponding to the Mt. Brento-Biaina and Mt. Baldo chains.[5][11]

Amoebae

The presence of the families Centropyxidae and Difflugiidae testifies the presence of a mixed marine-terrestrial depositional system, lacking large bodies of water.[13]

Invertebrates and mollusks

Microfossils of the Rotzo Formation consist of benthic foraminifera, calcareous algae, Ostracoda and coprolites. Foraminifera are mainly benthic agglutinated species belonging to the superfamily Lituolacea (suborder Textulariina), while lamellar and porcellaneous-walled species are very rare.[14] The bivalve Opisoma excavatum is very common.[15]

Sponges

Branchipods

Bivalves

The Rotzo Formation is known mostly due to its massive bivalve associations of the genera Lithiotis, Cochlearites and Lithioperna that extended all along the Pliensbachian Trento Platform forming mass accumulations of specimens that formed Reef-Like structures.[19] This fauna appeared after the early Pliensbachian C-cycle perturbation, that triggered the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna, noted on the rapid widespread of this biota after the event layers.[19] All of the genera related with this fauna appeared on the lower Jurassic, and all but one became extinct before the Middle Jurassic.[20] This "Reefs" had a strong zonation, starting with the bivalves Gervilleioperna and Mytiloperna, restricted to intertidal and shallow-subtidal facies. Lithioperna is limited to lagoonal subtidal facies and even in some low-oxygen environments. Finally Lithiotis and Cochlearites are found in subtidal facies, constructing buildups.[20] This sections formed various kinds of ecosystems on the Trento platform, where it appeared in branched corals filled with (Spongiomorpha), Domal corals (Stromatoporida), tubular corals, Styllophyllidae corals, unidentified Cerioidea colonial corals, regular echinoid debris, sponges, and the solitary coral Opelismilia sp., with also aggregated snail shells.[20]

Ammonoidea

Gastropoda

Echinoidea

Thylacocephala

Crustacea

Annelida

Invertebrate ichnofossils

In the Western Venetian Prealps a shallow-water, oceanic carbonate platform system, the Trento platform, developed on the Early Jurassic, producing a large succession of massive to well-bedded white Limestones, several 100 m (330 ft) thick that are part of the Calcari Grigi Group, where the Rotzo Formation is the Upper Member.[39] On the local limestone of the Rotzo Formation deep burrowing is a very common type of biogenic activity, as is shown due to the presence of a large characteristic network of burrows which reach down to the lagoonal, marly-clayey assigned strata, suggesting intense bioturbation by large unknown organisms, perhaps giant decapod crustaceans (Probably members of the family Erymidae), although, the burrows found are not closely related to the ones of Shrimps or other decapods, but resemble those of Stomatopoda and Malacostraca.[39] Other includes abandoned burrows, vertical biogenic action and infilling on the sea substrate.[39]

Vertebrata

Chondrichthyes

Episodic surficial bioturbation is common on the Rotzo Formation, due to invertebrates or fishes which alter intensely but rapidly the substrate for many cm in depth.[39] It this case the Bioturbation is assigned to mollusc predatory Chondrichthyes, such as Hybodontidae and Heterodontidae.[39] It also resembles present day flat angel sharks or Squatinidae and Guitarfish such as Rhinobatos.[39]

Actinopterygii

Unidentified fish scales are known from the formation.[44]

Crocodyliformes

Dinosaurs

On the Inter-supratidal levels show that on the Rotzo Formation the Tracksites were rarely hit by Storm Waves.[47] Bella Lastra Tracksite recovers this environment, where the shales present (Where Fish & Crocodrylomorph Remains where found) are filled with plant roots, pollen grains, spores, freshwater ostracodes and the bivalve Eomiodon.[47] This was deposited mostly on a Lagoonar environment with abundant shed vegetation.[47] The main local Track record recovers specially Theropoda and Sauropoda, where the Sauropods are the most abundant tracks present (70%), moving the Otozum-like Sauropodomorphs of lower levels, with the climate changing from arid to humid.[47] The Coste dell’Anglone ichnosite is considered as derived from semi-arid tidal flat deposits, due to the abundance of Cheirolepidiaceae Pollen.[12] As the Pliensbachian Trento Platform is considered to be formed by a channelized barrier formed by sand, with reiterate tide emersions. The dinosaurs living here probably trampled on the subtidal flats looking for fishes trapped on tidal-derived ponds.[12]

Flora

Rotzo Formation nearby land hosted Bahamian-type biomes (Gold Rock Beach in the picture) with nearby "Taxodium swamp"-like coniferous associations dominated by the Pagiophyllum producer

The Rotzo Formation was deposited on a Lagoon on the emerged Trento Platform, leading to a well preserved fossil flora record, collected and studied since the 19th century.[52] The great level of floral fossilization has even allow to discovery fossil amber on the Bellori section. This amber has allowed to determine that the environment was a shallow tropical lagoon, only a few metres deep, closed seawards by oolitic shoals and bars.[52] This levels are dominated by a high abundance of Classopollis sp. (Cheirolepidiaceae), associated with dry and wet climates in coastal areas. The abundance of this group of conifers is also proven by the high presence of cuticles of Pagiophyllum cf. rotzoanum.[53] Beyond this genera, spores are highly diversified, including from Sphenophyta, Selaginellales to Ferns, with abundance (more than 50%) of trilete spores (Deltoidospora), what suggest a good freshwater availability corresponding to a wet climate, proven also by the presence of aquatic miospores of algae such as Botryococcus and Pseudoschizaea.[52] The climate was arid on some seasons with monsoon months. The abundance of marine fauna on this sediments, including fragments of corals, bryozoans, bivalves, echinoids, and foraminifera, suggest transport from brackish lagoons and marshes, probably occurred during storm events.[52] Overall data points to a marshy and/or submerged paleoenvironment, comparable to the present-day Taxodium swamp or cypress swamp and a Bahamian-type marine environment in a rather wet monsoonal climate as in the modern southeastern Asia.[52][53]

Amber

The Rotzo Formation records one of the few Early Jurassic assamblages with Amber in the world, the nicknamed "Bellori amber" found near the village of the same name.[54] Made mostly of small droplets of less than 1 mm with exceptionally preserved morphology its likely the amber producing plants were likely not stressed or affected by disease.[54] Due to the small size animal inclusion have not been found. However various plant materials, identified “mummified wood” and wood tissue are known.[54] Additionally large amounts of Circumpolles Cheirolepidiaceous pollen, and occasional freshwater algae Pseudoschizaea remains are included.[54] Several cuticle fragments are attributed to the araucariaceous or Hirmeriellaceae genus Pagiophyllum.[54] Those lived on a coastal and wet palaeoenvironment similar to the present-day Taxodium swamps with monsoonal seasons as in the modern southern Asia.[54]

