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Тхэквондо

Тхэквондо ( / ˌ t k w ɒ n ˈ d , ˌ t ˈ k w ɒ n d , ˌ t ɛ k w ə n ˈ d / ; корейский태권도 ; [t̪ʰɛ.k͈wʌ̹n.d̪o] ) —корейское боевое искусствоивид спорта,включающий в себя технику ударов руками и ногами.[2][3][4]Слово тхэквондо можно перевести кактаэ(«удар ногой»),квон(«удар рукой») идо(«искусство или путь»). Помимо пяти принципов вежливости, честности, настойчивости, самообладания и неукротимого духа, этот вид спорта требует трех физических навыков:пумсэ(품새),кёруги(겨루) игёкпа(격파).

Пумсэ — это модели, демонстрирующие ряд техник ударов ногами, руками и блоками, кёруги — это вид спарринга, который можно увидеть на Олимпийских играх, а гёкпа — это искусство ломать деревянные доски. Тхэквондо также иногда предполагает использование такого оружия, как мечи и нунчаки. Занимающиеся тхэквондо носят форму, известную как добок .

Это боевой вид спорта , который был разработан в 1940-х и 1950-х годах корейскими мастерами боевых искусств, имеющими опыт в таких боевых искусствах, как каратэ и китайские боевые искусства . [5] [6]

Старейшим руководящим органом тхэквондо является Корейская ассоциация тхэквондо (КТА), созданная в 1959 году совместными усилиями представителей девяти оригинальных кванов , или школ боевых искусств, в Корее. Основными международными организационными органами тхэквондо сегодня являются различные отделения Международной федерации таэквондо (ITF), первоначально основанной Чхве Хон Хи в 1966 году, а также партнерство Куккивон и Мирового таэквондо (WT, ранее Всемирная федерация таэквондо или WTF). ), основанный в 1972 и 1973 годах соответственно Корейской ассоциацией тхэквондо . [7] Кёруги ( [kjʌɾuɡi] ), вид полноконтактного спарринга , является олимпийским соревнованием с 2000 года. В 2018 году правительство Южной Кореи официально объявило тхэквондо национальным боевым искусством Кореи. [8]

Руководящим органом тхэквондо на Олимпийских и Паралимпийских играх является Всемирный таэквондо .

История

Появление различных кванов

Начиная с 1945 года, вскоре после окончания Второй мировой войны и японской оккупации , в Сеуле открылись новые школы боевых искусств , называемые кванами . Эти школы были основаны корейскими мастерами боевых искусств, имеющими опыт японских [9] и китайских боевых искусств .

Ранние прародители тхэквондо — основатели девяти оригинальных кванов — которые смогли учиться в Японии, познакомились с японскими боевыми искусствами , включая каратэ, дзюдо и кендо , [10] в то время как другие познакомились с боевыми искусствами Китая и Маньчжурии. . [6] [11] [12]

Дискуссии вокруг исторического влияния тхэквондо были противоречивыми, с двумя основными школами мысли: традиционализмом и ревизионизмом. Традиционализм утверждает, что истоки тхэквондо являются местными, в то время как ревизионизм, преобладающая теория, утверждает, что тхэквондо уходит корнями в каратэ. [13] В последующие годы корейское правительство активно поддерживало традиционалистские взгляды на то, чтобы отделить тхэквондо от его связи с Японией и дать Корее «законное культурное прошлое». [14]

Попытка стандартизировать тхэквондо

В 1952 году президент Южной Кореи Ли Сын Ман стал свидетелем демонстрации боевых искусств офицеров южнокорейской армии Чхве Хон Хи и Нам Тэ Хи из 29-й пехотной дивизии. Он ошибочно принял представленную технику за тэккён , [15] [ нужна страница ] [16] [17] и призвал ввести боевые искусства в армию в рамках единой системы. Начиная с 1955 года лидеры кванов всерьез начали обсуждать возможность создания единого корейского боевого искусства. До этого « Тан Су До » было термином, используемым для корейского каратэ, используя корейское произношение ханджа японского кандзи 唐手道. Название «Тэ Су До» (跆手道) также использовалось для описания единого стиля корейских боевых искусств. Это имя состоит из hanja tae «топтать, топтать», su «рука» и do « путь, дисциплина ». [ нужна цитата ]

