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The Frog Prince

The Frog Prince by Anne Anderson

"The Frog Prince; or, Iron Henry" (German: Der Froschkönig oder der eiserne Heinrich, literally "The Frog King or the Iron Henry") is a German fairy tale collected by the Brothers Grimm and published in 1812 in Grimm's Fairy Tales (KHM 1). Traditionally, it is the first story in their folktale collection. The tale is classified as Aarne-Thompson type 440.[1]

"The Frog Prince" can be compared to the similar European fairy tale "The Frog Princess".

Origin

Editions

The story is best known through the rendition of the Brothers Grimm, who published it in their 1812 edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen (Grimm's Fairy Tales), as tale no. 1.[1] An older, moralistic version was included in the Grimms' handwritten Ölenberg Manuscript from 1810. Jack Zipes noted in 2016 that the Grimms greatly treasured this tale, considering it to be one of the "oldest and most beautiful in German-speaking regions."[2]

Sources

The Grimms' source is unclear, but it apparently comes from an oral tradition of Dortchen Wild's family in Kassel.[1] The volume 2 of the first edition of Kinder- und Hausmärchen, published in 1815, included a variation of this story entitled Der Froschprinz (The Frog Prince), published as tale no. 13. As this version was not included in later editions, it has since remained relatively unknown.[1]

It has been postulated by some scholars that parts of the tale may extend back until at least Roman times; an aspect of the story is referred to in Petronius' Satyricon, in which the character Trimalchio remarks, "qui fuit rana nunc est rex" ("The man who was once a frog is now a king").[3] Other scholars, however, argue that this may actually be a jab at the emperor Nero, who was often mockingly compared to a frog.[4]

Folklorist Stith Thompson suggested that the story of the Frog King in the German tradition began with a 13th-century literary tale written in Latin.[5]

Plot

In the forest, a selfish princess accidentally drops her golden ball into a well. A frog offers to retrieve it in exchange for her friendship. She agrees but goes back on her word after getting the ball back and runs back to her castle. The next day, she is eating with her father the king when the frog knocks on the door and requests to be let in. The king tells his daughter that she must keep her promise and she reluctantly obeys. The frog sits next to her and eats from her plate, then desires to sleep in the princess's bed. She is disgusted at the idea of sleeping with the frog, but her father angrily chastises her for loathing someone who helped her in a time of need. She picks up the frog and places him in the corner of her bedroom, but he hops up to her bed and demands to sleep as comfortably as the princess. Furious, she throws the frog against the wall, but as he falls to the floor he has transformed into a handsome prince. He explains that he was cursed by a wicked witch and the spell could only be broken with the princess's help.

In modern versions, the transformation is triggered by the princess kissing the frog (a motif that apparently first appeared in English translations).[6] In other early versions, it was sufficient for the frog to sleep for three nights on the princess' pillow.[7]

The frog prince also has a loyal servant named Henry (or Harry) who had three iron bands affixed around his heart to prevent it from breaking from sadness when his master was cursed. When the frog prince reverts to his human form, Henry's overwhelming happiness causes the bands to break, freeing his heart from its bonds.[8]

Variants

Distribution

It is Aarne–Thompson type 440.[9] According to German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, variants are registered across Europe.[10] In addition, scholars Lutz Röhrich, Waldemar Liungman [sv], and Jurjen van der Kooi noted that, apart from some isolated attestations in the southern part of the continent and in Eastern Europe, variants of the tale were collected in the northern part of Europe, comprising a sort of "core area": Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Belgium and Netherlands, extending to Ireland and Great Britain.[11][12][13]

However, Röhrich and van der Kooi remarked that the variants collected from oral tradition, even in America, clearly go back to a European original, and Uther argues that they are dependent on the Grimm's tale.[14][15][16] That argument does not take into account the Scottish version of the story found referenced in the 16th century Scottish text "Complaynt of Scotland" see Opie and Opie "The Classic Fairy Tales" (1974)p.183.

Other tales

Other folktales similar to "The Frog Prince" are:[17]

  1. "The Frog Prince". The first English translation of the above tale. Edgar Taylor, the translator, not only changed the title, but altered the ending in a substantial and interesting manner.[18]
  2. "The Wonderful Frog" (W. Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf, Hungary).[19]
  3. "The Tale of the Queen Who Sought a Drink From a Certain Well" (J. F. Campbell, Scotland).
  4. "The Well of the World's End"
  5. "The Paddo" (Robert Chambers, Scotland).
  6. "The Maiden and the Frog" (James Orchard Halliwell-Phillipps, England).
  7. "Oda und die Schlange" (Oda and the Snake) (Ludwig Bechstein, Germany) – a variant where a serpent replaces the frog[20]
  8. "The Kind Stepdaughter and the Frog" (W. Henry Jones and Lewis L. Kropf, England).
  9. "The Frog Prince" (H. Parker, Sri Lanka).
  10. "A Frog for a Husband" (William Elliot Griffis, Korea).
  11. "The Toad Bridegroom" (Zong In-Sob, Korea).

