Voiced alveolar fricative

Consonantal sound often represented by ⟨z⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolar fricatives are consonantal sounds. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a sibilant or non-sibilant fricative is being described.

• The symbol for the alveolar sibilant is ⟨z⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is z. The IPA letter ⟨z⟩ is not normally used for dental or postalveolar sibilants in narrow transcription unless modified by a diacritic (⟨z̪⟩ and ⟨z̠⟩ respectively).
• The IPA symbol for the alveolar non-sibilant fricative is derived by means of diacritics; it can be ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ɹ̝⟩.

Voiced alveolar sibilant

The voiced alveolar sibilant is common across European languages, but is relatively uncommon cross-linguistically compared to the voiceless variant. Only about 28% of the world's languages contain a voiced dental or alveolar sibilant. Moreover, 85% of the languages with some form of [z] are languages of Europe, Africa, or Western Asia.

Features

• Its manner of articulation is sibilant fricative, which means it is generally produced by channeling air flow along a groove in the back of the tongue up to the place of articulation, at which point it is focused against the sharp edge of the nearly clenched teeth, causing high-frequency turbulence.
• There are at least three specific variants of [z]:
  • Dentalized laminal alveolar (commonly called "dental"), which means it is articulated with the tongue blade very close to the upper front teeth, with the tongue tip resting behind lower front teeth. The hissing effect in this variety of [z] is very strong.^[1]
  • Non-retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) about half of English speakers use a non-retracted apical articulation.
  • Retracted alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue slightly behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal. Acoustically, it is close to [ʒ] or laminal [ʐ].
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dentalized laminal alveolar

Non-retracted alveolar

Retracted alveolar

Variable

Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that are not palatalized), it can represent the sound as in a number of ways including ⟨ð̠⟩ or ⟨ð͇⟩ (retracted or alveolarized [ð], respectively), ⟨ɹ̝⟩ (constricted [ɹ]), or ⟨d̞⟩ (lowered [d]).

Few languages also have the voiced alveolar tapped fricative, which is simply a very brief apical alveolar non-sibilant fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. It can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show that full occlusion does not occur. Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.^[52]

Features

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Voiced lateral-median fricative

The voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative (also known as a "lisp" fricative) is a consonantal sound. Consonants is pronounced with simultaneous lateral and central airflow.

Features

• Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence. However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
• Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

See also

• Tongue shape
• Apical consonant
• Laminal consonant
• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Puppel, Nawrocka-Fisiak & Krassowska (1977:149), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:154)
2. Kozintseva (1995), p. 7.
3. Axundov (1983), pp. 115, 136, 139–142.
4. Padluzhny (1989), p. 47.
5. Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
6. Palková (1994), p. 228.
7. "english speech services | Accent of the Year / sibilants in MLE". 31 December 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
8. Adams (1975), p. 288.
9. Fougeron & Smith (1999), p. 79.
10. Szende (1999), p. 104.
11. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
12. Kara (2002), p. 10.
13. Kara (2003), p. 11.
14. Nau (1998), p. 6.
15. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
16. Rocławski (1976), pp. 149.
17. Ovidiu Drăghici. "Limba Română contemporană. Fonetică. Fonologie. Ortografie. Lexicologie" (PDF). Retrieved April 19, 2013.^{[permanent dead link]}
18. Chew (2003), p. 67.
19. Kordić (2006), p. 5.
20. Landau et al. (1999), p. 67.
21. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980:21)
22. Zimmer & Orgun (1999), p. 154.
23. Buk, Solomija; Mačutek, Ján; Rovenchak, Andrij (2008). "Some properties of the Ukrainian writing system". Glottometrics. 16 (16): 63–79. arXiv:0802.4198. Bibcode:2008arXiv0802.4198B. (PDF ram-verlag.eu)
24. Šewc-Schuster (1984), pp. 22, 38, 39.
25. Sjoberg (1963), p. 11.
26. Thompson (1987), pp. 5 and 7.
27. Thelwall (1990), p. 37.
28. Gussenhoven (1999), p. 75.
29. Collins & Mees (2003), p. 190.
30. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
31. Adams (1975), p. 283.
32. Okada (1999), p. 117.
33. Emeneau (1970). sfnp error: no target: CITEREFEmeneau1970 (help)
34. Krishnamurti (2003), p. 70. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKrishnamurti2003 (help)
35. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
36. Zvelebil, Kamil (1965). Some features of Ceylon Tamil. Indo-Iranian Journal. Vol. 9. JSTOR. pp. 113–138. JSTOR 24650188.
37. Sipma (1913), p. 16.
38. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
39. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
40. Torreblanca (1988), p. 347.
41. Arvaniti (2007), p. 12.
42. Adams (1975), p. 286.
43. Adams (1975), pp. 285–286.
44. Canepari (1992), p. 71-72.
45. Canepari (1992), p. 72.
46. Canepari (1992), p. 71.
47. Adams (1975), p. 285.
48. Adams (1975), p. 289.
49. Mangold (2005), p. 50.
50. Canepari (1992), p. 68.
51. Canepari (1992), pp. 68 and 72.
52. Laver (1994), p. 263.
53. Mott (2007), pp. 104, 112.
54. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233.
55. Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226.
56. Maddieson et al. (1993:34)
57. Maddieson et al. (1993:28, 34)
58. Collins & Mees (2003:199). Authors do not say where exactly it is used.
59. Watson (2007), pp. 352–353.
60. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 236.
61. Ogden (2009), p. 92.
62. Pétursson (1971:?), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:145)
63. Grønnum (2005:139)
64. Canepari (1992), pp. 64–65.
65. Mott (2007), p. 112.
66. Engstrand (1999), pp. 141.
67. Engstrand (2004), p. 167.
68. "UPSID r[F". Retrieved 24 January 2016.
69. Yavuz & Balcı (2011), p. 25.
70. Heselwood (2013) Phonetic transcription in theory and practice, p 122–123
71. Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.
72. Watson, Janet (January 2013). "Lateral reflexes of Proto-Semitic D and Dh in Al-Rubūʽah dialect, south-west Saudi Arabic: Electropalatographic and acoustic evidence". Nicht Nur mit Engelszungen: Beiträge zur Semitischen Dialektologie: Festschrift für Werner Arnold.
73. Janet Watson (January 2011). "Lateral fricatives and lateral emphatics in southern Saudi Arabia and Mehri". academia.edu.

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External links

• List of languages with [z] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [ɹ̝] on PHOIBLE
• List of languages with [ɾ̞] on PHOIBLE