Qumran cave 4, where ninety percent of the scrolls were found.
Wadi Qumran Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated from 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik.[1][2] Cave 4 is actually two hand-cut caves (4a and 4b), but since the fragments were mixed, they are labeled as 4Q. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. It is visible from the plateau to the south of the Qumran settlement. It is by far the most productive of all Qumran caves, producing ninety percent of the Dead Sea Scrolls and scroll fragments (approx. 15,000 fragments from 500 different texts), including 9–10 copies of Jubilees, along with 21 tefillin and 7 mezuzot.
List of manuscripts
Some resources for more complete information on the scrolls are the book by Emanuel Tov, "Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert"[3] for a complete list of all of the Dead Sea Scroll texts, as well as the online webpages for the Shrine of the Book[4] and the Leon Levy Collection,[5] both of which present photographs and images of the scrolls and fragments themselves for closer study. Information is not always comprehensive, as content for many scrolls has not yet been fully published.
4Q1–4Q100
4Q101–4Q200
4Q201–4Q300
4Q301–
Gallery
Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4. The Jordan Museum, Amman
^In 2022, D. Longacre and B. Strawn demonstrated this small fragment to be part of the larger manuscript 4QPsc, as opposed to a separate manuscript of the Psalms.
References
^VanderKam, James C., The Dead Sea Scrolls Today, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1994. pp. 10–11.
^Milik (1957). "Dix ans de découverte dans le désert de Juda" | Discoveries in the Judaean Desert; Milik (1976). The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments Qumran Cave 4 with the collaboration of Black M.
^Tov, Emanuel (2010). Revised Lists of the Texts from the Judaean Desert. Brill. ISBN 9789047443797.
^"Shrine Of The Book – The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls".
^ a b c d e f g h i j"Leon Levy Collection". Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
^ a b c d e f gFitzmyer 2008, p. 29.
^4Q1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q3 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q4 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q5 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q6 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q7 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j k lFitzmyer 2008, p. 30.
^4Q8 4QGen h1 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q8 4QGen h2 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q8 4QGen h-para at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q8 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q9 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q10 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q11 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q12 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q13 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b4Q14 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q15 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Martinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 246
^ a b c d e f gFitzmyer 2008, p. 31.
^4Q17 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q18 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q19 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q20 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q21 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q22 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q23 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 31–32.
^4Q24 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f gFitzmyer 2008, p. 32.
^4Q25 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q26 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q27 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao apOakTree Software, Inc. Accordance 10: Bible Software. 2008.
^4Q28 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q29 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 32–33.
^ a b c d e f g h iFitzmyer 2008, p. 33.
^ a b c4Q38 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library. Accessed 20 May 2013
^ a b c d e f g h i jFitzmyer 2008, p. 34.
^4Q47 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 34–35.
^4Q48 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e fFitzmyer 2008, p. 35.
^4Q49 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q50 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q51 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q52 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q53 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q54 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g hFitzmyer 2008, p. 36.
^4Q55 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q56 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q57 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q58 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q59 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q60 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q61 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j kFitzmyer 2008, p. 37.
^4Q62 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q63 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q64 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q65 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q66 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q67 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q68 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q69 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b cMartinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 270
^ a b c d eSchiffman, Lawrence; VanderKam, James (2008). Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195084504.
^ a b c d eFlint, Peter (2013). The Dead Sea Scrolls. Nashville, TN: Abingdon Press. p. 68. ISBN 9780687494491.
^ a b c d e f g h i jFitzmyer 2008, p. 38.
^4Q73 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q74 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Sanderson 1997. DJD 15: 215–218.
^4Q75 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q76 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q77 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q78 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f gFitzmyer 2008, p. 39.
^4Q79 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q80 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q81 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q82 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q83 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q84 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j k lFitzmyer 2008, p. 41.
