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List of Hammond organs

Aeolian Hammond BA player organ with Hammond tone cabinet (1938)

The Hammond organ is an electric organ, invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert[1] and first manufactured in 1935.[2] Various models were produced, which originally used tonewheels to generate sound via additive synthesis, where component waveform ratios are mixed by sliding switches called drawbars and imitate the pipe organ's registers. Around 2 million Hammond organs have been manufactured, and it has been described as one of the most successful organs ever.[3] The organ is commonly used with, and associated with, the Leslie speaker.

Tonewheel organs

Tonewheel organs generate sound by shaped mechanical wheels, that rotate in front of electromagnetic pickups. Each tonewheel assembly creates tones with low harmonic content, close to a sine wave. Inside the coil is a permanent magnet. As the profile of the tonewheel pass by, the strength of the magnetism changes—when the highest part is closest to the tip of the magnet, the magnetism is strongest. As the magnetism varies, an alternating current (AC) is induced in the coil, producing one of the frequencies used in harmonic synthesis.[4]


Vacuum tube musical instruments

Vacuum tube musical instruments mean electronic musical instruments generating sound with vacuum tube-based electronic oscillators. Hammond Organ Company commercialized it in the late-1930s as Novachord (1939–1942) and Solovox (1940–1948). Especially, new designs introduced on Novachord — subtractive synthesis and frequency divider — were immediately followed by many manufacturers of electronic organs and polyphonic synthesizers during the 1940s-1970s. However, Hammond Organ Company did not adopt these on main products until the 1960s, except for S series chord organ (1950–1966) and "Solo Pedal Unit" on RT series and D-100 (1949–1969).

Transistor organs

Hammond started to produce transistor organs when the production of tonewheels became too expensive, switching to full-time Integrated Circuit (IC) models in 1975.[51][52]

Digital organs

After the Hammond Organ Company ceased trading in 1985, production initially went to Noel Crabbe's Hammond Organ Australia, and then to Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation, who, under the name Hammond-Suzuki, manufacture digital organs.[85]