Чхве Хон Хи выступал за использование названия «Тхэквондо», заменив су «рука» на квон ( пересмотренная романизация : gwon ; МакКьюн-Рейшауэр : kkwŏn ) «кулак», термин, также используемый для обозначения «боевых искусств» в Китайский ( пиньинь цюань ). [18] Это имя также было наиболее близко к произношению «тэккён», [19] [15] [ нужна страница ] [20] Первоначально новое имя не сразу прижилось среди лидеров кванов . В это время тхэквондо также было принято на вооружение южнокорейскими военными, что увеличило его популярность среди гражданских школ боевых искусств. [7] [ нужна страница ] [15] [ нужна страница ]

Разработка нескольких стилей.

В 1959 году была создана Корейская ассоциация Тан Су До (позже Корейская ассоциация тхэквондо или КТА) для содействия объединению корейских боевых искусств. Чхве хотел, чтобы все остальные кваны- члены КТА приняли его собственный стиль тхэквондо в стиле Чан Хон как единый стиль. Однако это было встречено сопротивлением, поскольку другие кваны вместо этого хотели создать единый стиль на основе вклада всех кванов , чтобы служить способом передать наследие и характеристики всех стилей, а не только стиля. одного квана . [7] [ нужна страница ] В ответ на это, наряду с политическими разногласиями по поводу преподавания тхэквондо в Северной Корее и объединения всего Корейского полуострова, Чхве порвал с КТА (Южной Кореи) в 1966 году, чтобы основать Международную Международную организацию таэквондо. Федерация До (ITF) — отдельный руководящий орган, занимающийся институционализацией тхэквондо в стиле Чан Хон в Канаде. [7] [ нужна страница ] [15]

Первоначально президент Южной Кореи оказал МФТ Чоя ограниченную поддержку из-за их личных отношений. [7] [ нужна страница ] Однако позже Чхве и правительство разошлись во мнениях по вопросу о том, следует ли принимать влияние Северной Кореи на боевое искусство. В 1972 году Южная Корея отказалась от поддержки МФТ. ITF продолжала функционировать как независимая федерация со штаб-квартирой в Торонто , Канада. Чой продолжал развивать стиль ITF, особенно после публикации в 1983 году его Энциклопедии таэквон-до . После его выхода на пенсию ITF разделилась в 2001 году, а затем снова в 2002 году, чтобы создать три отдельные федерации ITF, каждая из которых продолжает работать сегодня под одним и тем же названием. [7] [ нужна страница ]

В 1972 году KTA и Министерство культуры, спорта и туризма правительства Южной Кореи учредили Куккивон как новую национальную академию тхэквондо. Куккивон теперь выполняет многие функции, ранее выполнявшиеся KTA, с точки зрения определения спонсируемого правительством единого стиля тхэквондо. В 1973 году KTA и Куккивон поддержали создание Всемирной федерации тхэквондо (WTF), которая позже в 2017 году изменила свое название на «Всемирное тхэквондо» (WT) из-за того, что предыдущий инициализм перекрывался термином интернет-сленга . [21] В то время как Куккивон сосредотачивается на аспектах боевого искусства и самообороны Кукки-Тхэквондо, WT продвигает спортивную сторону, и в его соревнованиях используется часть техник, присутствующих в тхэквондо в стиле Куккивон. [7] [ нужна страница ] [22] По этой причине тхэквондо в стиле Куккивон часто называют тхэквондо в стиле WT, тхэквондо в спортивном стиле или тхэквондо в олимпийском стиле, хотя на самом деле этот стиль определяется Куккивон, не ВТ. [ нужна цитата ]

