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Comparison of orbital launch systems

Falcon 9 Block 5, the most prolific active orbital launch system in the world.

This article lists all active and upcoming orbital launch systems. For retired launch vehicles, see Comparison of retired orbital launch systems.

This comparison of orbital launch systems lists the attributes of all current and future individual rocket configurations designed to reach orbit. A first list contains rockets that are operational or have attempted an orbital flight attempt as of 2024; a second list includes all upcoming rockets. For the simple list of all conventional launcher families, see: Comparison of orbital launchers families. For the list of predominantly solid-fueled orbital launch systems, see: Comparison of solid-fueled orbital launch systems.

Spacecraft propulsion[note 1] is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. Orbital launch systems are rockets and other systems capable of placing payloads into or beyond Earth orbit. All launch vehicle propulsion systems employed to date have been chemical rockets falling into one of three main categories:

All current spacecraft use conventional chemical rockets (solid-fuel or liquid bipropellant) for launch, though some[note 3] have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.[note 4]

Current rockets

Orbits legend:

  1. ^ Suborbital flight tests and on-pad explosions are excluded, but launches failing en route to orbit are included.
  2. ^ for Starliner[9]
  3. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[12]
  4. ^ Sea-launched version of the third unofficial iteration of the Ceres-1 launch vehicle.
  5. ^ 5,100 kg to a 500-km Sun-synchronous orbit; 3,300 kg to 800 km[31]: 64–65 
  6. ^ Despite not being officially acknowledged by the manufacturer, significant changes between different iterations of the rocket lead to the identification of different variants.[35]
  7. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in March 2012.[43]
  8. ^ A suborbital test flight was conducted in 2014 (designated LVM-3/CARE) without the cryogenic upper stage (CUS).[73]
  9. ^ Reference altitude 400 km
  10. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[78]
  11. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[78]
  12. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[78]
  13. ^ Additionally, two suborbital missions were conducted in 2010 and 2011.[78]
  14. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2022.
  15. ^ A suborbital test flight succeeded in 2016; both orbital flights in 2017 and 2019 failed.[98]
  16. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[106]
  17. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[106]
  18. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[106]
  19. ^ Suborbital test flight in 2004, without Fregat upper stage.[106]

Upcoming rockets

Upcoming launch vehicles

  1. ^ provides the first stage, including engines
  2. ^ Height for uncrewed version
  3. ^ Height for crewed version
  4. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  5. ^ When first stage returned to launch site
  6. ^ Reference altitude 500 km
  7. ^ with EUS
  8. ^ with EUS and
    advanced boosters

Retired rockets

Launch systems by country

The following chart shows the number of launch systems developed in each country, and broken down by operational status. Rocket variants are not distinguished; i.e., the Atlas V series is only counted once for all its configurations 401–431, 501–551, 552, and N22.

10
20
30
40
50
AUS
BRZ
CHN
EUR
ESP
FRA
IND
IRN
ISR
JPN
NKR
NZL
RUS
SKR
TWN
UKR
UK
USA
  •   Operational
  •   In development
  •   Retired

See also

Notes

  1. ^ There are many different methods. Each mestylethod has drawbacks and advantages, and spacecraft propulsion is an active area of research. However, most spacecraft today are propelled by forcing a gas from the back/rear of the vehicle at very high speed through a supersonic de Laval nozzle. This sort of engine is called a rocket engine.
  2. ^ The first medieval rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder; they were used by the Chinese, Indians, Mongols and Arabs, in warfare as early as the 13th century.
  3. ^ Such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne.
  4. ^ Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north-south stationkeeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.

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