A similar tale type is ATU 402, "The Animal Bride". In these tales, a female animal (mouse, cat or frog) helps a prince with three tasks and after marrying him, assumes human form. In Puddocky (old word for toad), another German folk tale, and likewise "Tsarevna Lyagushka" (The Frog Princess), a Russian folk tale, the male and female roles of the frog prince are reversed. Prince Ivan Tsarevitch discovers the enchanted female frog, who becomes Vasilisa the Wise, a sorceress.

In a Latvian tale, Little White Dog, a girl is tasked with getting water from a well without getting the bucket wet. A little white dog appears and promises to help her if she accepts him as her bridegroom.[21]

Predecessors

A possible parallel in Antiquity may be found in the story of Amymone, who was one of the Danaides. She went to fetch water in a jug because of a drought season caused by the gods. A satyr tried to force himself on her, but the god Poseidon rescued her. It has been suggested that the amphibian suitor and the handsome prince may have been separate characters at first.[22]

Cultural legacy

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ashliman, D. L. (2005). "The Frog King or Iron Heinrich". University of Pittsburgh.
  2. ^ Zipes, Jack. (2016). The Original Folk and Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm: The complete first edition. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 479. ISBN 978-0691173221.
  3. ^ Anderson, Graham (2002). Fairytale in the ancient world. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-23702-4. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  4. ^ Brenck, Frederick A. (1998). Relighting the Souls: Studies in Plutarch, in Greek Literature, Religion, and Philosophy and in the New Testament Background. Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag Stuttgart. p. 134. ISBN 3-515-07158-X. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  5. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. pp. 101–102, 179. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  6. ^ Heiner, Heidi Anne. "The Annotated Frog King"
  7. ^ Thompson, Stith. The Folktale. University of California Press. 1977. p. 102. ISBN 0-520-03537-2
  8. ^ Owens, Lily, ed. (1981). The Complete Brothers Grimm Fairy Tales. p.3. Avenel Books. ISBN 0-517-336316
  9. ^ D. L. Ashliman, "Frog Kings: folktales of Aarne–Thompson–Uther type 440 about slimy suitors"
  10. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 262. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  11. ^ Röhrich, Lutz. "Froschkönig (AaTh 440)" [Frog King (ATU 440)]. Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1987]. p. 413. https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.5.058. Accessed 2023-08-26.
  12. ^ Kooi, Jurjen van der. "De kikkerkoning". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 182.
  13. ^ Liungman, Waldemar (2022) [1961]. Die Schwedischen Volksmärchen: Herkunft und Geschichte. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. p. 102. doi:10.1515/9783112618004-004.
  14. ^ Röhrich, Lutz. "Froschkönig (AaTh 440)" [Frog King (ATU 440)]. Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [1987]. p. 413. https://doi.org/10.1515/emo.5.058. Accessed 2023-08-26.
  15. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 262. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  16. ^ Kooi, Jujen van der. "De kikkerkoning". In: Van Aladdin tot Zwaan kleef aan. Lexicon van sprookjes: ontstaan, ontwikkeling, variaties. 1ste druk. Ton Dekker & Jurjen van der Kooi & Theo Meder. Kritak: Sun. 1997. p. 182.
  17. ^ Clouston, W. A. (1890). "The Story of 'The Frog Prince': Breton Variant, and Some Analogues". Folklore. 1 (4): 493–506. doi:10.1080/0015587X.1890.9720033. JSTOR 1253634.
  18. ^ Works related to The Frog Prince at Wikisource
  19. ^ Works related to The Wonderful Frog at Wikisource
  20. ^ Bechstein, Ludwig. Sämtliche Märchen. München: 1971, pp. 168–170.
  21. ^ Olcott, Frances Jenkins. Wonder tales from Baltic wizards: from the German and English. London, New York: Longman, Green and Co. 1928. pp. 154–158.
  22. ^ Anderson, Graham. Fairytale in the Ancient World. Routledge. 2000. pp. 176–178. ISBN 0-203-18007-0
  23. ^ The Frog at IMDb
  24. ^ From her collection The Frog Prince and Other Poems, 1966 – also appears in Stevie Smith: A Selection, 1983.
  25. ^ "Transformations by Anne Sexton"
  26. ^ "Amazon.de: Brummkreisel - Staffel 1 ansehen | Prime Video". Amazon Germany.
  27. ^ Events at Brown University (2008), Rhode Island State Council on the Arts. Accessed March 26, 2017.
  28. ^ The Frog Prince by Robert Coover

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frog Prince.
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
The Frog-King, or Iron Henry