С 2000 года тхэквондо является одним из трех азиатских боевых искусств (остальные - дзюдо и каратэ) и одним из шести (остальные - ранее упомянутые греко-римская борьба, вольная борьба и бокс), включенных в Олимпийские игры. . Это началось как демонстрационное мероприятие на играх 1988 года в Сеуле, через год после того, как оно стало медальным мероприятием на Панамериканских играх , и стало официальным медальным мероприятием на играх 2000 года в Сиднее. В 2010 году тхэквондо было включено в список видов спорта Игр Содружества . [23]

Функции

Боковой удар двумя ногами в полете
Удар обратным крюком в прыжке

Для тхэквондо упор делается на удары ногами на высоте головы, удары ногами в прыжке и с разворотом, а также технику быстрых ударов ногами. Фактически, спарринговые соревнования WT начисляют дополнительные очки за удары, включающие удары ногами с разворота, удары ногами по голове или и то, и другое. [24]

Типичная учебная программа

Молодой красно-черный пояс исполняет Корё.

В то время как такие организации, как ITF или Куккивон, определяют общий стиль тхэквондо, отдельные клубы и школы имеют тенденцию адаптировать свою практику тхэквондо. Хотя каждый клуб или школа тхэквондо уникальны, ученик обычно принимает участие в большинстве или во всех следующих мероприятиях: [25]

Хотя обучение обращению с оружием не является формальной частью учебных программ большинства федераций тхэквондо, отдельные школы часто включают дополнительное обучение использованию такого оружия, как посохи , ножи и палки.

Стили и организации

Существует ряд основных стилей тхэквондо, а также несколько нишевых стилей. Большинство стилей связаны с руководящим органом или федерацией, которая определяет стиль. [26] Основные технические различия между стилями и организациями тхэквондо обычно заключаются в следующем:

1946: Традиционное тхэквондо

«Традиционное тхэквондо» относится к боевым искусствам 1940-х и 1950-х годов, состоящим из девяти оригинальных кванов . Они использовали несколько разных названий, таких как Тан Су До (китайский путь рук), [b] Конг Су До (путь пустых рук) [c] и Тэ Су До (путь ног и рук). [d] Традиционное тхэквондо до сих пор практикуется, но обычно под такими названиями, как Тан Су До и Су Бахк До . [7] [15] В 1959 году название тхэквондо было согласовано девятью первоначальными кванами как общий термин для их боевых искусств. В рамках процесса объединения Корейская ассоциация тхэквондо (КТА) была сформирована совместными усилиями представителей всех кванов , и началась работа над общей учебной программой, которая в конечном итоге привела к появлению Куккивон и стиля Кукки тхэквондо. Первоначальные кваны , сформировавшие КТА, продолжают существовать и сегодня, но как независимые братские членские организации, поддерживающие Всемирный таэквондо и Куккивон. Кваны также функционируют как канал для выдачи сертификатов Куккивон дан и пум (черные пояса) для своих членов. Официальной учебной программой тех кванов , которые присоединились к объединению, является учебная программа Куккивон, за заметным исключением половины О До Кван, которая вместо этого присоединилась к ITF и поэтому использует учебную программу Чан Хон. [ нужна цитата ]

1966: Тхэквондо в стиле ITF/Чанг Хон

Таэквондо в стиле Международной федерации таэквон-до (ITF), более точно известное как тхэквондо в стиле Чанг Хон, определяется в Энциклопедии таэквон-до Чой Хон Хи, опубликованной в 1983 году. [27]

В 1990 году Глобальная федерация тхэквондо (GTF) отделилась от ITF из-за политических разногласий вокруг ITF; Однако GTF продолжает заниматься тхэквондо в стиле ITF с дополнительными элементами, включенными в этот стиль. Аналогично, сама ITF разделилась в 2001 году и снова в 2002 году на три отдельные федерации со штаб-квартирами в Австрии, Великобритании и Испании соответственно. [28] [29] [30]

The GTF and all three ITFs practice Choi's ITF-style Taekwondo. In ITF-style Taekwondo, the word used for "forms" is tul; the specific set of tul used by the ITF is called Chang Hon. Choi defined 24 Chang Hon tul. The names and symbolism of the Chang Hon tul refer to elements of Korean history, culture and religious philosophy. The GTF-variant of ITF practices an additional six tul.[citation needed]

