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Los Rastros Formation

The Los Rastros Formation is a mid-Carnian fossiliferous formation of the Agua de la Peña Group, in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of northwestern Argentina. Fossil archosaur tracks,[1] as well as many insects,[2] fish,[3] bivalves, crustaceans and plants have been reported from the formation.[4]

Geology

The formation overlies the Chañares Formation (and/or the Ischicuca Formation), and is overlain by the Ischigualasto Formation.[5] The formation belongs to the Agua de la Peña Group of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, where it is exposed in the Ischigualasto Provincial Park, a World Heritage Site in Argentina.[6] The up to 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) thick formation of claystones, mudstones and sandstones was deposited in a deltaic to lacustrine environment during the first post-rift sequence in the basin.[5][4][7][8]

A CA-TIMS U-Pb zircon age of 234.47 ± 0.44 Ma from the lower Los Rastros Formation was published in 2020. The acquired age demonstrates that most of the overlying lacustrine strata within the basin were deposited during or after the Carnian Pluvial Event (CPE).[9]

Paleobiota

The only tetrapod body fossil reported from the Los Rastros Formation is a poorly-preserved temnospondyl amphibian.[10][4]

Ichnofossils

Tetrapod footprints are a conspicuous type of ichnofossils (trace fossils) found in the Los Rastros Formation, particularly at the Quebrada de Ischichuca locality near Cerro Bola.[1][11][12] Most of the trackways are symmetrical prints created by animals with a narrow bipedal stance, three toes contacting the ground, and a raised fourth toe. They were presumably early dinosaurs or dinosauromorphs,[12] with a hip height exceeding 75 cm. These prints are found in deltaic sandbars, parallel to the lakeshore.[11] While some sources tentatively interpret these as theropod footprints,[13] the generalized nature of Triassic dinosaurs and their relatives prevent a precise referral.[12] Some of the tridactyl trackways also preserve hand prints, with quadrupedal pseudosuchians or other archosaurs as likely trackmakers.[12] Named reptile ichnotaxa from the Los Rastros Formation include Rhynchosauroides sp. (sphenodonts or other small reptiles) and Rigalites ischigualastianus (large quadrupedal pseudosuchians).[1][14]

Another form of trackway consists of numerous non-overlapping sets of broad rounded depressions on a heavily trampled wackestone surface. They may have been left by a herd of dicynodonts walking down to the lakeshore. Palaeophycus tubularis invertebrate burrows are also abundant.[11]

Fish

Invertebrates

The Los Rastros Formation has produced many insect fossils, with most new species belonging to blattopterans (cockroaches and kin), coleopterans (beetles and kin), or hemipterans (true bugs).[2] Among Triassic formations of South America, the Los Rastros Formation's insect diversity is only rivaled by the Potrerillos Formation in the Cuyo Basin. Other invertebrate fossils from the Los Rastros Formation include Lioestheria ("conchostracans" or clam shrimp) and Paleomutella (freshwater mussels).[1]

Blattoptera

Coleoptera

Hemiptera

Indeterminate corixids (water boatmen) are also known from the Gualo locality.[18]

Other insects

Plants

A wide variety of plant fossils are known from the Los Rastros Formation, including both microfossils[4][8] and macrofossils.[24][25][26][8]

Most species from the formation have been listed by Lutz et al. (2011)[24] and Pedernera et al. (2020).[25]