Palynology

Equisetales

Ferns

Seed Ferns

Bennettitales

Ginkgoopsida

Conifers

Bibliography

  1. ^ a b Franceschi, M.; Dal Corso, J.; Posenato, R.; Roghi, G.; Masetti, D.; Jenkyns, H. C. (2014). "Early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) C-isotope perturbation and the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna: Insights from the western Tethys". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 410 (1): 255–263. Bibcode:2014PPP...410..255F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.025. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Castellarin, A.; Picotti, V.; Cantelli, L.; Claps, M.; Trombetta, L.; Selli, L.; Carton, A.; Borsato, A.; Daminato, F.; Nardin, M.; Santuliana, E.; Veronese, L.; Bollettinari, G. (2005). "Note Illustrative della Carta Geologica d'Italia alla scala 1:50.000, Foglio 080 Riva del Garda". Dipartimento Difesa del Suolo, Servizio Geologico d'Italia. 56 (2): 145. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  3. ^ "PBDB".
  4. ^ Broglio Loriga, C.; Neri, C. (1976). "Aspetti paleobiologici e paleogeografici delle facies "Lithiotis" (Giurese inf.)". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 82 (1): 651–151.
  5. ^ a b Masetti, D.; Fantoni, R.; Romano, R.; Sartorio, D.; Trevisani, E. (2012). "Tectonostratigraphic evolution of the Jurassic extensional basins of the eastern southern Alps and Adriatic foreland based on an integrated study of surface and subsurface data". AAPG Bulletin. 96 (11): 2065–2089. Bibcode:2012BAAPG..96.2065M. doi:10.1306/03091211087. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  6. ^ Mietto, P.; Roghi, G.; Zorzin, R. (2000). "Le impronte di dinosauri liassici dei Monti Lessini Veronesi [The Liassic dinosaur tracks from the Veronese Monti Lessini]". Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona. Geologia Paleontologia Preistoria. 24 (2): 55–72.
  7. ^ Masseti, D.; Posenato, R.; Bassi, D.; Fungagnoli, A. (2005). "The Rotzo Formation (Lower Jurassic) at the Valbona Pass (Vicenza Province)". IRIS Università degli Studi di Ferrara. 31 (5): 35–56. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  8. ^ a b Neri, Mirco; Papazzoni, Cesare Andrea; Vescogni, Alessandro; Roghi, Guido (2015). "Cyclical variation in paleoenvironments of the Rotzo formation (Lower Jurassic, Lessini Mts., N Italy)". STAMPA. 33 (1): 74–75.
  9. ^ Urban, I. (2017). "Petrografia e geochimica delle ooliti del Giurassico inferiore della Piattaforma di Trento". Area 04 - Scienze della Terra > GEO/02 Geologia Stratigrafica e Sedimentologica. 1 (1): 1–203. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  10. ^ Castellarin, A.; Picotti, V. (1990). "Jurassic tectonic framework of the eastern border of the Lombardian basin". Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. 83 (3): 683–700.
  11. ^ a b c Bernardi, M.; Petti, F. M.; Avanzini, M. (2010). "Palaeoenvironmental implications of Asteriacites lumbricalis in the coste dell'Anglone sinemurian dinosaur ichnosite (NE Italy)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 13 (3): 1–8.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Petti, F. M.; Bernardi, M.; Ferretti, P.; Tomasoni, R.; Avanzini, M. (2011). "Dinosaur tracks in a marginal marine environment: the Coste dell'Anglone ichnosite (Early Jurassic, Trento Platform, NE Italy)". Italian Journal of Geosciences. 130 (1): 27–41. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d BASSI, DAVIDE; FUGAGNOLI, ANNA; POSENATO, RENATO; SCOTT, DAVID B. (2008). "Testate Amoebae from the Early Jurassic of the Western Tethys, North-East Italy". Palaeontology. 51 (6): 1335–1339. Bibcode:2008Palgy..51.1335B. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00817.x. ISSN 0031-0239. S2CID 129670565.
  14. ^ Monaco, P.; Giannetti, A. (2001). "Stratigrafia tafonomica nel Giurassico inferiore dei Calcari Grigi della Piattaforma di Trento". Atti Ticinensi di Scienze della Terra. 42 (1): 175–209. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Posenato, R. (2013). "Opisoma excavatum Boehm, a Lower Jurassic photosymbiotic alatoform-chambered bivalve". Lethaia. 46 (2): 424–437. Bibcode:2013Letha..46..424P. doi:10.1111/let.12020. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  16. ^ Avanzini, M.; Broglio Loriga, C. (1996). "Chaetetid facies from the uppermost Calcari Grigi of the Southern Alps (Lower Jurassic, Gruppo del Pasubio, Trento, Italy)". Memorie di Scienze Geologiche Università di Padova. 48: 55–64. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  17. ^ a b c d Vörös, A. (1993). "Jurassic microplate movements and brachiopod migrations in the western part of the Tethys". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 100 (1–2): 125–145. Bibcode:1993PPP...100..125V. doi:10.1016/0031-0182(93)90037-J. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  18. ^ a b c d e Bassi, Davide; Angiolini, Lucia; Nebelsick, James H.; Posenato, Renato (2024). "Success and demise of exceptionally preserved terebratulide brachiopod accumulations in a Jurassic (early Pliensbachian) tropical lagoonal setting (Southern Alps, Italy): Brachiopod response to environmental changes". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 648: 112262. Bibcode:2024PPP...64812262B. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112262. ISSN 0031-0182.
