Muhammad, Fatima, and the Twelve Imams in Twelver Shia Islam
Stylized rendition of the names of the 14 infallibles
The Fourteen Infallibles (Arabic: ٱلْمَعْصُومُون ٱلْأَرْبَعَة عَشَر, al-Maʿṣūmūn al-ʾArbaʿah ʿAšar; Persian: چهارده معصومین, Čahârdah Ma'sūmīn) in Twelver Shia Islam are the Islamic prophet Muhammad, his daughter Fatima Zahra, and the Twelve Imams. All are considered to be infallible under the theological concept of Ismah.[1][2] Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but by their nature are able to avoid doing so, which is regarded as a miraculous gift from God.[3] The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.[4] They are also regarded as being immune to error in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.[5] Some Twelver Shia believe the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation and to the other major prophets.[6]
^ a b c d eNasr, Seyyed Hossein. "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2007-10-12.
^Ahmed 2005, p. 234
^Poonawala 1985
^Mashita 2002, p. 69
^Corbin 1993, p. 50
^ a b c dMadelung 2003
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 173
^ a b cRizvi 1988, p. 49
^ a b cAmir-Moezzi 1994, p. 174
^Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 198–199
^ a b c dMadelung 2004
^Qurashī 2007, p. 17
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p qChittick 1980, p. 138
^Madelung 1985
^ a b c dMadelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ B. ḤOSAYN B. ʿALĪ B. ABĪ ṬĀLEB, ZAYN-AL-ʿĀBEDĪN". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2017-08-05. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ a b c dTabatabaei 1975, pp. 178–179
^ a b c d e fMadelung, Wilferd. "BĀQER, ABŪ JAʿFAR MOḤAMMAD". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^Madelung 1988
^"Jaʿfar A-Ṣādeq". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 5 April 2012. Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 21 July 2022.
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 15
^Tabatabae (1979), p.203–204
^ a b cTabatabaei 1975, p. 180
^Madelung 1985b
^ a bMadelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-REŻĀ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2007-11-09.
^ a b c dTabatabaei 1975, p. 181
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 68
^Sachedina 1988, pp. 53–54
^Amir-Moezzi 2011, p. 207
^Tabatabae (1979), pp.205–207
^Tabatabaei 1975, pp. 182–183
^ a b c d e f g h i j k lChittick 1980, p. 139
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 183
^ a b c d e fTabatabae (1979), p. 207
^Qurashī 2005
^Madelung 1985a
^Dungersi 2005, p. 16
^ a b c d e fMadelung, Wilferd. "ʿALĪ AL-HĀDĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ a bRizvi 1988, p. 50
^Halm 1987
^ a b c dHalm, H. "ʿASKARĪ". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^Dungersi 2005, p. 188
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 184
^Dungersi 2005, p. 196
^Amir-Moezzi 2007
^"THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2011-04-29. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
^Amir-Moezzi 1994, p. 115
^"ḠAYBA". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
^"Muhammad al-Mahdi al-Hujjah". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2007-11-08.
^ a b cTabatabaei 1975, p. 186
^Tabatabaei 1975, p. 185
^Tabatabaei 1979, pp. 211–214
Sources
Encyclopedias
Ahmed, M. Mukarram (2005). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-261-2339-1.
Madelung, Wilferd (2003). "Hasan ibn Ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Madelung, Wilferd (2004). "Ḥosayn B.ʿAli. Life and Significance in Shi'ism". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Mattar, Philip (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa. Macmillan Reference USA. ISBN 978-0-02-865772-1.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). "Muhammad". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). "Ali". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2015-03-11.
Poonawala, I. K. (1985). "ʿAli B. Abi Ṭaleb". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 2014-07-07.
Books
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1994). The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2122-2.
Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (2011). The Spirituality of Shi'i Islam: Belief and Practices. I. B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-738-2.
Ansariyan, Hussein (2007). Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-873-6. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014.
Chittick, William C. (1980). A Shi'ite Anthology. SUNY Press. pp. 136–140. ISBN 978-0-87395-510-2. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
Corbin, Henry (1993). History of Islamic Philosophy. Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. ISBN 978-0-7103-0416-2.
Dabashi, Hamid (2006). Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-4128-0516-3.
Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. Burleigh Press. ISBN 978-0-404-18959-4.
Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (1994). A Brief Biography of Hazrat Fatima (s.a.). Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. OCLC 66915718.
Dungersi, Mohammed Raza (2005). A Brief Biography of Imam Hasan al-Askari. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-689-3. Archived from the original on February 20, 2015.
Hughes, Aaron (23 April 2013). Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16147-3.
Mashita (2002). Theology, ethics and metaphysics. Hiroyuki. Routledge Curzon. ISBN 978-0-7007-1670-8.
Mir, Mustansir (1987). "Seal of the Prophets, The". Dictionary of Qur’ānic Terms and Concepts. Garland Publishing.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2013). Islamic Spirituality: Foundations. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-53895-9.
Ordoni, Abu Muhammad (2009). Fatima (Sa) the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-618-3.
Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2007). The life of Imām Zayn al 'Abidin (A.S.). Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-9644381652. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014.
Qurashī, Bāqir Sharīf (2005). The Life of Imam Muhammad Al-Jawad. Ansariyan Publications. ISBN 978-964-438-653-4. Archived from the original on July 13, 2014.
Rayshahri, M. Muhammadi (12 January 2008). The scale of wisdom: a compendium of Shi'a Hadith. ICAS Press. ISBN 978-1-904063-34-6.
Rizvi, Sayyid Saeed Akhtar (1988). Imamate: The vicegerency of the Holy Prophet. Bilal Muslim Mission of Tanzania. ISBN 978-9976-956-13-9.
Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein (1988). The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shīʻite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511915-0.
Walbridge, Linda S. (6 August 2001). The Most Learned of the Shi'a: The Institution of the Marja' Taqlid. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-534393-9.
External links
A Chronological List of the Fourteen Infallibles
A Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by WOFIS World Organization for Islamic Services Tehran -Iran
The Brief History of the Fourteen Infallibles by Mohammad Hussein il’adeeb