Seed ferns

Other gymnosperms

Other plants

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Leonardi, 1994, p.20
  2. ^ a b Mancuso, Adriana C.; Gallego, Oscar F.; Martins-Neto, Rafael G. (2007). "The Triassic insect fauna from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province (Argentina): its context, taphonomy and paleobiology". Ameghiniana. 44 (2): 337–348.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g López-Arbarello, A.; Rogers, R.; Puerta, P. (2006-08-01). "Freshwater actinopterygians of the Los Rastros Formation (Triassic), Bermejo Basin, Argentina" (PDF). Fossil Record. 9 (2): 238–258. doi:10.5194/fr-9-238-2006. ISSN 2193-0074.
  4. ^ a b c d Mancuso, A. C.; Marsicano, C. A. (2008-08-01). "Paleoenvironments and taphonomy of a Triassic lacustrine system (Los Rastros Formation, central-western Argentina)". PALAIOS. 23 (8): 535–547. Bibcode:2008Palai..23..535M. doi:10.2110/palo.2007.p07-064r. ISSN 0883-1351. S2CID 131001860.
  5. ^ a b Aceituno Cieri, 2015, p.60
  6. ^ Kent, Dennis V.; Santi Malnis, Paula; Colombi, Carina E.; Alcober, Oscar A.; Martínez, Ricardo N. (2014-05-19). "Age constraints on the dispersal of dinosaurs in the Late Triassic from magnetochronology of the Los Colorados Formation (Argentina)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (22): 7958–7963. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.7958K. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402369111. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4050597. PMID 24843149.
  7. ^ Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia (2009). "Taphonomic analysis in lacustrine environments: Two different contexts for Triassic lake paleofloras from Western Gondwana (Argentina)". Sedimentary Geology. 222 (1–2): 149–159. Bibcode:2009SedG..222..149M. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.05.017.
  8. ^ a b c Mancuso, Adriana C.; Irmis, Randall B.; Pedernera, Tomás E.; Gaetano, Leandro C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Breeden III, Benjamin T. (2022-06-13). "Paleoenvironmental and Biotic Changes in the Late Triassic of Argentina: Testing Hypotheses of Abiotic Forcing at the Basin Scale". Frontiers in Earth Science. 10. Bibcode:2022FrEaS..10.3788M. doi:10.3389/feart.2022.883788. ISSN 2296-6463.
  9. ^ Mancuso, Adriana C.; Benavente, Cecilia A.; Irmis, Randall B.; Mundil, Roland (2020). "Evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode in Gondwana: New multiproxy climate records and their bearing on early dinosaur diversification". Gondwana Research. 86: 104–125. Bibcode:2020GondR..86..104M. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2020.05.009. S2CID 224907977.
  10. ^ Mancuso, A.C (2003). "Continental fish taphonomy: a case study in the Triassic of Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 16 (4): 275–286. Bibcode:2003JSAES..16..275M. doi:10.1016/S0895-9811(03)00069-5.
  11. ^ a b c Marsicano, Claudia Alicia; Mancuso, Adriana Cecilia; Palma, Ricardo Manuel; Krapovickas, Verónica (2010). "Tetrapod tracks in a marginal lacustrine setting (Middle Triassic, Argentina): Taphonomy and significance". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 291 (3–4): 388–399. Bibcode:2010PPP...291..388M. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.03.009. hdl:11336/107219.
  12. ^ a b c d Marsicano, Claudia A.; Domnanovich, Nadia S.; Mancuso, Adriana C. (2007). "Dinosaur origins: evidence from the footprint record". Historical Biology. 19 (1): 83–91. Bibcode:2007HBio...19...83M. doi:10.1080/08912960600866920. hdl:11336/92894. ISSN 0891-2963. S2CID 140718780.
  13. ^ Weishampel et al., 2004, pp. 528
  14. ^ Melchor, Ricardo N.; De Valais, Silvina (2006). "A Review of Triassic Tetrapod Track Assemblages from Argentina". Palaeontology. 49 (2): 355–379. Bibcode:2006Palgy..49..355M. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00538.x. ISSN 0031-0239.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Mancuso, Adriana; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2005). "The Triassic Insect Fauna from Argentina. Blattoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province". Ameghiniana. 42 (4): 705–723.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Brauckmann, Carsten; Gallego, Oscar F.; Carmona, Maria J. (2006). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. – Blattoptera, Glosselytrodea, Miomoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, and Coleoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), Los Chañares locality (La Rioja Province)". Clausthaler Geowissenschaften. 5: 1–9.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar F.; Mancuso, Adriana C. (2006). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. Coleoptera from the Los Rastros Formation (Bermejo Basin), La Rioja Province". Ameghiniana. 43 (3): 591–609.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lara, María B.; Bustos-Escalona, Evelyn L.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Arcucci, Andrea (2021). "Upper Triassic hemipterans from the south-western Gondwana: taxonomical, paleobiological, and paleogeographical implications". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 107: 103119. Bibcode:2021JSAES.10703119L. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.103119. S2CID 233072698.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio; Melchor, Ricardo Nestor (2003). "The Triassic insect fauna from South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile): a checklist (except Blattoptera and Coleoptera) and descriptions of new taxa". Acta Zoologica Cracoviensia. 46: 229–256.
  20. ^ a b c d e Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (1999). "The Triassic insect fauna from Argentina. I. Auchenorrhyncha, Miomoptera and Ensifera". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology. 14 (2): 191. doi:10.7203/sjp.23772. ISSN 2660-9568.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2001). "The Triassic Insect Fauna from Argentina. IV. Glosselytrodea and complements on Auchenorrhyncha". Acta Geologica Leopoldensia. 24 (42/53): 105–114.
  22. ^ a b c Martins-Neto, Rafael Gioia; Gallego, Oscar Florencio (2006). "Review of Dysmorphoptilidae Handlirsch (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic, with description of a new subfamily, and a new species". Polish Journal of Entomology. 75: 185–197.
  23. ^ a b SHCHERBAKOV, DMITRY E. (2011-04-28). "New and little-known families of Hemiptera Cicadomorpha from the Triassic of Central Asia—early analogs of treehoppers and planthoppers". Zootaxa. 2836 (1): 1. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2836.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Lutz, Alicia; Gnaedinger, Silvia; Mancuso, Adriana; Crisafulli, Alexandra (2011). "Paleoflora de la Formación los Rastros (Triásico Medio), Provincia de San Juan, Argentina. Consideraciones Taxonómicas y Tafonómicas". Ameghiniana (in Spanish). 48 (4): 568–588. doi:10.5710/AMGH.v48i4(348). ISSN 0002-7014. S2CID 129420415.
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Pedernera, Tomás E.; Mancuso, Adriana C.; Ottone, Eduardo G.; Benavente, Cecilia A. (2020). "Paleobotany of the Upper Triassic Los Rastros Formation, Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin, La Rioja, Argentina". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 102: 102660. Bibcode:2020JSAES.10202660P. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102660. S2CID 219763043.
  26. ^ Cariglino, Bárbara; Moisan, Philippe; Lara, María Belén (2021). "The fossil record of plant-insect interactions and associated entomofaunas in Permian and Triassic floras from southwestern Gondwana: A review and future prospects". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 111: 103512. Bibcode:2021JSAES.11103512C. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103512.
  27. ^ a b c d e f Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2010). "Fructificaciones de la Formación Los Rastros, Triásico Superior, Provincia de San Juan, Argentina". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 27 (1): 32–42.
  28. ^ a b Arce, Federico Exequiel; Lutz, Alicia Isabel (2014). "Acevedoa nom. nov., a replacement name for Andersonia Arce & Lutz 2010 (Insertae sedis), preoccupied by Andersonia R.Br. 1810 (Plantae, Magnoliophyta, Ericaceae)". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas. 31 (1): 138–139.

Bibliography