  19. ^ a b Franceschi, M.; Dal Corso, J.; Posenato, R.; Roghi, G.; Masetti, D.; Jenkyns, H.C. (2014). "Early Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) C-isotope perturbation and the diffusion of the Lithiotis Fauna: Insights from the western Tethys". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 410 (4): 255–263. Bibcode:2014PPP...410..255F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.05.025. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Fraser, N.M.; Bottjer, D.J.; Fischer, A.G. (2004). "Dissecting "Lithiotis" Bivalves: Implications for the Early Jurassic Reef Eclipse". PALAIOS. 19 (1): 51–67. Bibcode:2004Palai..19...51F. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0051:DLBIFT>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 128632794. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bassi, D.; Boomer, I.; Fugagnoli, A.; Loriga, C.; Posenato, R.; Whatley, R.C. (1999). "Faunal assemblages and palaeoenvironment of shallow water black shales in the Tonezza area (Calcari Grigi, Early Jurassic, Southern Alps)" (PDF). Annali dell'Università di Ferrara, Sezione di Scienze della Terra. 8 (3): 1–16. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Posenato, R.; Masetti, D. (2012). "Environmental control and dynamics of Lower Jurassic bivalve build-ups in the Trento Platform (Southern Alps, Italy)". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 361 (2): 1–13. Bibcode:2012PPP...361....1P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.07.001. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i Posenato, R.; Avanzini, M. (2004). "Short note–Nota breve "Lithiotis" beds of the Rotzo Formation (Calcari Grigi Group, Lower Jurassic) from Albaredo (Rovereto, Trento)" (PDF). Acta Geol. 81 (6): 23–28. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  24. ^ a b Posenato, R.; Bassi, D.; Avanzini, M. (2013). "Bivalve pavements from shallow-water black-shales in the Early Jurassic of northern Italy: A record of salinity-and oxygen-depleted environmental dynamics". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 369 (2): 262–271. Bibcode:2013PPP...369..262P. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.10.032. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  25. ^ a b c Negri, A. (1891). "Sopra alcuni fossili: raccolti nei Calcari grigi dei sette comuni". Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital. 10 (6): 309–331.
  26. ^ Posenato, R.; Crippa, G. (2023). "An insight into the systematics of Plicatostylidae (Bivalvia), with a description of Pachygervillia anguillaensis n. gen. n. sp. from the Lithiotis Facies (Lower Jurassic) of Italy". Riv. It. Paleontol. Strat. 129 (3): 551–572. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Mietto, P. (1985). "Ammoniti nella Piattaforma liassica Veneta". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 91 (1): 3–14. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  28. ^ a b c d e Haas, O. (1913). "Die Fauna des mittleren Lias von Ballino im Sudtirol". Beitr. Paldont. Geol. Osterr. 26 (1): 1–161. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  29. ^ Sarti, C.; Ferrari, G. (1999). "The first record of an in situ ammonite from the upper part of the Calcari Grigi di Noriglio Formation of the Monte Baldo (Trentino, Northern Italy)". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 213 (3): 313–334. doi:10.1127/njgpa/213/1999/313. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  30. ^ Castelli, M. (1980). "Ammoniti del Pliensbachiano della collezione paleontologica del Museo civico di storia naturale di Brescia" (PDF). Natura Bresciana. 17 (2): 34–76. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Gatto, R.; Monari, S. (2010). "Pliensbachian gastropods from Venetian Southern Alps (Italy) and their palaeobiogeographical significance". Palaeontology. 53 (4): 771–802. Bibcode:2010Palgy..53..771G. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00961.x. S2CID 140623279. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  32. ^ a b c Vorlicek, Lucia (2022). "Analisi paleontologica di alcuni gasteropodi del Giurassico inferiore del Veneto". Dipartimento di Geoscienze-Universita Padova. 34 (1): 1–22. Retrieved 13 November 2023.