References

  1. ^ Bush & Kassel 2006, p. 168.
  2. ^ Corbin 2006, p. 151.
  3. ^ Waring 2002, p. 319.
  4. ^ Reid, Gordon (November 2003). "Synthesizing tonewheel organs". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 25 April 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d Vail 2002, p. 68.
  6. ^ a b c d De Hammond Encyclopedia, Model B.
  7. ^ a b Vail 2002, p. 69.
  8. ^ a b Vail 2002, p. 71.
  9. ^ "Model B-A", The Hammond-Leslie FAQ, VintageHammond.com
  10. ^ "Aeolian/Hammond Player Organ", Hammond Products, OrganHouse.com. – Two manufacturer plates can be confirmed : one is "Hammond Organ Mechanism Model BA" by Hammond Instrument Co., and the other is "Aeolian-Hammond Player model BA" by Aeolian-Skinner organ Co.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g Spark, Rod (October 1997). "The History Of The Hammond". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  12. ^ a b Vail 2002, p. 49.
  13. ^ Vail 2002, p. 19.
  14. ^ a b c d Vail 2002, p. 74.
  15. ^ Vail 2002, pp. 74–75.
  16. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Model C.
  17. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, HAMMOND CV.
  18. ^ Vail 2002, p. 76.
  19. ^ a b Vail 2002, p. 72.
  20. ^ Vail 2002, p. 77.
  21. ^ Vail 2002, p. 79.
  22. ^ Vail 2002, p. 79-80.
  23. ^ a b c De Hammond Encyclopedia, Model G (Army model)
  24. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia: Collins, J. Lawton (Chief of Staff, US Army); Witsell, Edward F. (Major General, The Adjutant General, US Army) (1949-07-25). Organist's Manual for Electronic Organ AN/TNP-1 (HTML). Department of the Army Technical Manual. TM 10-751, AG 300.7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Vail 2002, p. 81.
  26. ^ Vail 2002, p. 83.
  27. ^ Vail 2002, p. 85.
  28. ^ Vail 2002, p. 86.
  29. ^ Faragher 2011, p. 78.
  30. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-9.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Hammond Zone, Hammond Accomplishments 1970–1979
  32. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Porta B - Portable L 100 serie uitvoeringen.
  33. ^ a b c Vail 2002, p. 89.
  34. ^ Vail 2002, p. 91.
  35. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, R 100 serie Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  36. ^ a b Faragher 2011, p. 85.
  37. ^ "T-series page 2".
  38. ^ Vail 2002, p. 93.
  39. ^ Vail 2002, p. 96.
  40. ^ Howell, Steve; Wilson, Dan. "Novachord". Hollow Sun. Retrieved 26 April 2011. See also site's History page.
  41. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Solovox, een extra klavier
  42. ^ Hammond Zone, The Hammond Solovox (1940).
  43. ^ Pedal Solo Unit for RT, RT-2, & RT-3 Consoles (PDF). Service Manual. Hammond Organ Company.
  44. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond S-Series; The Chord Organ
  45. ^ "New, Easy to Play, Inexhaustible, Exciting ... and Best of All ... Worthwhile ! — Hammond Chord Organ", ad, September 27, 1958
  46. ^ Hammond Zone, Hammond Accomplishments 1950–1969
  47. ^ US application 3051032, J. M. Hanert, "Single Manual Double Countermelody Electrical Musical Instrument", issued 1962-08-28, assigned to Hammond Organ Co 
  48. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond F-100 Extravoice: Translated to English: "Introduced in 1959 and produced from June 1961, the F-100 can be seen as one of the predecessors of the later Hammond Piper. The Extravoice was one of the many inventions of the famous Hammond engineer: J.M. Hanert. ... / Two editions of this organ were produced: / Extra voice A and B. / Years built: / Model A: Jan 1960 - Sept 1961 $995 / Model B: Sept 1961- Aug 1964 $995"
  49. ^ Grumpybeard's Gear (Los Angeles) (2017). "Hammond F100 Extravoice Tube Organ / Solovox / Novachord". Reverb.
    See also photographs.
  50. ^ Paul James (2021-05-03). "It had to be you played on a Hammond extravoice F100 organ from 1961" (video). YouTube.
  51. ^ Kakehashi 2002, p. 176.
  52. ^ Riley 2006, pp. 58, 63.
  53. ^ a b BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-30
  54. ^ a b BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-33.
  55. ^ Faragher 2011, p. 75.
  56. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, V-100 Cadette series — Serial number plates by Yamaha were printed as: "Built by Nippon Gakki Company, Limited to Specifications of Hammond Organ Company, Chicago, ILL. Made in Japan". Also vivid color tablet buttons and "rice paper finish" wood print panel seem to share the design language of Yamaha Electone at that time.
  57. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, VE & VS series — De HAMMOND VS-serie — Serial number plates (probably not by Yamaha) were simply printed as: "Hammond International, Chicago, ILL. Made in Japan".
  58. ^ a b BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-16
  59. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-32.
  60. ^ a b BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-32
  61. ^ a b BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-28
  62. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Concorde.
  63. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, X-99.
  64. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Cougar 7100 series
  65. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, pp. H-20–H-22.
  66. ^ Service Manual Elegante Model 340107 Hammond Part number H000-006121
  67. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Model Grandee
  68. ^ Introductory Section, Service Manual 1970, p. SC-12.
  69. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Model K-100: Translated to English: "Like Model J-100, Model K-100 is also less well known. This instrument was also created after the acquisition of the Everett Organ Company."
  70. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-18.
