Джозеф Рейни (слева) был первым афроамериканцем, занявшим пост в Палате представителей США;
Ширли Чисхолм (справа) была первой афроамериканкой, избранной в Палату представителей.
В Палате представителей США было 157 избранных афроамериканских членов, из которых 151 были представителями штатов США и 6 были делегатами от территорий США и округа Колумбия . [1] Палата представителей является нижней палатой двухпалатного Конгресса США , который является законодательной ветвью федерального правительства США .
Согласно Бюро переписи населения США , термин «афроамериканец» включает всех лиц, которые идентифицируют себя с одной или несколькими национальностями или этническими группами, происходящими из любой из черных расовых групп Африки. [2] Термин обычно используется для американцев, имеющих хотя бы частичное происхождение от любого из коренных народов Африки к югу от Сахары . Во время основания федерального правительства афроамериканцы были отнесены к статусу граждан второго сорта или порабощены . [3] Ни один афроамериканец не занимал федеральную выборную должность до ратификации в 1870 году Пятнадцатой поправки к Конституции Соединенных Штатов . Пятнадцатая поправка запрещает федеральному правительству и правительствам штатов отказывать любому гражданину в праве голоса из-за расы этого гражданина, цвета кожи или предыдущего состояния рабства.
Джозеф Рейни был первым афроамериканским представителем, заседавшим в Палате представителей США. Он служил в 1-м избирательном округе Южной Каролины, начиная с 1870 года в эпоху Реконструкции после Гражданской войны в США . Первой афроамериканской женщиной, работавшей в качестве представителя, была Ширли Чисхолм из 12-го избирательного округа Нью-Йорка в 1969 году во время Движения за гражданские права .
Многие афроамериканские члены Палаты представителей служат в округах большинства-меньшинства . [4] Некоторые из этих округов Конгресса джерримендеризированы , что ограничивает серьезные проблемы с их переизбранием и ограничивает их возможности представлять более крупный, более разнообразный избирательный округ. [4] Закон об избирательных правах 1965 года включает ограничения на способность штатов уменьшать представительство меньшинств во время перераспределения округов. На выборах 2016 и 2018 годов все большее число округов, не являющихся большинством-меньшинством, избирали представителей расовых меньшинств.
В целом, 31 из 50 штатов США, а также Виргинские острова США и округ Колумбия, избрали афроамериканца в качестве своего представителя в Палате представителей США, причем Род-Айленд был последним, кто избрал своего первого (в 2023 году); из них 23 штата, а также Виргинские острова США и округ Колумбия, избрали афроамериканскую женщину в качестве своего представителя в Палате представителей США. 1-й избирательный округ Иллинойса имеет самую длинную непрерывную серию выборов афроамериканских представителей, тенденция, которая наблюдается с 1928 года по настоящее время. В настоящее время в Палате представителей Соединенных Штатов 57 афроамериканских представителей и два афроамериканских делегата , представляющих 29 штатов, а также Виргинские острова США и округ Колумбия. Большинство из них являются членами Конгресса чернокожих представителей .
Список штатов, представленных афроамериканцами
Реконструкция и ранний период после Реконструкции, 1870–1887 гг.
- Политическая партия
республиканец
Поздний период после Реконструкции, популизм и ранняя эпоха Джима Кроу, 1887–1929 гг.
- Политическая партия
республиканец
Поздняя эпоха Джима Кроу и борьбы за гражданские права, 1929–1970 гг.
- Политические партии
Демократический республиканец
Современная эпоха, 1971–настоящее время
Представители
- Политические партии
Демократический республиканец
Представители – избираемые
Делегаты Палаты представителей (не имеющие права голоса)
- Политические партии
Демократический республиканец Независимый
Афроамериканцы избираются в Палату представителей, но не занимают места
- Политическая партия
республиканец
Смотрите также
Федеральное правительство
Государственное и местное самоуправление
Примечания
- ^ abcd Представители расположены сначала в хронологическом порядке по первому сроку их полномочий, затем в алфавитном порядке по их фамилиям.
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Бенджамина Уиттемора . Первый афроамериканец в Палате представителей США и первый в Конгрессе от Южной Каролины .
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей из-за отказа Палаты представителей в назначении Сэмюэля Ф. Гоува . Первый афроамериканец в Конгрессе от Джорджии .
- ↑ Место оставалось вакантным до марта 1873 года.
- ↑ Избран в ноябре 1874 года в Палату представителей Южной Каролины .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс от Алабамы .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс от Флориды .
