According to Vytautas Mažiulis, the name Sūduva derives from a local hydronym*Sūd(a)vā, derived from a Baltic verbal root, *sū-: to flow, pour.[5]
Language
Numerous linguists consider the Yotvingian language as a dialect of the Old Prussian language.[1] The Lithuanian linguist Petras Būtėnas states that such an opinion is incorrect, because the Lithuanian kalnas predominates in Yotvingian toponymy instead of the Old Prussian garbis.[3] The Lithuanian professor Zigmas Zinkevičius wrote that the Yotvingians spoke a dialect of Western Baltic that was closer to Lithuanian than Prussian.[6] The only known written source of the Yotvingian language is the manuscript "Pagan Dialects from Narew [lt; be-tarask]".[7]
Before the 10th century, in the south, Yotvingian homesteads reached the Brest area. In the west, they reached the Narew river basin. In the north, they reached the Vilnius' and Kaunas' southern outskirts. The territory was shrinking over time.
Kurgans of Sudovian culture predate Yotvingian presence
According to The Histories of Herodotus(5th century B.C.), the Neuri (Νευροί) were a tribe living beyond the Scythian cultivators, one of the nations along the course of the river Hypanis (Bug river), west of the Borysthenes (Dniepr river).[citation needed] This was roughly the area of modern Belarus and Eastern Poland by the Narew river, coinciding with the Yotvingian linguistic territory of toponyms and hydronyms (Narew river)[8] and the Scythian[9] tribe of the Aroteres to the south-east.[8][10]
Ptolemy in the 2nd century AD called the people Galindai kai Soudinoi (Σουδινοί). Peter of Dusburg called them Galindite and Suduwite.[citation needed] In the Hypatian Codex the spelling changes: Jatviagy, Jatviezie, Jatviažin, zemlia Jatveskaja, na zemliu Jatviažs´kuju and more. Polish sources also used Russian spellings: Jazviagi, Iazvizite, Jazvizite, Yazvizite.[citation needed]
This name was taken by the papal administration: terra Jatwesouie, Gretuesia, Gzestuesie, Getuesia und Getvesia.[citation needed] The Knights called this tribe Sudowite, Sudowia, in qua Sudowit.[8] and the Scythian[9] tribe of the Aroteres to the south-east.[8][10]
10th century
In 944, during the treaty between the Kievan Rus' prince Igor and the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, the Yotvingians were hired by the Kievan ruler to serve as mercenaries.[citation needed] In 983, Vladimir I of Kiev hired the Yotvingians to add to his army.[citation needed]
13th century
In two dotations, in 1253 and 1259, by Mindaugas, a new name was recorded: Dainava, Deynowe, Dainowe, Denowe (land of songs). The forests were named Deinova Jatvež.[citation needed] In the 1260 treaty with the Teutonic Knights, the region is called "terre Getuizintarum".[citation needed][clarification needed]Skalmantas, leader of the Yotvingians was responsible for single-handedly raiding Pinsk in the Principality of Turov.
Totoraitis, Jonas (2003) [1938]. Sūduvos Suvalkijos istorija (in Lithuanian). Marijampolė: Piko valanda. ISBN 978-9986-875-87-1.
Witczak, K. T., Traces of Dual Forms in Old Prussian and Jatvingian in Woljciech Smoczynski and Axel Holvoet, eds, Colloquium Pruthenicum primum, 1992, pp 93–98
Gerullis, G., Zur Sprache der Sudauer-Jadwinger, in Festschrift A. Bezzenberger, Göttingen 1927
Mažiulis, V., Baltic languages. Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Henning, E., De rebus Jazygum sive Jazuin-gorum, Regiomonti, 1812
Sjoegren, A., Ueber die Wohnsitz Verhaeltnisse und der Jatwaeger, St. Petersburg, 1859
Sembrzycki, J., Die Nord-und Westgebiete the Jadwinger und deren Grenzen, Altpreussischeme Monatschrift, XXVIII, 1891, pp. 76–89
W. R. Schmalstieg, Studies in Old Prussian, University Park and London, 1976.
V. Toporov, Prusskij jazyk: Slovar', A - L, Moskva, 1975–1990.
V. Mažiulis, Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas, Vilnius, t. I-IV, 1988–1997.
Archäologie der UDSSR: Die Finno-Ugrier und die Balten im Mittelalter, Teil II, Balten, S. 411–419, Moskau 1987
Lepa, Gerhard (Hrsg): Die Sudauer, in Tolkemita-Texte Nr. 55, Dieburg 1998
Lepa, Gerhard: Gedanken über die Prußen und ihre Lieder, in Tolkemita-Texte "25 Lieder der Sudauer" Nr. 56, Dieburg 1999
Litauische Enzyklopädie, Bd. XXVX, Boston, USA, 1963
Salemke, Gerhard: Lagepläne der Wallburganlagen von der ehemaligen Provinz Ostpreußen, Gütersloh, 2005, Karten 19/ 7 - 19/ 13
Žilevičius, Juozas: Grundzüge der kleinlitauischen Volksmusik, in Tolkemita-Texte "25 Lieder der Sudauer" Nr. 56, Dieburg 1999
References
^ a bSužiedėlis 2011, p. 334.
^Zinkevičius, Zigmas; Černelienė, Marytė; Makauskas, Bronius; Maksimavičius, Petras; Birgelis, Sigitas; Paransevičius, Juozas Sigitas; Mikėnaitė, Palmira; Burdinaitė-Ołów, Birutė; Balčiūnaitė, Taida (2009). Terra Jatwezenorum: Jotvingių krašto istorijos paveldo metraštis (PDF) (in Lithuanian). Punsko „Aušros“ leidykla. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
^ a bBūtėnas 1957, p. 314.
^Budreckis 1967.
^Mažiulis 1997, pp. 166–167.
^Zinkevičius 1996, p. 51.
^Witczak, Krzysztof Tomasz (2015). ""The Pagan dialects from Narew" in the light of Yatvingian onomastic remnants" (PDF). Baltic from an Indo-European Perspective: 43–44.
^ a b c dSulimirski 1985, p. 184.
^ a bSulimirski 1985, p. 153.
^ a bSulimirski & Taylor 1991, p. 585.
^Sabaliauskas 1995, p. 80.
^Kapočius 1970–1978, p. 210.
Sources
Būtėnas, Petras (December 1957). "Sudūviai - Jotvingiai - Dainuviai" (PDF). Karys (in Lithuanian). 10 (1337): 314–316.
Budreckis, Algirdas (1967). "Etnografinės Lietuvos rytinės ir pietinės sienos". Karys (in Lithuanian).
Mažiulis, Vytautas (1993). Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological Dictionary of the Prussian Language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. II. Vilnius: Mokslas. pp. 7–12. ISBN 978-5-420-00791-4.
Mažiulis, Vytautas (1997). Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological Dictionary of the Prussian Language] (in Lithuanian). Vol. IV. Vilnius. pp. 166–167. ISBN 978-5-420-01406-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Sabaliauskas, Algirdas (1995). Mes Baltai [We, the Balts] (in Lithuanian). Vilnius, Lithuania: Science and Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 80.
Antoniewicz, Jerzy (1958). "The mysterious Sudovian people". Archaeology. II (3): 158–161.
Antoniewicz, Jerzy (1962). The Sudovians. Białystok.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
DUSBURG (PETRI DE DUSBURG), Chronicon Prussiae, ed. Chr. Hartknock, Jena, 1879