Within the ITF taekwondo tradition there are two sub-styles:

Some ITF schools adopt the sine wave style, while others do not. Essentially all ITF schools do, however, use the patterns (tul) defined in the Encyclopedia, with some exceptions related to the forms Juche and Ko-Dang.[citation needed]

1969: ATA/Songahm-style Taekwondo

In 1969, Haeng Ung Lee, a former taekwondo instructor in the South Korean military, relocated to Omaha, Nebraska and established a chain of martial arts schools in the United States under the banner of the American Taekwondo Association (ATA). Like Jhoon Rhee Taekwondo, ATA Taekwondo has its roots in traditional taekwondo. The style of taekwondo practised by the ATA is called Songahm Taekwondo. The ATA went on to become one of the largest chains of taekwondo schools in the United States.[31]

The ATA established international spin-offs called the Songahm Taekwondo Federation (STF) and the World Traditional Taekwondo Union (WTTU) to promote the practice of Songahm Taekwondo internationally. In 2015, all the spin-offs were reunited under the umbrella of ATA International.[citation needed]

1970s: Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo

In 1962 Jhoon Rhee, upon graduating from college in Texas, relocated to and established a chain of martial arts schools in the Washington, D.C. area that practiced Traditional Taekwondo.[e] In the 1970s, at the urging of Choi Hong-hi, Rhee adopted ITF-style Taekwondo within his chain of schools, but like the GTF later departed from the ITF due to the political controversies surrounding Choi and the ITF. Rhee went on to develop his own style of taekwondo called Jhoon Rhee-style Taekwondo, incorporating elements of both traditional and ITF-style Taekwondo as well as original elements.[32]

1972: Kukki-style / WT-Taekwondo

Relative popularity of Kukkiwon-style Taekwondo around the world

In 1972 the Korea Taekwondo Association (KTA) Central Dojang opened in Seoul; in 1973 the name was changed to Kukkiwon. Under the sponsorship of the South Korean government's Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism the Kukkiwon became the new national academy for taekwondo, thereby establishing a new "unified" style of taekwondo.[22] In 1973 the KTA established the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF, now called World Taekwondo, WT) to promote the sportive side of Kukki-Taekwondo. The International Olympic Committee recognized the WT and taekwondo sparring in 1980. For this reason, the Kukkiwon-defined style of taekwondo is sometimes referred to as Sport-style Taekwondo, Olympic-style Taekwondo, or WT-style Taekwondo, but the style itself is defined by the Kukkiwon, not by the WT, and the WT competition ruleset itself only allows the use of a very small number of the total number of techniques included in the style.[33]

Extreme Taekwondo

Extreme Taekwondo is a hybrid style created in 2008, by Taekwondo practitioner Shin-Min Cheol, who also founded Mirime Korea in 2012, a production company that helped spreading his style. His company is based on promoting TKD tournaments, in a style which mixed other martial arts like Karate and Capoeira.[34]

Hup Kwon Do

Hup Kwon Do is a hybrid style of Taekwondo created by a Malayan martial artist called Grandmaster Lee in 1989. He opened his first school in Penang, and originally developed this system as a self-defense technique, mixing Taekwondo with a multitude of other martial arts, such as Kendo, Bokken, Wado Shimpo, Kickboxing and Karate. It is mainly governed by the World Hupkwondo Council (WHC).[35][36]

Han Moo Do

Han Moo Doo is a hybrid martial art created by Korean practitioner Yoon Sung Hwang in 1989, in Kahauva, Finland. Like other variations of Taekwondo, it first started out as a method of self-defense before spreading across Northern countries such as Sweden, Norway and Denmark. It combines Taekwondo with other Korean martial arts like Hapkido and Hoi Jeon Moo Sool. It mixes striking and grappling techniques, and some schools also incorporate weapons training into it.[37][38]

Han Mu Do

Han Mu Do is a martial art developed by Koream practitioner Dr. Young Kimm, who founded the World Hanmudo Association to assure the preservation of his style. Its ideals are mostly based on the Han philosophy, mainly about the mind balance of the practitioner. Young Kimm studied Taekwondo, Tang Soo Do, Kuk Sul, Hapkido, Korean Judo and Kum Do, mixing all of their techniques together to create his own style.[39][40]