- ↑ Занял место в Конгрессе после спорных выборов, в которых участвовал Джеймс Чалмерс в 1882 году. [15] Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Палате представителей США от Миссисипи . Самый молодой член 43-го Конгресса США в возрасте 26 лет.
- ↑ Вице-губернатор Южной Каролины (1870-1872)
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс из Северной Каролины .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс из Луизианы .
- ↑ Занял место в Конгрессе после спорных выборов, в которых участвовал Джордж Тиллман в 1882 году. [22] Избран в 1884 году для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Эдмунда Макки .
- ↑ Зять Джорджа Генри Уайта .
- ↑ Занял место в Конгрессе после спорных выборов, в которых участвовал Эдвард Венейбл в сентябре 1890 года. [26] Первый афроамериканец, заседавший в Конгрессе от Вирджинии .
- ↑ Занял место в Конгрессе после спорных выборов, в которых участвовал Уильям Эллиотт в сентябре 1890 года.
- ↑ Занял место в Конгрессе после спорных выборов, в которых участвовал Уильям Эллиотт в июне 1896 года. [30] Дальний родственник Джима Клайберна .
- ↑ Зять Генри П. Читэма . Последний афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от южного штата до Барбары Джордан из Техаса и Эндрю Янга из Джорджии в 1973 году.
- ^ Первый афроамериканец, работающий в Конгрессе от Иллинойса , и первый, работающий за пределами южных штатов .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс от Демократической партии.
- ↑ Исключен из состава 90-го Конгресса США в феврале 1967 года. Переизбран для заполнения вакансии, вызванной исключением из состава, но не принял присягу. Первый афроамериканец, работающий в Конгрессе от Нью-Йорка .
- ^ Первый афроамериканец в Конгрессе от Мичигана . Первый человек, занимавший пост председателя Конгресса чернокожих депутатов в 91-м Конгрессе США во время первой сессии.
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Эрла Чудоффа в 1958 году. Первый афроамериканец в Конгрессе от Пенсильвании .
- ^ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс из Калифорнии .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, ставший деканом Палаты представителей США .
- ↑ Первая афроамериканка, работавшая в Конгрессе, и первая афроамериканка, баллотировавшаяся на пост кандидата в президенты в 1972 году .
- ↑ Его сын, Лейси Клэй , стал его преемником на посту. Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от Миссури .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от Огайо . Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 92-м Конгрессе США во время второй сессии и в 93-м Конгрессе США во время первой сессии.
- ↑ Избран в Конгресс для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Дэниела Ронана . Жена Коллинза, Кардис Коллинз , заполнила вакансию, возникшую в связи с его смертью.
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 101-м Конгрессе США .
- ^ Первый афроамериканский католик в Конгрессе США. Меткалф обратился в католическую церковь в 1932 году, будучи студентом Университета Маркетт . [46] [47]
- ^ Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от Мэриленда . Был председателем Конгресса чернокожих депутатов в 95-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 93-м Конгрессе США во время второй сессии и в 94-м Конгрессе США во время первой сессии.
- ↑ Первая женщина, занявшая пост председателя фракции чернокожих конгрессменов 94-го Конгресса США во время второй сессии.
- ^ Первый афроамериканец, работающий в Конгрессе от Техаса . Наряду с Эндрю Янгом из Джорджии , первым афроамериканцем, работающим в Конгрессе от южного штата после Джорджа Генри Уайта из Северной Каролины в 1901 году.
- ↑ Наряду с Барбарой Джордан из Техаса , она стала первой афроамериканкой, избранной в Конгресс из южного штата после Джорджа Генри Уайта из Северной Каролины в 1901 году.
- ↑ Избрана для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью ее мужа Джорджа У. Коллинза . Была председателем Конгресса чернокожих депутатов в 96-м Конгрессе США .
- ^ Его сын, Гарольд Форд-младший, стал его преемником на посту. Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от Теннесси .
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 98-м Конгрессе США .
- ^ Served as chair for the House Democratic Caucus during the 101st United States Congress and House Democratic Whip during the 102nd United States Congress.
- ^ Served as chair for the Congressional Black Caucus in the 99th United States Congress.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles Diggs.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 100th United States Congress.
- ^ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Adam Benjamin Jr. First African American to serve in Congress from Indiana.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 102nd United States Congress.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Harold Washington.
- ^ Elected to Congress to fill vacancy caused by the death of Joseph Addabbo.
