stringtranslate.com

Ifẹ

Ifẹ̀ (Yoruba: Ifẹ̀, Ilé-Ifẹ̀) is an ancient Yoruba city in south-western Nigeria founded sometime between the years 500 BC-1000 BC.[2][3][4] By 900AD, the city had become an important West African emporium producing sophisticated art forms.[5] The city is located in present-day Osun State.[6] Ifẹ̀ is about 218 kilometers northeast of Lagos[7] with a population of over 500,000 people, which is the highest in Osun State according to population census of 2006.[8]

A short introductory expose of Ile Ife in the Ufẹ̀ dialect by a native speaker

According to the traditions of the Yoruba religion, Ilé-Ifẹ̀ was founded by the order of the Supreme God Olódùmarè by Obatala. It then fell into the hands of his brother Oduduwa, which created enmity between the two.[9] Oduduwa created a dynasty there, and sons and daughters of this dynasty became rulers of many other kingdoms in Yorubaland.[10] The first Ọọ̀ni of Ifẹ̀ is a descendant of Oduduwa, which was the 401st Orisha. The present ruler since 2015 is Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi Ojaja II, Ọọ̀ni of Ifẹ̀ who is also a Nigerian accountant.[11] Named as the city of 401 deities, Ifẹ̀ is home to many devotees/votaries of these deities and is where they are routinely celebrated through festivals.[12]

Ilé-Ifẹ̀ is famous worldwide for its ancient and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures, dating back to between 1200 and 1400 CE.[12]

History

Origin of Ife: Creation of the world

Yoruba Copper mask for King Obalufon, Ife, Nigeria c. 1300 CE

According to Yoruba religion, Olodumare, the Supreme God, ordered Obatala to create the earth, however on his way he over indulged in palm wine and got drunk. Thence, a contemporary Orisha to the former, Oduduwa, took the items of creation from him, descended from the abode of the Orisha on a chain and cast the handful of earth on the primordial ocean. The earth rose and became a mound called Oke Ora.[13] He then put a five toed cockerel on this primordial mound so that it would scatter the earth around, thus creating the land on which Ile Ife, the first city would be built.[9] Oduduwa planted a palm nut in a hole in the newly formed land and from there sprang a great tree with sixteen branches, a symbolic representation of the 16 clans of the early Ife pre-urban confederation; Elu Merindinlogun, (Thirteen initial and 3 later ones).

The usurpation of creation by Oduduwa, gave rise to an ever-lasting conflict between him and his contemporaneous rival Orisha, Obatala. This symbolic rivalry is still re-enacted in the modern era by the votary groups of the two divinities during the Itapa New Year festival.[14] On account of his creation of the world, Oduduwa became the ancestor of the first divine king of the Yoruba, while Obatala is believed to have created the first Yoruba people out of clay. The meaning of the word "ife" in Yoruba is "expansion"; "Ile-Ife" is therefore in reference to the myth of origin as "The Land of Expansion" (the word, Ile, as pronounced in modern Yoruba language, means house or home, which would make the name of the city mean "The Home of Expansion").

Origin of the regional states: Dispersal from the holy city

У Одудувы были сыновья, дочери и внуки, которые впоследствии основали свои собственные королевства и империи, а именно: Ила Орангун , Ову , Кету , Сабе , Эгба , Попо и Ойо . Оранмиян , последний сын Одудувы, был одним из главных министров своего отца и надзирателем зарождающегося королевства Эдо после того, как Одудува удовлетворил просьбу народа Эдо о его правлении. Когда Оранмиян решил вернуться в Иле Ифе после периода службы в Бенине , он оставил после себя ребенка по имени Эвека, которого он тем временем воспитывал у местной принцессы Бенина, Эринмвинде, дочери короля (Огие) Егора , соседнего поселения с зарождающимся Бенином. Молодой мальчик впоследствии стал первым общепризнанным правителем и Оба второй династии Эдо , которая правила тем, что сейчас является Бенином, с того дня и по сей день. Позже оранмийцы мигрировали на северо-запад в саванные равнины, чтобы основать Ойо . Позже Ойо стал империей, которая в период своего расцвета простиралась от западного или правого берега реки Нигер до восточного или левого берега реки Вольта . [15] [16] Оно стало известно как одно из самых могущественных средневековых государств Африки до своего распада в середине 19 века. [10]

Традиционная обстановка

Король (ОониИле-Ифе)

Оони (или король) Ифе является потомком бога -короля Одудувы и считается первым среди королей йоруба. Он традиционно считается 401-м духом ( Ориша ), единственным , кто говорит. Фактически, королевская династия Ифе ведёт своё происхождение от основания города более чем за десять тысяч лет до рождения Иисуса Христа. Нынешний правитель - Оба Энитан Адейейе Огунвуси (Оджаджа II). Оони взошел на трон в 2015 году. После формирования Конгресса йоруба ориша в 1986 году Оони приобрёл международный статус, подобного которому обладатели его титула не имели со времён колонизации города британцами. На национальном уровне он всегда был видным среди компании королевских Обас Федеративной Республики Нигерия , считаясь главным жрецом и хранителем священного города всех йоруба. [11] В прежние времена дворец Уни Ифе был построен из аутентичных эмалированных кирпичей, украшенных художественной фарфоровой плиткой и всевозможными украшениями. [20] В настоящее время это более современная серия зданий. Нынешний Уни, Оба Адейейе Энитан Огунвуси Оджаджа II, Уни Ифе (родился 17 октября 1974 года) — нигерийский бухгалтер и 51-й Уни Ифе. Он сменил покойного Оба Окунаде Сиджуваде (Олубусе II), который был 50-м Уни Ифе и умер 28 июля 2015 года.

Культы божеств

Ифе хорошо известен как город 401 божества (также известных как ирумоле или ориша). Говорят, что каждый день в году традиционные верующие празднуют праздник одного из этих божеств. Часто праздники длятся больше одного дня и включают в себя как священнические действия во дворце, так и театральные постановки в остальной части королевства. Исторически король появлялся на публике только во время ежегодного фестиваля Олохо (празднование нового рассвета); другие важные праздники здесь включают фестиваль Итапа для Обаталы и Обамери, фестиваль Эди для Мореми Аджасоро и Угбо с их маскарадами Игаре (Олуяре) . [21]

Kings and gods were often depicted with large heads because the artists believed that the Ase was held in the head, the Ase being the inner power and energy of a person. Both historic figures of Ife and the offices associated with them are represented. One of the best documented among this is the early king Obalufon II who is said to have invented bronze casting and is honored in the form of a naturalistic copper life-size mask.[12]

The city was a settlement of substantial size between the 12th and 14th centuries, with houses featuring potsherd pavements. Ilé-Ifè is known worldwide for its ancient and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures, which reached their peak of artistic expression between 1200 and 1400 CE In the period around 1300 CE the artists at Ife developed a refined and naturalistic sculptural tradition in terracotta, stone and copper alloy—copper, brass, and bronze—many of which appear to have been created under the patronage of King Obalufon II, the man who today is identified as the Yoruba patron deity of brass casting, weaving and regalia.[22] After this period, production declined as political and economic power shifted to the nearby kingdom of Benin which, like the Yoruba kingdom of Oyo, developed into a major empire.

Bronze and terracotta art created by this civilization are significant examples of naturalism in pre-colonial African art and are distinguished by their variations in regalia, facial marking patterns, and body proportions. Ancient Ife also was famous for its glass beads which have been found at sites as far away as Mali, Mauritania, and Ghana.[22]

Shrines, altars, and temples

Igbo Olokun: Igbo Olokun used to be a forested, sacred grove (igbo) that housed shrines at which the goddess Olokun was worshipped. Igbo Olokun in the city of Ile-Ife, in south-western Nigeria, was said to have a history of glass makers with unique manufacturing techniques in West Africa. The recovery of glass beads and associated production materials were found there during excavation. Analysis of the composition of the artefacts and preliminary dating of the site, which puts the main timing of glass-working between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. The results of these studies suggest that glass bead manufacture at this site was largely independent of glass-making traditions documented farther afield, and that Igbo Olokun may represent one of the earliest known glass-production workshops in West Africa. The location is not divulged except on request and permission of the keepers of the shrine because it is a sacred grove.[23]

Oduduwa Shrine and Grove: The shrine of the progenitor of the Yoruba race. Worshippers and initiates flood the place seeking blessings and pay obeisance to the originator of their civilization.[24]

Agbonniregun Temple: The grove of Ọrunmila an Orisha. He is the Orisha of wisdom, knowledge, and divination. This source of knowledge is believed to have a keen understanding of the human form and of purity, and is therefore praised as often being more effective than other remedies.[25]

Archaeology

Solomon's knot, Ìbọ̀, a quasi-heraldic symbol of Yoruba royalty

Burnt pipes (or tuyere), stone tools, broken calabash, decorated potsherds, and pottery (e.g., rimsherd, plane-sherd body, broken, and washed pottery) were excavated at Iyekere.[citation needed] Iron smelting, charcoal utilized in the process of smelting, and iron slags involved in pitting were also discovered.[citation needed]

Iron smelting occurred in the Ife region.[26] The yield and efficiency were quite high as the iron smelting process yielded ore grade near 80 percent iron oxide, lean slag possessed less than 60 percent iron oxide, and no greater than the required amount of iron oxide in the slag was left for slag formation.[26] While more excavation is needed to produce a more accurate estimate for the age of the smelting site, it can be approximated to likely being precolonial, during the Late Iron Age.[26]

Igbo Olokun, также известный как роща Олокун, [27] может быть одной из самых ранних мастерских по производству стекла в Западной Африке . [28] Производство стекла могло начаться в XI веке, если не раньше. [27] XI-XV века были пиком производства стекла. [27] Высокоизвестковое, высокоглиноземистое (HLHA) и низкоизвестковое, высокоглиноземистое (LLHA) стекло представляют собой различные составы, которые были разработаны с использованием местных рецептов , сырья и пиротехнологий . [29] Наличие стеклянных бусин HLHA, обнаруженных по всей Западной Африке [29] (например, Игбо-Укву на юге Нигерии , Гао и Эссук в Мали и Кисси в Буркина-Фасо ), после девятого века н. э. [30] раскрывает более широкую значимость этой стекольной промышленности в регионе и показывает ее участие в региональных торговых сетях [29] (например, транссахарская торговля , трансатлантическая торговля). [27] Стеклянные бусины служили « валютой для переговоров о политической власти, экономических отношениях и культурных/духовных ценностях» для «йоруба, западноафриканцев и африканской диаспоры ». [27]

В роще Осун отличительная технология изготовления стекла, разработанная йоруба , сохранялась вплоть до семнадцатого века. [31]

Стеклянные бусины разных цветов и форм из Иле-Ифе, Нигерия

Правительство

Главный город Ифе разделен на две области местного самоуправления: Ифе-Восток со штаб-квартирой в Оке-огбо и Ифе-центральный в районе города Аджебанделе. Оба местных самоуправления состоят из 21 политического округа. Население города оценивается в 355 813 человек. [32]

География

Latitudes 7°28′N and 7°45′N and longitudes 4°30′E and 4°34′E. Ile-Ife is a rural area with settlements where agriculture is occupied by most. Ife has an undulating terrain underlain by metamorphic rocks and characterized by two types of soils, deep clay soils on the upper slopes and sandy soils on the lower parts. Within the tropical savanna climate zone of West Africa. It has average rainfall of 1,000–1,250 mm (39–49 in) usually from March to October and a mean relative humidity of 75% to 100%. Ife is east of the city of Ibadan and connected to it through the Ife-Ibadan highway; Ife is also 40 km (25 mi) from Osogbo and has road networks to other cities such as Ede, Ondo and Ilesha. There is the Opa river and reservoir, that serves as a water treatment facility for OAU college.[citation needed]

Climate

In Ifé, the dry season is muggy and partially cloudy, and the temperature is high all year round. The wet season is oppressive and overcast. The average annual temperature ranges from 66 to 93 degrees Fahrenheit, rarely falling below 60 or rising over 98.[33][34][35]

Temperature

From January 22 to April 4, the hot season, with an average daily high temperature exceeding 91 °F, lasts for 2.4 months. In Ifé, March is the hottest month of the year, with an average high of 92 °F and low of 73 °F.[36][37][33][38][39][40][41] From June 14 to October 6, the cool season, which has an average daily high temperature below 84 °F, lasts for 3.8 months.[38][40][34][33][35][37][36]

August is the coldest month of the year in Ifé, with an average low temperature of 71 °F and high temperature of 82 °F.[39][34][33][35][36][37][38]

Cloud cover

The average proportion of sky covered by clouds at Ife varies significantly seasonally throughout the year.[42][43][34][33][37][36][35]

Ile-Ife experiences 2.9 months of clearer weather, which starts about November 17 and ends around February 13.[44][41][35][34][33][37][36] December is the clearest month of the year, with a 50% average percentage of clear, mostly clear, or partly overcast skies.[45][44][42][34][33][35][36]Around February 13 of each year, the cloudier period starts, lasts for 9.1 months, and ends around November 17.[34][33][37][36][35][38][39] April is the month with the most cloud cover; on average, 86% of the town has overcast or mainly cloudy skies during this month.[46]

Precipitation

A day is considered to be wet if there has been at least 0.04 inches of liquid or liquid-equivalent precipitation. In Ifé, the likelihood of rainy days varies a great deal from season to season.[47][34][33][36][35][37][39][38]

The 6.6-month wetter season, which runs from April 7 to October 27, has a more than 45% chance of precipitation on any one day. In Ifé, September has an average of 25.4 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the most rainy days.[33][37][35][39][41][43]

From late October to early April, a period of about 5.4 months, is the dry season. December has an average of 1.4 days with at least 0.04 inches of precipitation, making it the month with the fewest wet days in Ifé.[35][33][34][40][39][38][41] With an average of 25.4 days, September is the month in Ifé with the most rainy days. According to this classification, rain alone has the highest probability of all types of precipitation, peaking at 86% on September 22.[36][33][35][38][42][37]

Economy

Ife contains attractions like the Natural History Museum of Nigeria. Ife is home to a regional agricultural center with an area that produces vegetables, grain cocoa, tobacco, and cotton. Ife has a few open markets, such as Oja Titun or Odo-gbe market with about 1,500 shops.[48]

In terms of development, the Ife central area of Ilé Ifè is more developed. The areas include Parakin, Eleyele, Modomo, Damico, and Crown Estate Area. These areas are characterized by modern houses, good road network, constant electricity and security.

Education

Ife has several universities that are well-known both in Nigeria and internationally; such as the Obafemi Awolowo University (formerly University of Ife), and Oduduwa University.

It is also home to the Seventh Day Adventist Grammar School, Ile-Ife, Oduduwa College and Moremi High School among the notable schools established over 30 years ago.[citation needed]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA : 2006 Population Census" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2016.
  2. ^ King, Charles Spencer (16 October 2008). Nature's Ancient Religion: Orisha Worship and Ifa. Charles Spencer King. p. 52. ISBN 978-1-4404-1733-7. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  3. ^ "BBC World Service | The Story of Africa". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  4. ^ Chukwumerije, Dike-Ogu Egwuatu; Chukwumerije, Dike-Ogu (2008). "The Revolution Has No Tribe: Contemporary Poetry on African History, Culture and Society". Dikeogu Chukwumerije. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  5. ^ Ranger, Terence O.; Ranger, T. O.; Kimambo, Isaria N. (1976). The Historical Study of African Religion. University of California Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-520-03179-1. Retrieved 8 September 2024.
  6. ^ "The Descendants of Ife". dakingsman.com. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  7. ^ "World: Africa Arrests after Nigerian cult killings". BBC News. Monday July 12, 1999, Retrieved on October 31, 2011.
  8. ^ Nigeria, Guardian (2019-04-27). "Ile-Ife, the city of culture". The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
  9. ^ a b Bascom, Yoruba, p. 10; Stride, Ifeka: "Peoples and Empires", p. 290.
  10. ^ a b Akinjogbin, I. A. (Hg.): The Cradle of a Race: Ife from the Beginning to 1980, Lagos 1992 (The book also has chapters on the present religious situation in the town).
  11. ^ a b Olupona, 201 Gods, 94.
  12. ^ a b c Blier, Suzanne Preston (2012). "Art in Ancient Ife Birthplace of the Yoruba" (PDF). African Arts. 45 (4): 70–85. doi:10.1162/AFAR_a_00029. S2CID 18837520. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  13. ^ Bazylinska, Karolina; University, Cleveland State. "Afewonro Park – The Heart of Creation". Bright Continent. Retrieved 5 August 2023.
  14. ^ Olupona, 201 Gods, 144–173; Lange, Ancient Kingdoms, 347–366; idem., "Preservation", 130–1.
  15. ^ Schorkowitz, Dittmar; Chávez, John R.; Schröder, Ingo W. (28 September 2019). Shifting Forms of Continental Colonialism: Unfinished Struggles and Tensions. Springer Nature. p. 240. ISBN 978-981-13-9817-9. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  16. ^ "Oyo empire | History, Definition, Map, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2023.
  17. ^ Lange, Dierk (2004). Ancient Kingdoms of West Africa: African-centred and Canaanite-Israelite Perspectives ; a Collection of Published and Unpublished Studies in English and French. J.H.Röll Verlag. p. 368. ISBN 978-3-89754-115-3. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  18. ^ Okelola, Olubayo (2001). Political History of Ile-Ife (cradle of Yoruba Race) 1900-1980. Lichfield. p. 4. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  19. ^ Probst, Peter; Spittler, Gerd (2004). Between Resistance and Expansion: Explorations of Local Vitality in Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 135. ISBN 978-3-8258-6980-9. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  20. ^ Cheikh Anta Diop's Precolonial Black Africa, pg. 203
  21. ↑ Уолш, «Праздник Эди», 231–238; Баском, «Олохо», 64–72; Ланге, Древние королевства, 358–366; Олупона, 201 Бог .
  22. ^ ab Blier, Suzanne Preston (2015). Искусство и риск в Древнем Йоруба: История, политика и идентичность Ифе около 1300 г. Издательство Кембриджского университета. ISBN 978-1107021662.
  23. ^ Babalola, Abidemi Babatunde; McIntosh, Susan Keech; Dussubieux, Laure; Rehren, Thilo (2017). «Ile-Ife и Igbo Olokun в истории стекла в Западной Африке». Antiquity Cambridge Core . 91 (357): 732–750. doi :10.15184/aqy.2017.80.
  24. ^ "Краткая экскурсия в жизнь и место последнего упокоения Одуа". Пульс .
  25. ^ Utor, Флоренция (25 сентября 2016 г.). «Olojo festival unveils logo». The Guardian . Получено 24 сентября 2022 г. .
  26. ^ abc Ige, Akin; Rehren, Thilo (январь 2003 г.). "Черный песок и железный камень: выплавка железа в Модакеке, Ифе, юго-западная Нигерия". Институт археометаллургических исследований .
  27. ^ abcde Babalola, Abidemi (2017). «Древняя история технологий в Западной Африке: туземная стеклянная/стеклянная бисерная промышленность и общество в раннем Иле-Ифе, юго-западная Нигерия». Журнал черных исследований . 48 (5): 501–527. doi : 10.1177/0021934717701915. S2CID  151455909.
  28. ^ Бабалола, Абидеми; Макинтош, Сьюзан; Дюссюбье, Лор; Ререн, Тило (2017). «Иле-Ифе и Игбо Олокун в истории стекла в Западной Африке». Antiquity . 91 (357): 732–750. doi : 10.15184/aqy.2017.80 .
  29. ^ abc Babalola, Abidemi; Dussubieux, Laure; McIntosh, Susan; Rehren, Thilo (2018). «Химический анализ стеклянных бусин из Игбо Олокун, Иле-Ифе (Юго-Западная Нигерия): новый взгляд на сырье, производство и межрегиональные взаимодействия» (PDF) . Journal of Archaeological Science . 90 : 92–105. Bibcode :2018JArSc..90...92B. doi : 10.1016/j.jas.2017.12.005 .
  30. ^ Бабалола, Абидеми (15.12.2015). «Археологические исследования раннего производства стекла в Игбо-Олокун, Иле-Ифе (Нигерия)». Afrique Archéologie Arts (11): 61–64. doi :10.4000/aaa.545.
  31. ^ Ogundiran, Akinwumi; Ige, O. (2015). "Our Ancestors Were Material Scientists". Journal of Black Studies. 46 (8): 751–772. doi:10.1177/0021934715600964. S2CID 142207743.
  32. ^ YOADE, Adewale Olufunlola. "PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CORE AREA OF ILE-IFE, NIGERIA." Annals Of The University Of Oradea, Geography Series / Analele Universitatii Din Oradea, Seria Geografie 25, no. 2 (December 2015): 137–147. Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed March 32, 2016)
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Ile-Ife Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) – Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ife climate: Temperature Ife & Weather By Month – Climate-Data.org". en.climate-data.org. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  35. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Climate Change and Increased Outbreak of Diseases – THISDAYLIVE". www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ile-Ife weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature". www.besttravelmonths.com. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Ile-Ife, Nigeria weather in August: average temperature & climate". Wanderlog. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g "Weather in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria | Tomorrow.io". Tomorrow.io Weather. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  39. ^ a b c d e f "Ife, Nigeria - Yearly & Monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  40. ^ a b c "Today's Weather". accuweather.com. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  41. ^ a b c d "Ife Central weather forecast for today". justweather.org. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  42. ^ a b c Matthew, Olaniran J. (March 2020). "Investigating climate suitability conditions for malaria transmission and impacts of climate variability on mosquito survival in the humid tropical region: a case study of Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, south-western Nigeria". International Journal of Biometeorology. 64 (3): 355–365. Bibcode:2020IJBm...64..355M. doi:10.1007/s00484-019-01814-x. ISSN 1432-1254. PMID 31655868. S2CID 204907590.
  43. ^ a b Sanni, David Olabanjo (2020), Leal Filho, Walter (ed.), "Local Knowledge of Climate Change Among Arable Farmers in Selected Locations in Southwestern Nigeria", Handbook of Climate Change Resilience, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2531–2548, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93336-8_147, ISBN 978-3-319-93336-8, retrieved 2023-07-19
  44. ^ a b "Weather in Ife today". GISMETEO.COM. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  45. ^ BusinessDay (2023-02-12). "Why continuous deforestation, maiming of farmers, forest guards by illicit lumber/timber traders in ile-ife?". Businessday NG. Retrieved 2023-07-19. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  46. ^ www.premiumtimesng.com https://www.premiumtimesng.com/agriculture/agric-data-and-infographics/467703-infographics-how-women-farmers-are-responding-to-climate-change-in-a-nigerian-state.html?tztc=1. Retrieved 2023-07-19. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  47. ^ Babarinsa, Olusola (2023-06-27). "OAU Ife Ecology Institute@40: Solving Nigeria's environmental challenges". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 2023-07-19.
  48. ^ I.A. Akinjogbin, The Cradle of a Race: Ife from the Beginning to 1980 (Port Harcourt [Nigeria]:Sunray Publishers, 1992); William Bascom, The Yoruba of South-western Nigeria (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969); Frank Willett, Ife in the History of West African Sculpture (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1967); http://www.oauife.edu.ng/; http://www.historywiz.org/ife.htm Archived 2019-09-11 at the Wayback Machine; BBC: Ife and Benin; http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/4chapter7.shtml.
  49. ^ "ODUNLADE, Tunde". Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation. 2017-04-06. Retrieved 2020-10-01.
  50. ^ Layonu, Taslim Abiola (2015). Born to be king : a book to commemorate the installation and inauguration of his imperial majesty Oba Adeyeye Enitan Ogunwusi, Ojaja II, Ooni of Ile-Ife. Media Report Projects. ISBN 978-978-2170-46-0. OCLC 959259140.
  51. ^ Obey, Ebenezer (1983), Current affairs : the Ooni of Ife, Oba Okunade Sijuade, Obey, OCLC 12987528, retrieved 2021-10-05

References

Внешние ссылки