Teuk Gong Moo Sool

Teukgong Moosool is a combat system developed in South Korea by the special forces units that is projected to stop the opponent as quickly as possible, although it was also used in sports competition. It is a hybrid style that mixes Taekwondo, Judo, Hapkido, Sanda (and other Chinese wushu styles) and Korean Kickboxing and it follows the Yin-Yang and five elements philosophy. Its origins date back to the 1960s–70s, but it was only introduced in special forces training in 1979.[41][42]

Equipment and facilities

A WT-style dobok
A dojang

A taekwondo practitioner typically wears a dobok (도복; 道服) uniform with a belt tied around the waist.

When sparring, padded equipment is usually worn. In the ITF tradition, typically only the hands and feet are padded. In the Kukkiwon/WT tradition, full-contact sparring is facilitated by the employment of more extensive equipment: padded helmets called homyun are always worn, as are padded torso protectors called hogu; feet, shins, groins, hands, and forearms protectors are also worn.[citation needed]

The school or place where instruction is given is called a dojang (도장; 道場).

Ranks, belts, and promotion

Exhibition of taekwondo students at the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City

Taekwondo ranks vary from style to style and are not standardized. For junior ranks, ranks are indicated by a number and the term (; ; geup, gup, or kup), which represents belt color. A belt color may have a stripe in it. Ranks typically count down from higher numbers to lower ones. For senior ranks ("black belt" ranks), each rank is called a dan 단 (段) or "degree" and counts upwards.[citation needed]

Students must pass tests to advance ranks, and promotions happen at variable rate depending on the school.[citation needed]

Titles can also come with ranks. For example, in the International Taekwon-Do Federation, instructors holding 1st to 3rd dan are called boosabum (부사범; 副師範; "assistant instructor"), those holding 4th to 6th dan are called sabum (사범; 師範; "instructor"), those holding 7th to 8th dan are called sahyun (사현; 師賢; "master"), and those holding 9th dan are called saseong (사성; 師聖; "grandmaster").[43]

In WT/Kukki-Taekwondo, instructors holding 1st. to 3rd. dan are considered assistant instructors (kyosa-nim), are not yet allowed to issue ranks, and are generally thought of as still having much to learn. Instructors who hold a 4th. to 6th. dan are considered master instructors (sabum-nim), and are allowed to grade students to ranks beneath their own. Rules of Taekwondo Promotion Test, Kukkiwon Those who hold a 7th–9th dan are considered Grandmasters. Kukkiwon-issued ranks also hold an age requirement, with grandmaster ranks requiring an age of over forty.[44]

Forms (patterns)

A demonstration at Kuopio-halli in Kuopio, Finland

Three Korean terms may be used with reference to taekwondo forms or patterns. These forms are equivalent to kata in karate.

A hyeong is a systematic, prearranged sequence of martial techniques that is performed either with or without the use of a weapon.[citation needed]

Different taekwondo styles and associations (ATA, ITF, GTF, WT, etc.) use different taekwondo forms.[citation needed]

Philosophy

Different styles of taekwondo adopt different philosophical underpinnings. Many of these underpinnings however refer back to the Five Commandments of the Hwarang as a historical referent. For example, Choi Hong-hi expressed his philosophical basis for taekwondo as the Five Tenets of Taekwondo:[45]

These tenets are further articulated in a taekwondo oath, also authored by Choi:

Modern ITF organizations have continued to update and expand upon this philosophy.[46][47]

The World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) also refers to the commandments of the Hwarang in the articulation of its taekwondo philosophy.[48] Like the ITF philosophy, it centers on the development of a peaceful society as one of the overarching goals for the practice of taekwondo. The WT's stated philosophy is that this goal can be furthered by adoption of the Hwarang spirit, by behaving rationally ("education in accordance with the reason of heaven"), and by recognition of the philosophies embodied in the taegeuk (the yin and the yang, i.e., "the unity of opposites") and the sam taegeuk (understanding change in the world as the interactions of the heavens, the Earth, and Man). The philosophical position articulated by the Kukkiwon is likewise based on the Hwarang tradition.[49]