- ^ Served as Democratic chief whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses. Also, served as the Democratic Senior Chief Deputy Whip in the 110th through 112th Congresses.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd United States Congress. Also, served as co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th United States Congress. Subsequently elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Elijah Cummings.
- ^ His son, Donald Payne Jr., succeeded him in office. First African American to serve in Congress from New Jersey. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 104th United States Congress.
- ^ Elected to office to fill vacancy caused by death of Mickey Leland.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 105th United States Congress. Served as vice chair of the Democratic Steering Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses. Served as Democratic chief deputy whip in the 106th through 112th Congresses.
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Уильяма Х. Грея .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Уолтера Б. Джонса-старшего. Был сопредседателем Комитета по демократической политике в 104-м Конгрессе США .
- ^ Был председателем фракции чернокожих в Конгрессе США 106-го созыва . Был вице-председателем фракции демократов в Палате представителей в 108-м и 109-м Конгрессах. Был организатором большинства в Палате представителей в 110-м и 111-м Конгрессах. Был помощником лидера демократов в 112-м Конгрессе США . Дальний родственник Джорджа У. Мюррея .
- ↑ Самый молодой член 103-го Конгресса США в возрасте 30 лет.
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 107-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Первая афроамериканка в Конгрессе от Джорджии .
- ↑ Ее сын Кендрик Мик сменил ее на посту.
- ↑ Такер был приговорен к 27 месяцам тюремного заключения.
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 109-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Майка Эспи .
- ^ Первый афроамериканец, работавший в Конгрессе от Оклахомы . Был председателем Республиканской конференции Палаты представителей в 106-м и 107-м Конгрессах.
- ^ Приговорен к 30 месяцам в федеральной тюрьме. Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Мела Рейнольдса .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Уолтера Такера .
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Квейси Мфуме . Был председателем Конгресса чернокожих в 108-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Внук Карсон, Андре Карсон , заполнил вакансию, возникшую после ее смерти.
- ↑ Стал преемником своего отца, Гарольда Форда-старшего , на посту. Самый молодой член 105-го Конгресса США в возрасте 26 лет.
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 110-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Флойда Х. Флэйка .
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Рона Деллумса . Был председателем Конгресса чернокожих в 111-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Сменил на этом посту своего отца Билла Клея .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Джулиана С. Диксона .
- ^ Стал членом Республиканской партии в 2012 году.
- ↑ Сменила на этом посту свою мать, Кэрри П. Мик .
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Фрэнка Балланса . Был председателем Конгресса чернокожих депутатов в 114-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 112-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец, избранный в Конгресс из Висконсина . [123]
- ↑ Первый афроамериканец в Конгрессе от Миннесоты и первый мусульманин в Конгрессе.
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Хуаниты Миллендер-Макдональд . В 2012 году получил выговор за использование сотрудников офиса Конгресса в избирательной кампании Палаты представителей 2010 года .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью его бабушки Джулии Карсон .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи с отставкой Альберта Уинна .
- ^ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью Стефани Таббс Джонс . Был председателем Конгресса чернокожих депутатов в 113-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 116-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Был председателем фракции чернокожих конгрессменов в 115-м Конгрессе США .
- ^ Был помощником республиканского организатора большинства в 112-м Конгрессе США . Первый афроамериканец, работавший в обеих палатах Конгресса США .
- ↑ Был старшим организатором Демократической партии в 112-м Конгрессе США .
- ↑ Избран для заполнения вакансии, возникшей в связи со смертью его отца, Дональда М. Пейна .
- ^ Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 117th United States Congress.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Nevada.
- ^ First African-American to serve as party floor leader for either chamber of Congress
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Jesse Jackson Jr.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Mel Watt.
- ^ First female African-American Republican to serve in Congress, first African American to serve in Congress from Utah and first Haitian American to serve in Congress. Also the first African-American Latter Day Saint elected to Congress after converting in 1998.[148]
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Chaka Fattah.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Delaware.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of John Conyers.
- ^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Connecticut.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Colorado and first Eritrean American to serve in Congress.
- ^ First Somali-American to serve in Congress. Along with Rashida Tlaib, the first Muslim-American woman to serve in Congress.
- ^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Massachusetts.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of John Lewis, for a term that ended at the conclusion of the 116th United States Congress on January 3, 2021.
- ^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Missouri.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from Washington. Also first Afro-Asian woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives.[174]
- ^ First LGBTQ African American to serve in Congress.[175]
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Cedric Richmond.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Marcia Fudge.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of Alcee Hastings.