  33. ^ a b Borghi, E.; Bottazzi, A. (2020). "First record of the genus Polydiadema Lambert, 1888 (Echinoidea) in the Jurassic of Italy" (PDF). Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali. 99 (4): 15–19. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  34. ^ a b c d Tintori, A.; Bigi, E.; Crugnola, G.; Danini, G. (1986). "A new Jurassic Thylacocephala Rugocaris indunensis gen. n. sp. n. and its paleoecological significance". Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia. 92 (2): 239–250. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Boomer, I.; Whatley, R.; Bassi, D.; Fugagnoli, A.; Loriga, C. (2001). "An Early Jurassic oligohaline ostracod assemblage within the marine carbonate platform sequence of the Venetian Prealps, NE Italy". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 166 (3–4): 331–344. Bibcode:2001PPP...166..331B. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00216-9. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Garassino, A.; Monaco, M. (2000). "Burrows and body fossil of decapod custaceans i the Calcari Grigi, Lower Jurassic, Treno Platform (Italy)". Geobios. 34 (3): 291–301.
  37. ^ a b c d e f Monaco, P. (2000). "Decapod burrows (Thalassinoides, Ophiomorpha) and crustacean remains in the Calcari Grigi, lower Jurassic, Trento platform (Italy)". 1st Workshop on Mesozoic and Tertiary decapod crustaceans, Studi e Ricerche, Associazione Amici del Museo Civico "G.Zannato" Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), October 6–8, 2000. 1 (1): 55–57. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  38. ^ Van Erve, A. W. (1981). "Lower Jurassic scolecodonts from the vicentinian Alps (northeastern Italy), representing the family Dorvilleidae Chamberlin, 1919". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 34 (2): 225–235. Bibcode:1981RPaPa..34..225V. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(81)90040-3. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  39. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Monaco, P.; Giannetti, A. (2002). "Three-dimensional burrow systems and taphofacies in shallowing-upward parasequences, lower Jurassic carbonate platform (Calcari Grigi, Southern Alps, Italy)". Facies. 47 (1): 57–82. Bibcode:2002Faci...47...57M. doi:10.1007/BF02667706. S2CID 129735856. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  40. ^ a b c Bernardi, M.; Ferreti, P.; Petti, F.M.; Avanzini, M. (2009). "Asteriacites isp. from the Coste dell'Anglone dinosaur ichnosite (Valle del Sarca, Trentino, NW Italy)". Giornate di Paleontologia. 43 (1): 28–31.
  41. ^ a b c d e f Monaco, P.; Garassino, A. (2001). "Burrowing and carapace remains of crustacean decapods in the Calcari Grigi, Early Jurassic, Trento platform". Geobios. 34 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1016/S0016-6995(01)80077-2. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  42. ^ a b c d Franceschi, F.; Bernardi, M. (2021). "The higher ecological tiers of the Rotzo Formation: first clues on a forgotten vertebrate fauna". _PaleoDays 2021 - XXI Convegno della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 2 (1): 6–7. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  43. ^ a b c d e Franceschi, Fabio; Bernardi, Massimo (2020). "Vertebrate remains from the Rotzo Formation (Lower Jurassic, Trento Platform, Italy): preliminary note" (PDF). Fossilia - Reports in Palaeontology. 78 (6): 25–27. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i Petti, F. M.; Bernardi, M.; Todesco, R.; Avanzini, M. (2011). "Dinosaur footprints as ultimate evidence for a terrestrial environment in the late Sinemurian trento carbonate platform". PALAIOS. 26 (10): 601–606. Bibcode:2011Palai..26..601P. doi:10.2110/palo.2011.p11-003r. S2CID 128845481. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  45. ^ a b c d e Avanzini, M. (1998). "Resti di vertebrati dal Giurassico inferiore della piattafor-ma di Trento (Italia settentrionale) Nota prelimiare". Studi Trentini diScienze Naturali. Acta Geologica. 73 (7): 75–80.
  46. ^ Avanzini, M. (1998). "Resti di rettili continentali dal Giurassico inferiore della piattaforma di Trento (Italia settentrionale)". Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali - Acta Geologica. 73 (4): 75–80.
  47. ^ a b c d e f g Guidorroghi, R. (2006). "Lower Jurassic (Hettangian-Sinemurian) dinosaur track megasites, southern Alps, Northern Italy". The Triassic-Jurassic Terrestrial Transition. 37 (8): 207.
  48. ^ a b c d Petti, F.M.; Avanzini, M.; Antonelli, M; Bernardi, M.; Leonardi, G.; Manni, R.; Mietto, P.; Pignatti, J.; Piubelli, D.; Sacco, E.; Wagensommer, A. (2020). "Jurassic tetrapod tracks from Italy: a training ground for generations of researchers". Tetrapod Ichnology in Italy: The State of the Art. Journal of Mediterranean Earth Sciences. 12 (3): 137–165. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  49. ^ Avanzini, M.; Petti, F. M. (2008). "Updating the dinosaur tracksites from the Lower Jurassic Calcari Grigi Group (Southern Alps, northern Italy)". Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali, Acta Geologica. 83 (8): 289–301. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  50. ^ a b c d Avanzini, M.; Leonardi, G.; Tomasoni, R.; Campolongo, M. (2001). "Enigmatic dinosaur trackways from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) of the Sarca Valley, northeast Italy". Ichnos. 8 (3–4): 235–242. Bibcode:2001Ichno...8..235A. doi:10.1080/10420940109380190. S2CID 128584482. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  51. ^ Franceschi, M.; Martinelli, M.; Gislimberti, L.; Rizzi, A.; Massironi, M. (2015). "Integration of 3D modeling, aerial LiDAR and photogrammetry to study a synsedimentary structure in the Early Jurassic Calcari Grigi (Southern Alps, Italy)". European Journal of Remote Sensing. 48 (1): 527–539. Bibcode:2015EuJRS..48..527F. doi:10.5721/EuJRS20154830. S2CID 134429593.
