31 January: A Polish insurgent unit entered the city without a fight in the first days of the January Uprising, and seized weapons and 18,000 rubles for the uprising.[4]
18 June: Clash between Polish insurgents and Russian troops.[5]
29 September: Clash between Polish insurgents and Russian troops.[6]
2 September: Germany carried out first air raids, bombing the airport and the Łódź Kaliska train station.[18]
3 September: Further air raids carried out by Germany. The Germans bombed a railway station in the Widzew district, a power plant, a gas plant, a thread factory and many houses.[18]
5 September: The Germans air raided the airport again.[18]
6 September: The Germans air raided a historic palace which housed the command of the Polish Łódź Army.[18]
6 September: the Citizens' Committee of the City of Łódź established.[19]
12–15 September: The Germans carried out searches of local county offices and Polish police buildings.[20]
16 September: Local administration took over by a German official, D. Leiste from Rhineland.[19]
21 September: The Germans carried out mass searches in the present-day district of Chojny.[20]
September: The Germans carried out first arrests of Poles as part of the Intelligenzaktion and established first prisons for arrested Poles.[21]
12 October – 4 November: City becomes seat of Nazi German General Government of occupied Poland.
31 October: A German transit camp for Poles arrested in the Intelligenzaktion established in the present-day district of Ruda Pabianicka.[21]
November: Radogoszcz concentration camp established by the Germans. Its prisoners were mostly people from Łódź, Pabianice and other nearby settlements.[21]
9 November: City annexed directly into Nazi Germany; the Germans destroyed the monument of Polish national hero Tadeusz Kościuszko.[19]
9 November: First prisoners detained in the Radogoszcz concentration camp.[21]
November: Hundreds of Poles from Łódź and the region massacred by the Germans in the forest in the present-day district of Łagiewniki as part of the Intelligenzaktion.[22]
City renamed "Litzmannstadt"[citation needed] to erase traces of Polish origin.
11 December: The Germans massacred 70 Polish prisoners of the Radogoszcz camp in Łagiewniki.[22]
13 December: The Germans massacred 40 Polish prisoners of the Radogoszcz camp in Łagiewniki.[22]
December: 65 prisoners from the transit camp in Pabianice deported to the Radogoszcz concentration camp and then massacred in Łagiewniki.[21]
31 December: First expulsions of Poles from Osiedle Montwiłła-Mireckiego carried out.[23]
Hundreds of Poles from Łódź massacred by the Germans in the nearby village of Lućmierz-Las.[24]
14–15 January: German police and Selbstschutz carried out mass expulsions of Poles from Osiedle Montwiłła-Mireckiego.[25]
February: More prisoners from the liquidated transit camp in Pabianice imprisoned in the Radogoszcz camp; Radogoszcz camp converted into the Radogoszcz prison.[21]
Hundreds of Poles from Łódź massacred by the Germans in the nearby village of Lućmierz-Las.[24]
March: 11 Polish boy scouts from Łódź massacred by the Germans in the Okręglik forest near Zgierz.[24]
April–May: The Russians committed the large Katyn massacre, among the victims of which were over 1,200 Poles, who either were born or lived in Łódź or the region before the war.[27]
1941
March: German transit prisoner-of-war camp Dulag 240 established.[28]
9 October: Two prisoners of war escaped from the Stalag Luft II in the only known case of a successful escape from the camp.[29]
German concentration camp for kidnapped Polish children of 2 to 16 years of age established in the city.[30] It was nicknamed "little Auschwitz" due to its conditions.[30]
1943
April: Subcamp of the Stalag XXI-D POW camp established.[31]
The Germans established a forced labour camp for around 800 English prisoners of war in the Olechów neighbourhood.[18]
1944
August: Łódź Ghetto liquidated.
September: Most POWs transported from Stalag Luft II to the Stalag Luft III camp in Żagań.[29]
21 November: Stalag Luft II POW camp liquidated.[29]
1945
German concentration camp for kidnapped Polish children disestablished.[30]
17 January: City taken by the Soviet Army and afterwards restored to Poland.
^ a bAdna Ferrin Weber (1899), Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century, Studies in History, Economics and Public Law, New York: Macmillan Company, OL 24341630M
^Zieliński, Stanisław (1913). Bitwy i potyczki 1863-1864. Na podstawie materyałów drukowanych i rękopiśmiennych Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu (in Polish). Rapperswil: Fundusz Wydawniczy Muzeum Narodowego w Rapperswilu. p. 22.
^Zieliński, p. 35
^Zieliński, p. 47
^"Russia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1885. hdl:2027/nyp.33433081590469.
^Witold Iwańczak. "Pionierzy polskiej kinematografii". Niedziela.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
^Donna M. Di Grazia, ed. (2013). Nineteenth-Century Choral Music. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-98852-0.
^Britannica 1910.
^Sheila Skaff (2008). The Law of the Looking Glass: Cinema in Poland, 1896-1939. Ohio University Press. ISBN 978-0-8214-1784-3.