^4Q85 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Longacre, Drew, and Brent A. Strawn. "A New Identification of a Psalm Manuscript from Qumran: 4Q85 + 4Q98c", Dead Sea Discoveries, doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/15685179-bja10037
^ a b c d e f g h iFitzmyer 2008, p. 40.
^4Q86 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q87 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q88 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q89 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q90 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q91 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q92 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q93 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q94 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q95 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q96 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q97 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q98 4QPsr at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q99 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i jFitzmyer 2008, p. 42.
^4Q100 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q101 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q102 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q103 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q104 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q105 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q106 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q107 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q108 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i jFitzmyer 2008, p. 43.
^4Q109 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q110 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q111 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q112 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q113 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q114 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q115 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q116 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q117 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q118 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e fFitzmyer 2008, p. 44.
^4Q119 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q120 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q121 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q122 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q123 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Tov, Emanuel; et al. (The Greek Biblical Texts from the Judean Desert) (2008). "23". Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism. Vol. 121. Mohr Siebeck. p. 346. ISBN 9783161495465.
^4Q126 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q127 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 44–45.
^4Q128 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h iFitzmyer 2008, p. 45.
^4Q129 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q130 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q131 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q132 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q133 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q134 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q135 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q136 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e f g h i j kFitzmyer 2008, p. 46.
^4Q138 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q139 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q140 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q141 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q142 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q143 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q144 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q145 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q146 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q147 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q148 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 46–47.
^4Q149 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d e fFitzmyer 2008, p. 47.
^4Q150 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q151 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q152 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q153 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q154 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q155 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a bWise, Michael O.; Abegg, Martin G.; Cook, Edward M. (2005). The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 577. ISBN 9780060766627.
^4Q156 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 47–48.
^4Q157 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c d eMartinez and Tigchelaar, The Dead Sea Scrolls Study Edition (Brill 1997): page 305ff
^4Q158 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b cFitzmyer 2008, p. 48.
^4Q159 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q160 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q161 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q162 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q166 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q167 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q168 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q169 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a bFitzmyer 2008, p. 50.
^4Q174 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q175 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q179 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q186 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q196 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q197 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q198 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q199 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q200 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q201 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, pp. 54–55.
^Fitzmyer 2008, p. 55.
^4Q215 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Gault, Brian P. (2010) "Fragments of Canticles at Qumran". Revue de Qumran. p.352
^4Q246 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b c dFitzmyer 2008, p. 62.
^4Q252 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q253 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q254 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q254a-820 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q258 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q285 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q299 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q300 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q301 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, p. 74.
^4Q364 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^ a b cFitzmyer 2008, p. 75.
^4Q365 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q366 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q367 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q378 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q379 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q385 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q394 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q400 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q434 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q483 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q521 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Buitenwerf, Rieuwerd, The Gog and Magog Tradition in Revelation 20:8, in, H. J. de Jonge, Johannes Tromp, eds., The book of Ezekiel and its influence, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2007, p.172; scheduled to be published in Charlesworth's edition, volume 9
^4Q523 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^Fitzmyer 2008, p. 98.
^Collins, J. J., 44. Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach, in Barton, J. and Muddiman, J. (2001), The Oxford Bible Commentary, p. 684
^4Q539 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q541 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q542 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^4Q555 at the Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library
^"Uncovered in Jerusalem, 9 tiny unopened Dead Sea Scrolls". The Times of Israel.
Bibliography
Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (2008). A Guide to the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 9780802862419.
Further reading
Van de Water, Rick (2000). "Reconsidering Palaeographic and Radiocarbon Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls". Revue de Qumran. 19 (fascicle 3) (75). Gabalda, in affiliation with the National Center for Scientific Research: 423–439. ISSN 0035-1725.
External links
A Catalog of Biblical Passages in the Dead Sea Scrolls by David Washburn, 2002
Textual Criticism: Recovering the Text of the Hebrew Bible by Peter Kyle McCarter, 1986