Theory of power

The emphasis on speed and agility is a defining characteristic of taekwondo and has its origins in analyses undertaken by Choi Hong-hi. The results of that analysis are known by ITF practitioners as Choi's Theory of Power. Choi based his understanding of power on biomechanics and Newtonian physics as well as Chinese martial arts. For example, Choi observed that the kinetic energy of a strike increases quadratically with the speed of the strike, but increases only linearly with the mass of the striking object. In other words, speed is more important than size in terms of generating power. This principle was incorporated into the early design of taekwondo and is still used.[15][27]

Choi also advocated a "relax/strike" principle for taekwondo; in other words, between blocks, kicks, and strikes the practitioner should relax the body, then tense the muscles only while performing the technique. It is believed that the relax/strike principle increases the power of the technique, by conserving the body's energy. He expanded on this principle with his advocacy of the "sine wave" technique. This involves raising one's centre of gravity between techniques, then lowering it as the technique is performed, producing the up-and-down movement from which the term "sine wave" is derived.[27]

The components of the Theory of Power include:[50]

Competitions

Sparring in a taekwondo class

Taekwondo competitions typically involve sparring, breaking, and patterns; some tournaments also include special events such as demonstration teams and self-defense (hosinsul). In Olympic taekwondo competitions, however, only sparring (using WT competition rules) is performed.[51]

There are two kinds of competition sparring: point sparring, in which all strikes are light contact and the clock is stopped when a point is scored; and Olympic sparring, where all strikes are full contact and the clock continues when points are scored.[citation needed]

World Taekwondo

Official WT trunk protector (hogu), forearm guards and shin guards

Under World Taekwondo (WT, formerly WTF) and Olympic rules, sparring is a full-contact event, employing a continuous scoring system where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring each technique, taking place between two competitors in either an area measuring 8 meters square or an octagon of similar size.[52] Competitors are matched within gender and weight division—eight divisions for World Championships that are condensed to four for the Olympics. A win can occur by points, or if one competitor is unable to continue (knockout). However, there are several decisions that can lead to a win, as well, including superiority, withdrawal, disqualification, or even a referee's punitive declaration.[53] Each match consists of three two-minute rounds, with one minute rest between rounds, though these are often abbreviated or shortened for some junior and regional tournaments.[52] Competitors must wear a hogu, head protector, shin pads, foot socks, forearm guards, hand gloves, a mouthpiece, and a groin cup. Tournaments sanctioned by national governing bodies or the WT, including the Olympics and World Championship, use electronic hogus, electronic foot socks, and electronic head protectors to register and determine scoring techniques, with human judges used to assess and score technical (spinning) techniques and score punches.[52]

Points are awarded for permitted techniques delivered to the legal scoring areas as determined by an electronic scoring system, which assesses the strength and location of the contact. The only techniques allowed are kicks (delivering a strike using an area of the foot below the ankle), punches (delivering a strike using the closed fist), and pushes. In some smaller tournaments, and in the past, points were awarded by three corner judges using electronic scoring tallies. All major national and international tournaments have moved fully (as of 2017) to electronic scoring, including the use of electronic headgear. This limits corner judges to scoring only technical points and punches. Some believe that the new electronic scoring system reduces controversy concerning judging decisions,[54] but this technology is still not universally accepted.[55] In particular, the move to electronic headgear has replaced controversy over judging with controversy over how the technology has changed the sport. Because the headgear is not able to determine if a kick was a correct taekwondo technique, and the pressure threshold for sensor activation for headgear is kept low for safety reasons, athletes who improvised ways of placing their foot on their opponents head were able to score points, regardless of how true to taekwondo those techniques were.[56]

Techniques are divided into three categories: scoring techniques (such as a kick to the hogu), permitted but non-scoring techniques (such as a kick that strikes an arm), and not-permitted techniques (such as a kick below the waist).

The referee can give penalties at any time for rule-breaking, such as hitting an area not recognized as a target, usually the legs or neck. Penalties, called "Gam-jeom" are counted as an addition of one point for the opposing contestant. Following 10 "Gam-jeom" a player is declared the loser by referee's punitive declaration[52]

At the end of three rounds, the competitor with most points wins the match. In the event of a tie, a fourth "sudden death" overtime round, sometimes called a "Golden Point", is held to determine the winner after a one-minute rest period. In this round, the first competitor to score a point wins the match. If there is no score in the additional round, the winner is decided by superiority, as determined by the refereeing officials[57] or number of fouls committed during that round. If a competitor has a 20-point lead at the end of the second round or achieves a 20-point lead at any point in the third round, then the match is over and that competitor is declared the winner.[52]

In addition to sparring competition, World Taekwondo sanctions competition in poomsae or forms, although this is not an Olympic event. Single competitors perform a designated pattern of movements, and are assessed by judges for accuracy (accuracy of movements, balance, precision of details) and presentation (speed and power, rhythm, energy), both of which receive numerical scores, with deductions made for errors.[58] Pair and team competition is also recognized, where two or more competitors perform the same form at the same time. In addition to competition with the traditional forms, there is experimentation with freestyle forms that allow more creativity.[58]

International Taekwon-Do Federation

Common styles of ITF point sparring equipment

The International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) has sparring rules similar to the WT's, but they differ in some ways:

Competitors do not wear the hogu (although they are required to wear approved foot and hand protection equipment, as well as optional head guards). This scoring system varies between individual organisations within the ITF; for example, in the TAGB, punches to the head or body score 1 point, kicks to the body score 2 points, and kicks to the head score 3 points.

A continuous point system is utilized in ITF competition, where the fighters are allowed to continue after scoring a technique. Excessive contact is generally not allowed according to the official ruleset, and judges penalize any competitor with disqualification if they injure their opponent and he can no longer continue (although these rules vary between ITF organizations). At the end of two minutes (or some other specified time), the competitor with more scoring techniques wins.

Fouls in ITF sparring include: attacking a fallen opponent, leg sweeping, holding/grabbing, or intentional attack to a target other than the opponent.[60]

ITF competitions also feature performances of patterns, breaking, and 'special techniques' (where competitors perform prescribed board breaks at great heights).

Multi-discipline competition

Some organizations deliver multi-discipline competitions, for example the British Student Taekwondo Federation's inter-university competitions, which have included separate WT rules sparring, ITF rules sparring, Kukkiwon patterns and Chang-Hon patterns events run in parallel since 1992.[61]

Other organizations

American Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) competitions are very similar, except that different styles of pads and gear are allowed.[62]

List of competitions

World Taekwondo competitions

World Taekwondo (WT) directly sanctions the following competitions:[63]

Other tournaments

These feature WT Taekwondo only:[citation needed]

Taekwondo is also an optional sport at the Commonwealth Games.[citation needed]

Weight divisions

The following weight divisions are in effect due to the WT[66] and ITF[67] tournament rules and regulations:

Taekwondo Korean terms

Some common taekwondo terminology and parts of the body

In taekwondo schools—even outside Korea—Korean language commands and vocabulary are often used. Korean numerals may be used as prompts for commands or for counting repetition exercises. Different schools and associations will use different vocabulary, however, and may even refer to entirely different techniques by the same name. As one example, in Kukkiwon/WT-style Taekwondo, the term ap seogi refers to an upright walking stance, while in ITF/Chang Hon-style Taekwondo ap seogi refers to a long, low, front stance. Korean vocabulary commonly used in taekwondo schools includes:

Notable practitioners

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Namely Shotokan and Shudokan, which served as basis for styles practiced by the original nine Kwans.
  2. ^ Used by Chung Do Kwan and Moo Duk Kwan
  3. ^ Used by Yun Mu Kwan/Jidokwan and YMCA Kwon Bop Bu/Chang Moo Kwan
  4. ^ Was an early name of taekwondo before Choi Hong-hi managed to convince the organization to adopt the name taekwondo instead.
  5. ^ Tang Soo Do, Chung Do Kwan

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External links