^Stephen Pope; Elizabeth-Anne Wheal (1995). "Select Chronology". Dictionary of the First World War. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-85052-979-1.
^Webster's Geographical Dictionary, USA: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, OL 5812502M
^Abramowicz, Sławomir (2003). "Wypędzeni z Osiedla "Montwiłła" Mireckiego w Łodzi". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (in Polish). No. 12–1 (35–36). IPN. p. 28. ISSN 1641-9561.
^Jesús Pedro Lorente (2011). Museums of Contemporary Art: Notion and Development. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4094-0587-0.
^"History of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Łódź". Muzeum Archeologiczne i Etnograficzne w Łodzi. Archived from the original on 16 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^ a b c d eAnna Gronczewska. "Niemieckie ślady wojny w Łodzi. Co zostało z planów wzorcowego miasta Rzeszy?". Dziennik Łódzki (in Polish). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^ a b c d eTomasz Walkiewicz. "Wybuch wojny i początki okupacji hitlerowskiej w Łodzi". Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ a b cWardzyńska, Maria (2009). Był rok 1939. Operacja niemieckiej policji bezpieczeństwa w Polsce. Intelligenzaktion (in Polish). Warszawa: IPN. p. 114.
^ a b c d e fWardzyńska, p. 203
^ a b cWardzyńska, p. 204
^Abramowicz, p. 30
^ a b cWardzyńska, p. 205
^Abramowicz, p. 32
^ a b c"The establishment of Litzmannstadt Ghetto". Torah Code. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^Tomasz Walkiewicz. "Łodzianie w grobach katyńskich". Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
^ a bMegargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
^ a b c dMegargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 505. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
^ a b cLedniowski, Krzysztof; Gola, Beata (2020). "Niemiecki obóz dla małoletnich Polaków w Łodzi przy ul. Przemysłowej". In Kostkiewicz, Janina (ed.). Zbrodnia bez kary... Eksterminacja i cierpienie polskich dzieci pod okupacją niemiecką (1939–1945) (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Biblioteka Jagiellońska. p. 147.
^Megargee, Geoffrey P.; Overmans, Rüdiger; Vogt, Wolfgang (2022). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV. Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. p. 501. ISBN 978-0-253-06089-1.
^ a bEuropa World Year Book 2004. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1857432533.
^ a b cDon Rubin, ed. (2001). "Poland". World Encyclopedia of Contemporary Theatre. Vol. 1: Europe. Routledge. p. 634+. ISBN 9780415251570.
^United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^"Historia Muzeum" (in Polish). Muzeum Miasta Łodzi. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^Janusz Kubik. "Margaret Thatcher w Łodzi. Najbardziej znana kobieta w świecie polityki, nie ukrywała swojej sympatii do Polski". Express Ilustrowany (in Polish). Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^"Orebro". Urząd Miasta Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^"Culture.pl". Warsaw: Adam Mickiewicz Institute. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
^"Szeged". Urząd Miasta Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^ a b"Chengdu". Urząd Miasta Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 3 April 2021.
^"W Łodzi stanął ormiański krzyż – chaczkar". Awedis (in Polish). No. 16. 2013. p. 1.
^Katarzyna Marchwicka. "Otwarcie Konsulatu Honorowego Republiki Armenii w Łodzi". Urząd Miasta Łodzi (in Polish). Retrieved 3 April 2021.
"Lodz", Russia, with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking, Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1914, OCLC 1328163
Zygmunt Gostkowski (1959). "Popular Interest in the Municipal Elections of Łódź, Poland". Public Opinion Quarterly. 23 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1086/266889. JSTOR 2746388.
Bronislawa Kopczynska-Jaworska (1983). "Working Class Traditions in Łódź". Urban Anthropology. 12 (3/4): 217–243. JSTOR 40553010.
Irena Popławska; Stefan Muthesius (1986). "Poland's Manchester: 19th-Century Industrial and Domestic Architecture in Łódź". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (2): 148–160. doi:10.2307/990093. JSTOR 990093.
Zysiak, Agata et al. From Cotton and Smoke: Łódź - Industrial City and Discourses of Asynchronous Modernity, 1897-1994 (Krakow: Jagiellonian University Press, 2019). online review
in other languages
Oskara Flatt (1853). Opis miasta Łodzi: pod względem historycznym, statystycznym i przemysłowym [Description of Łódź: historical, statistical and industrial] (in Polish). Warszawa: Drukarni gazety codziennej.
O. Flatt (1866), "Łódź", Tygodnik Illustrowany (in Polish), vol. 13, no. 330, pp. 28–31
Alfred Scholz (1904). Die Baumwollindustrie im Lodzer Industrierayon 1823-1903 (in German). Breslau: R. Nischkowsky.
F. Bielschowski (1912). Die Textilindustrie des Lodzer Rayons (in German). Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
External links
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