  52. ^ a b c d e Neri, M.; Papazzoni, C.A.; Kustatscher, E.; Roghi, G. (2015). "Paleoenvironmental data from the amber-bearing levels of the Rotzo formation (Pliensbachian, Lower Jurassic), Monti Lessini (Verona, Italy)". In XV Edizione delle "Giornate di Paleontologia", PaleoDays. 15 (2): 78–79. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  53. ^ a b c Neri, M.; Kustatscher, E.; Roghi, G.; Papazzoni, C.A. (2016). "Paleobotanical assemblage from the Lower Jurassic amber bearing levels from the Rotzo Formation, Monti Lessini (Venetian Prealps, Northern Italy)". In the Micropaleontological Society, 5th Silicofossil and Palynology Joint Meeting. 16 (2): 33.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Neri, M.; Roghi, G.; Ragazzi, E.; Papazzoni, C. A. (2017). "First record of Pliensbachian (Lower Jurassic) amber and associated palynoflora from the Monti Lessini (northern Italy)". Geobios. 50 (1): 49–63. Bibcode:2017Geobi..50...49N. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2016.10.001. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  55. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Van Erve, A.W. (1977). "Palynological investigation in the Lower Jurassic of the Vicentinian Alps (Northeastern Italy)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 23 (6): 1–117. Bibcode:1977RPaPa..23....1V. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(77)90004-5. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  56. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Neri, M.; Kustatscher, E.; Roghi, G. (2018). "Megaspores from the Lower Jurassic (Pliensbachian) Rotzo Formation (Monti Lessini, northern Italy) and their paleoenvironmental implications". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 98 (1): 102–118. Bibcode:2018PdPe...98...97N. doi:10.1007/s12549-017-0314-z. S2CID 133666705. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  57. ^ Guy-Ohlson, D. (1988), "The use of dispersed palynomorphs referable to the form genus Chasmatosporites (Nilsson) Pocock and Jansonius, in Jurassic biostratigraphy" (PDF), Congreso Argentino de Paleontologia y Bioestratigrafia, 3 (1–2): 5–13, retrieved 9 April 2021
  58. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t De Zigno, A. (1856–1868). "Flora fossilis formationis Oolithicae". Tipografia del Seminario di Padova. 1 (1): 1–426. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  59. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Wesley, A. (1958). "Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the Grey Limestones of Veneto, Part 2". Mem. Ist. Geol. Min. Univ. Padova. 21 (1): 1–57.
  60. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l De Zigno, A. (1885). "Flora fossilis formationis oolithicae Volume 2". Padova, Tip. Del Seminario. 3 (2): 1–356. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  61. ^ a b c d e f g Bartiromo, A.; Barone Lumaga, M.R. (2009). "Taxonomical revision of the Collection of Jurassic plants from Roverè di Velo (Veneto, northern Italy) stored in the Palaeontological Museum of the University of Naples "Federico II"". Bollettino della Società Paleontologica Italiana. 48 (3): 1–13. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  62. ^ THÉVENARD, FRÉDÉRIC; BARALE, GEORGES; GUIGNARD, GAËTAN; DAVIERO-GOMEZ, VÉRONIQUE; GOMEZ, BERNARD; PHILIPPE, MARC; LABERT, NICOLAS (2005). "Reappraisal of the ill-defined Liassic pteridosperm Dichopteris using an ultrastructural approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (3): 313–332. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00439.x. ISSN 1095-8339.
  63. ^ a b c d e f Wesley, A. (1956). "Contributions to the knowledge of the flora of the Grey Limestones of Veneto, Part 1". Mem. Ist. Geol. Min. Univ. Padova. 19 (3): 1–69.
  64. ^ Krassilov, V. A. (1978). "Araucariaceae as indicators of climate and paleolatitudes". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 26 (1–4): 113–124. Bibcode:1978RPaPa..26..113K. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(78)90008-8.
  65. ^ van Konijnenburg-van Cittert, J.H.A.; Schmeißner, S.; D., G.; Kustatscher, E.; Pott, C. (2024-03-13). "Plant macrofossils from the Rhaetian of Einberg near Coburg (Bavaria, Germany). Part 3. Conifers, incertae sedis and general discussion". Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen. 310 (3): 251–282. doi:10.1127/njgpa/2023/1182. ISSN 0077-7749.