The people on this list are or were survivors of Nazi Germany's attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in Europe before and during World War II. A state-enforced persecution of Jewish people in Nazi-controlled Europe lasted from the introduction of the Nuremberg Laws in 1935 to Hitler's defeat in 1945. Although there were many victims of the Holocaust, the International Commission on Holocaust Era Insurance Claims (ICHEIC) defines a Holocaust survivor as, "Any Jew who lived for any period of time in a country that was ruled by the Nazis or their allies."[1]The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) gives a broader definition: "The Museum honors as a survivor any person who was displaced, persecuted, and/or discriminated against by the racial, religious, ethnic, social, and/or political policies of the Nazis and their allies between 1933 and 1945. In addition to former inmates of concentration camps and ghettos, this includes refugees and people in hiding."[2] Most notably, as well as Jewish people, this includes Poles, Romani people, Jehovah's Witnesses and those who were persecuted for political reasons such as Communists, those who were persecuted for religious reasons (such as Pastor Niemoller), and homosexuals and those of other sexual orientations. It includes those who were actually in hiding in Nazi-occupied countries. The latter includes Hidden Children, who were hidden to escape the Nazis.
Most especially, in contrast to the ICHEIC definition, it includes refugees, who fled from their homeland to escape the Nazis, and never lived in a Nazi-controlled country.
The ICHEIC definition was created for the purpose of resolving some insurance claims. Over time, the classes of insurance claims have greatly expanded.
This list does not include refugees, since it is created on the basis of the restricted ICHEIC definition. Refugees include the unaccompanied children of the Kindertransport and the unaccompanied One Thousand Children.
The Girl From Boryslaw: Australian Story with Sabina Wolanski,[45] the story of Sabina Wolanski who was chosen to speak on behalf of the six million dead at the opening of the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin in May 2005
^Barkat, Amiram (18 April 2004). "Who Counts as a Holocaust Survivor?". Haaretz. Retrieved 21 July 2017.
^"Office of Survivor Affairs — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". www.ushmm.org.
^Katherine Shaver (9 March 2014). "Opposition to Maryland rail line bidder raises questions about accountability for Holocaust". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
^"Fichier des personnes décédées - DE LABRIFFE Solange Marie Christine Louise | Amiens 05/04/1898 - Paris 03/11/1976". matchID - Moteur de recherche des décès. 1976. Retrieved 2024-02-22.
^Fleming, Mike Jr. (21 October 2021). "Kate Winslet Joined By Marion Cotillard, Jude Law, Andrea Riseborough & Josh O'Connor For Film On Model-Turned-WWII Photographer Lee Miller". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
^"Mr. Elly Gotz Witness to History". Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"Oral history interview with Manfred Lindenbaum". EHRI. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"Eva Olsson". Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"Susan Pollack MBE". Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"The Human Element Project Leon Prochnik". Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"Holocaust Survivor, Hanna Wechsler, Speaking TUESDAY 8 PM". Retrieved January 27, 2023.
^"GENi Sara Wilhelmina (Sonja) Cohen". Retrieved December 19, 2021.
^"Ben Fainer, Holocaust survivor, dies at 85".
^A Survivor's Story: Memoirs of Severin Fayerman. January 1999. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^"Clara Kramer". Susanna Lea Associates. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^"Clara Kramer Obituary - Livingston, NJ".
^"CMOHS.org - Corporal RUBIN, TIBOR, U.S. Army". www.cmohs.org.
^Burack, Emily (18 January 2023). "Prince William and Kate Middleton Pay Tribute to Holocaust Survivor Zigi Shipper". Town&Country.
^Darvari, Alex (9 January 2021). "A murit Iancu Țucărman, penultimul supraviețuitor al "trenurilor morții" din timpul Pogromului". Newsweek România (in Romanian).
^Cristescu, George Andrei (8 January 2021). "Iancu Țucărman, supraviețuitor al Pogromului de la Iași, a murit din cauza COVID-19". Adevărul (in Romanian).
^"The Life of Jews in Poland before the Holocaust". University of Nebraska. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2014.
^"Rabbi Ben-Zion Gold's Obituary on Boston Globe". Boston Globe.
^David Wdowiński (1963). And we are not saved. New York: Philosophical Library. p. 222. ISBN 0802224865.
^"Courage: Guts, grit, spine, heart, and verve". Radio National. June 3, 2008.
External links
Online Torchlighter Film Archive - an archive of the short films depicting the stories of the survivors shown as each of six torches is lit during the official Yom HaShoah ceremony that takes place at Yad Vashem
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