- ^ Youngest member of the 118th United States Congress at age 25.
- ^ First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Pennsylvania.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of re-elected Donald McEachin, for a term that already began at the opening of the 118th United States Congress on January 3, 2023. First African-American woman to serve in Congress from Virginia.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of David Cicilline. First African American to serve in Congress from Rhode Island.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by the death of Donald Payne Jr..
- ^ Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her mother, Sheila Jackson Lee.
- ^ Delegates are organized first in chronological order according to their first term in office, then second in alphabetical order according to their surname.
- ^ First African American to serve as a delegate for the District of Columbia. Elected to serve in Congress after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a Delegate by the District of Columbia Delegate Act of 1970. Served as chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 97th United States Congress.
- ^ First African American to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ^ First woman elected to serve in Congress from the Virgin Islands.
- ^ Elected to fill vacancy caused by death of James Mann.[201] First African American elected to Congress, but denied seat.
References
- ^ "Black Americans in Congress". Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. Retrieved June 20, 2017.
- ^ "2020 Census Questions: Race". Archived from the original on March 12, 2020.
- ^ "Time Line of African American History, 1881-1900". Library of Congress. Retrieved October 22, 2007.
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{{cite web}}
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- ^ "Plaskett, Stacey M. (1966–)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789–1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 226–228. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "John Willis Menard of Louisiana became the first African American to address the U.S. House, February 27, 1869". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved July 16, 2013.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "The Election of Samuel Peters of Louisiana". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
- ^ Rowell, Chester Harvey (1901). A Historical and Legal Digest of all the Contested Election Cases in the House of Representatives of the United States from the First to the Fifty-sixth Congress, 1789–1901. United States. Congress. House. Committee on House Administration. Subcommittee on Elections. pp. 293–297. ISBN 9785880686292.
- ^ Office of the Historian. "'Crafting an Identity,' Fifteenth Amendment in Flesh and Blood". Black Americans in Congress. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved August 7, 2013.
Further reading
- Christopher, Maurine (1971). America's Black Congressmen. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. ISBN 9780690085853.
- Clay, William L. (1992). Just Permanent Interests: Black Americans in Congress, 1870–1991. Amistad Press. ISBN 1-56743-000-7.
- Dray, Philip (2008). Capitol Men: The Epic Story of Reconstruction Through the Lives of the First Black Congressmen. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-618-56370-8.
- Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction. LSU Press. ISBN 9780807120828.
- Freedman, Eric; Jones, Stephen A. (2008). African Americans In Congress: A Documentary History. CQ Press. ISBN 9780872893856.
- Gill, LaVerne McCain (1997). African American Women in Congress: Forming and Transforming History. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813523538.
- Hahn, Steven (2005). A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674017658.
- Haskins, James (1999). Distinguished African American Political and Governmental Leaders. Oryx Press. ISBN 9781573561266.
- Lynch, Matthew (2012). Before Obama: A Reappraisal of Black Reconstruction Era Politicians. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9780313397929.
- Middleton, Stephen (2002). Black Congressmen During Reconstruction: A Documentary Sourcebook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313322815.
- Rabinowitz, Howard N., ed. (1982). Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252009723.
- Walton, Hanes Jr.; Puckett, Sherman C.; Deskins, Donald R. Jr. (2012). The African American Electorate: A Statistical History. Congressional Quarterly Press. ISBN 9780872895089.
- Wasniewski, Matthew, ed. (2008). Black Americans in Congress, 1870-2007. United States Government Printing Office. ISBN 9780160801945. The website, Black Americans in Congress maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives, serves as an ongoing supplement to the book. To download a free copy of the entire publication or a specific portion of the publication, see H. Doc. 108-224 - Black Americans in Congress 1870 - 2007. Made available by the United States Government Printing Office (GPO).
External links
- African American Members of the United States Congress: 1870–2018 A 51-page history produced by the Congressional Research Service, a legislative branch agency within the Library of Congress.
- Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774–present Perform search of desired representative or delegate by last name, first name, position, state, party, by year or congress.
- C-SPAN videos that discuss the history of African Americans in Congress:
- Black Americans in Congress Maintained by the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. The website serves as an ongoing supplement to the book, Black Americans in Congress, 1870–2007.
- Major African American Office Holders Since 1641 Includes a listing for the United States Senate. Maintained by Blackpast.org.