Apart from the native Banjarese in Indonesia, the Banjarese language also spoken by little Banjarese diaspora abroad (such as in Brunei, Malaysia (notably in Sabah and Perak), and Singapore); however, they tend to not use it as their primary language, and their fluency degree is questionable.
Dialects
There are at least three divisions of dialects within the Banjarese language:
The consonantal inventory of Banjarese language is shown below. All but [ʔ] occur at the onset of a syllable:[7]
[ʔ] is an allophone of /k/ at the end of a word.
The following consonants can close a CVC syllable: /ptkmnŋshrl/. Words cannot begin with consonant clusters. Within a root, an NC sequence will always be homorganic, though reduplication and a few prefixes such as sing- can produce other sequences, e.g. /ŋb,ŋp,ŋt,ŋr,ŋl,kr,/. Other medial sequences include /kt/,/kn/,/ŋn/,/nɲ/,/st/,/sn/,/hk/,/hj/,/lk/ and /rɡ/.[2]
Vowels
Sudarmo finds five monophthongs:[7]
[ə] is an allophone of /ɛ/.
Durasid finds three monophthongs and three diphthongs in Pahuluan Banjarese:[2]
Regionally, /a/ has an allophone [ə] and /u/ has an allophone [ɔ]. The diphthongs are /ai/,/au/,/ui/.
Loans with /e/ or /o/ are assimilated to these three vowels. E.g. kréték is realized as [karitik]. However, since most Banjarese speakers are effectively bilingual, this realization becomes rarer.
^Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama, dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia (Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010) [Citizenship, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of the Indonesian Population (Results of the 2010 Population Census)] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Central Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Indonesia, 2010
^ a b c dBahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
^ a bKamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
^ a bStruktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
^ a bMorfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
^A.A.Cee - E.M. Uhienbeck, Critical Survey of Studies on the Language of Borneo, 'S-Gravenhage-Martinus Nijhoff. 1958, hal. 9.
^ a bSudarmo, Sudarmo (2016). Fonotaktik Bahasa Banjar. Jurnal Bahasa Sastra Dan Pembelajarannya 6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Hapip, Abdul Jebar (2006). Kamus Banjar Indonesia, Cetakan V.
Bibliography
Bahasa Banjar Hulu [Pahuluan Banjar Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1978.
Inventarisasi Kosakata Populer Bahasa Kutai dan Bahasa Banjar [Inventory of Popular Vocabulary of Kutai language and Banjarese language] (in Indonesian). Samarinda: East Kalimantan Provincial Linguistic Centre, Republic of Indonesia. 2007. ISBN 978-979-16282-5-9.
Kamus Bahasa Banjar Dialek Hulu-Indonesia [Pahuluan Banjarese Dictionary to Indonesian] (in Indonesian). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2008. ISBN 978-979-685-776-0.
Morfo Sintaksis Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Syntactic Morphology of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1986.
Nomina Bahasa Banjar [Nouns in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Research and Development Agency and Bookkeeping of the Republic of Indonesia. 1998. ISBN 979-459-833-X.
Pedoman Umum Ejaan Bahasa Banjar [General Guidelines for Banjarese Spelling] (in Indonesian) (1 ed.). Banjarmasin: Banjarmasin Linguistic Center, Language Center, Department of National Education of the Republic of Indonesia. 2009.
Refleksi Etimon Proto-Austronesia dalam Bahasa Banjar [Reflections of Proto-Austronesian Etimons in Banjarese Language] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1992. ISBN 979459315X.
Struktur Bahasa Banjar Kuala [Language Structure of Kuala Banjarese] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development Center of the Republic of Indonesia. 1981.
External links
Banjar edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia