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List of Thai monarchs

The succession of Thai monarchs began with Si Inthrathit at the establishment of the first Thai kingdom in 1238. With brief interruptions, 55 monarchs have ruled over four successive kingdoms, the current monarch being Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) of the Chakri dynasty.

Titles and naming conventions

In the Sukhothai Kingdom, the monarch used the title Pho Khun (Thai: พ่อขุน), and monarchs who reigned over the period of decline after Ram Khamhaeng the Great used the title Phraya (Thai: พญา).

In the Ayutthaya Kingdom and afterward, thanandon, the system of Thai royal titles, determines the style of the monarch's full regnal name (which includes the title), consisting of two interconnected parts:

Western nations referred to the monarch as the "King of Siam" (Latin: Rex Siamensium), regardless of Thai titles, since the initiation of relations in the 16th century. Mongkut (Rama IV) was the first monarch to adopt the title when the name Siam was first used in an international treaty.[2] When the kingdom's name was changed to Thailand, the monarch's Western title changed accordingly.[3]

Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)

Tai peoples migrated into mainland Southeast Asia in the 8th–10th centuries.[4] In the years after, Northern Thai groups established mueang that evolved into larger states, such as Ngoenyang.[5][6] However, it was not until the decline of the Khmer Empire in the 13th century that a Central Thai kingdom politically and culturally related to modern Thailand was first founded.

Phra Ruang dynasty (1238–1438)

The Phra Ruang dynasty was the only royal lineage that ruled over the Sukhothai Kingdom, the first Central Thai state. Established by Si Inthrathit in 1238, who declared independence from the Khmer Empire, the dynasty laid the foundations for Thai society.[7] Under Ram Khamhaeng the Great, the initial Thai script was invented and Therāvada Buddhism was established as the state religion.[8]: 197 [9]: 25 

The dynasty is named after the Traiphum Phra Ruang, a Buddhist cosmology book written by Maha Thammaracha I. During his reign, the kingdom was invaded by Ayutthaya, a neighboring Thai state, becoming a tributary during the reign of Maha Thammaracha II.[8]: 222 

In the Sukhothai Kingdom, the monarch ruled from the city of Sukhothai, while the heir presumptive would occasionally be named uparaja, or viceroy, and ruled in Si Satchanalai. In 1438, Ayutthaya annexed Sukhothai at the death of Maha Thammaracha IV when Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya named his son Prince Ramesuan uparaja. In Ayutthaya, the tradition would evolve into the Front Palace system.[10]

Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)

The Aytthaya Kingdom was a result of a unification between two states: The Kingdom of Suphannaphum (Suphanburi) and The Kingdom of Lavo. Though the Kingdom of Lavo was originally a Mon kingdom, the migration of the Tai peoples into the Chao Phraya basin replaced the original Mons, consequently becoming the governors of these regions. This resulted in the capital moving from Lavapura (Lopburi) and Suphannaphum (Suphanburi) to Ayodhya (Old Ayutthaya), a new capital.[16] Later on, the Kingdom of Nakhon si Thammarat came under the influence of Ayutthaya after seceding from Sukhothai, and Sukhothai losing influence and coming under Ayutthaya.

This conflict would last long into the history of Ayutthaya Kingdom where families from the four major regional kingdoms vie over the throne of the kingdom. These kingdoms are: Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Kingdom of Sukhothai, Kingdom of Lavo, and Kingdom of Suphannaphum. The Kingdom of Sukhothai was integrated into the Kingdom of Ayutthaya along with its noble famlies.[17]

Pre-Ayutthaya era (Ayodhya period)

1st Uthong dynasty (1351–1370)

1st Suphannaphum dynasty (1370–1388)

2nd Uthong dynasty (1388–1409)

2nd Suphannaphum dynasty (1409–1569)

Sukhothai dynasty (1569–1629)

Prasat Thong dynasty (1629–1688)

Ban Phlu Luang dynasty (1688–1767)

Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)

Thonburi dynasty (1767–1782)

Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–present)

Chakri dynasty (1782–present)

Timeline of monarchs

VajiralongkornBhumibol AdulyadejAnanda MahidolPrajadhipokVajiravudhChulalongkornMongkutRama IIIRama IIRama ITaksinEkkathatUthumphonBoromakotThai SaSuriyenthrathibodiPhetrachaNaraiSi SuthammarachaChai (King of Ayutthaya)Prasat ThongAthittayawongChetthathiratSongthamSi SaowaphakEkathotsarotNaresuanMaha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)MahinthrathiratMaha ChakkraphatWorawongsathiratYotfaChairachathiratRatsadathiratBorommarachathirat IVRamathibodi IIBorommarachathirat IIIBorommatrailokkanatBorommarachathirat IIIntharacha (king of Ayutthaya)RamrachathiratRamesuan (king of Ayutthaya)Thong LanBorommarachathirat IRamesuan (king of Ayutthaya)UthongMahathammaracha IVMahathammaracha IIIMahathammaracha IIMahathammaracha INgua Nam ThumLoe ThaiRam KhamhaengBan MueangSi Inthrathit

Family tree of the Thai monarchs

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarchs of Thailand.

Notes

  1. ^ Accounts vastly differ to when Taksin stepped down from the throne and entered the monkhood, which has been argued to have occurred as early as three months prior to his execution.[26]
  2. ^ Traditionally accepted date of his execution

References

  1. ^ Jones, Robert B. (June 1971). "Thai titles and ranks; including a translation of Traditions of royal lineage in Siam by King Chulalongkorn". Southeast Asia Program Data Papers Series. hdl:1813/57549 – via Cornell University.
  2. ^ ""สยาม" ถูกใช้เรียกชื่อประเทศเป็นทางการสมัยรัชกาลที่ 4" (in Thai). ศิลปวัฒนธรรม. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 10 August 2017.
  3. ^ "Siam definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  4. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai Archived 27 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities, Special Issue No 20: 47–64.
  5. ^ Probably The Chiang Mai Chronicle, ISBN 974-7100-62-2
  6. ^ Wyatt, D. K. Thailand, A Short History, p. 35–38, Bangkok 2003
  7. ^ a b Cœdès, G. (1921). "The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 14 (1). Siam Heritage Trust. Retrieved March 17, 2013. (1) The translation of this paper, which has been read at a joint session of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Société Asiatique, and American Oriental Society, and published in the Journal asiatique (April–June 1920), is the work of Mr. J. Crosby, to whom the author begs to tend his heartfelt thanks.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cœdès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  9. ^ a b Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited
  10. ^ a b David K. Wyatt (2004). Thailand: A Short History (2nd ed.). Silkworm Books. p. 59.
  11. ^ a b Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Foundation, 2011: 43.
  12. ^ Pan Hla, Nai (1968). Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing, 2005 ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  13. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 38
  14. ^ Sukhothai Studies Encyclopedia Commission, 1996: 41.
  15. ^ Patit Paban Mishra (2010). The History of Thailand. Greenwood. p. 39.
  16. ^ "History of Ayutthaya - Temples & Ruins - Wat Ayodhya". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  17. ^ The royal chronicles of Ayutthaya. Internet Archive. Bangkok : The Siam Society. 2000. ISBN 978-974-8298-48-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ^ "clra53_0235". www.car.chula.ac.th. Retrieved 2024-07-06.
  19. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World. Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-316-64113-2.
  20. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-316-64113-2.
  21. ^ Wyatt, David K. (2003). Thailand : A Short History (2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. ISBN 974957544X.
  22. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk (2017). A History of Ayutthaya: Siam in the Early Modern World (Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-316-64113-2.
  23. ^ Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (p. 301). Cambridge University Press. Kindle Edition.
  24. ^ Terwiel, B. J. (Barend Jan) (1983). A history of modern Thailand, 1767-1942. St. Lucia; New York : University of Queensland Press. ISBN 978-0-7022-1892-7. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021.
  25. ^ chinese society in thailand: an analytical history. cornell university press. 1957.
  26. ^ "ว่าด้วยพระเจ้าตาก ตอน 5: สองคน สองประวัติศาสตร์ EP.50". YouTube. 3:41-3:55
  27. ^ คำให้การ วันประหาร “พระเจ้าตาก” ฉากสุดท้ายกรุงธนบุรี ศิลปวัฒนธรรม ฉบับสิงหาคม 2552
  28. ^ Handley, Paul M. (1 January 2006). The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand's Bhumibol Adulyadej. Yale University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-300-13059-1.
  29. ^ "Thai king to be crowned in coronation ceremonies May 4–6 - palace". euronews. 1 January 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2019.

Bibliography