  71. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-34.
  72. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-14.
  73. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Piper Autochord.
  74. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond B-100 Portable
  75. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond B-200 Portable.
  76. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond B-250 Portable
  77. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond B-300 Portable.
  78. ^ a b "Hammond Accomplishments: 1980 - 1989". Hammond Zone (hammond-organ.com). Archived from the original on 2016-08-04. 1984 Hammond B-400 arrives. The first mass-manufactured organ with MIDI. Digital rhythms, digital solo voices, human choirs and a modern design in silver-metallic set new trends. / Composer-series are renamed K2 using the same digital technology as the B400.
  79. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, De Hammond B-400 Portable.
  80. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond X-2.
  81. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond X-5.
  82. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Regent 4100 Series.
  83. ^ Welch, Jerry (2011). "Organ Identification". Organ Service Company, Inc. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  84. ^ BlueBook Hammond and Leslie & c.1984, p. H-35.
  85. ^ Faragher 2011, p. 14.
  86. ^ a b Hammond Zone, Hammond Accomplishments 1980–1989
  87. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Super B.
  88. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, HAMMOND (Super) CX / SX 2000
  89. ^ AbpOrgans (ABP Electronics Ltd.), Chris Magrath (organist) (2012-07-10). "Hammond Super CX 2000" (video). YouTube.
  90. ^ a b De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond (Super) EX-1000
  91. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond Super EX-1000 / Super EX-2000 Gebruiksaanwijzing (Instruction manual in Dutch) Served on: "Owners manuals" (manual archive). Hammond Europe (hammond.eu). Vianen, Netherlands: Hammond Suzuki Europe B.V.
  92. ^ a b "3.History ～ハモンドコンボオルガンの軌跡～" [3.History - Locus of Hammond Combo Organ -]. (suzuki-music.co.jp) (in Japanese). Suzuki Musical Instrument Corporation. Archived from the original on 2010-04-01. [In English] XB-2 (1991.5～1997.11 [in Japan]) In 1986, Super B based on digital tone generator was released. This organ revived the B-3 by the digital technology using the sampling of the original tonewheel sound. / Then in 1991, the single-manual organ XB-2, powered by the Super B's tone generator, was released.", "XB-1 (1997.12～2004.11) [cost-cut model using DSP technology (32-voice polyphony, DSP effects including Leslie-simurator, and the simplify of Leslie connector from original 11pin to 8pin DIN)] ... 32-voice polyphonic organ using the VASE II synthesizing system. The waveform of tone generator was based on created by XB-2, with the additional fine-tuning.", "XK-2 (1998.12～2004.11) ...", "XK-3 (2004.5～2007.11) ...", "XK-1 (2006.5～) ...", "XK-3c (2007.12～) ...
  93. ^ a b c d Magnus, Nick (October 1998). "Hammond XB1". Sound on Sound. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  94. ^ De Hammond Encyclopedia, Hammond XB-5, "Bovenmanuaal met 61 toetsen - 9 drawbars / Ondermanuaal 61 toetsen - 9 drawbars / Pedaal 25 tonig - 2 drawbars"
  95. ^ Jacques, David (2001). "Review: Hammond-Suzuki XK-2". The CloneWheel Page (clonewheel.ashbysolutions.com). Ashby Solutions. Archived from the original on 2014-12-27. Retrieved 2 Feb 2014.
  96. ^ "Hammond Accomplishments: 2001 -". Hammond Zone (hammond-organ.com). Archived from the original on 2017-11-16. 2001 XE2 released, stage two of the XE system; a dedicated 61 note (with genuine Hammond keys) MIDI lower manual, initially available in kit form which includes side panels and cables, later available as a pre-built system. / 2002 XE-200, third stage of the XE system, a high powered amplified stand for the XE2 with pedals and expression pedal built in. / 2004 stage 4 of the XE series; the XE200se, a luxury version of the XE200 finished in Burgundy with full length music rest.
  97. ^ a b Hammond Organ Compact Series XE-1 School (PDF catalog) (in Japanese). Hamamatsu, Japan: Hammond Suzuki / Suzuki Musical Instrument Manufacturing Company. 2001-09-20.
  98. ^ "Hammond XE-200 Luxury Organ". United Kingdom: A&C Hamilton Musical Instruments. HAMMOND XE-Series An expandable, keyboard component system ... Now with the introduction of the XE-200 the totally integrated system is complete, providing a natural progression from single keyboard to full spinet organ with out ever having to change the basic unit. / XE-200 upgrade set for XE-1 and XE-2. The XE-200 (full spinet organ) can also be created with an upgrade set for the XE-1 or XE-2. The upgrade set for model XE-1 consists of: ● XLK-1 midi control manual (including 2 new side panels). ● STE-200, a wooden design substructure with a built-in 13 note pedal-board, expression pedal with footswitch, piano-sustain pedal and additional stereo amplification system (2x 50 Watt). The upgrade set for model XE-2 consists of: ● STE-200, ...
  99. ^ Hugh Robjohns. "Hammond B3: Modelled Electromechanical Tonewheel Organ". Sound on Sound. No. July 2003. Archived from the original on 2006-11-06.
  100. ^ Robjohns, Hugh (July 2005). "Hammond XK3/XLK3 & Leslie 2121/2101". Sound on Sound. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  101. ^ Hart, Terry (12 August 2011). "Hammond XK-3C". Mixdown Magazine (monthly). Furst Media Pty Ltd. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  102. ^ Fortner, Stephen (13 December 2011). "Hammond SK1". Keyboard Magazine. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
Bibliography
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