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Orders of magnitude (power)

This page lists examples of the power in watts produced by various sources of energy. They are grouped by orders of magnitude from small to large.

Below 1 W

1 to 102 W

103 to 108 W

The productive capacity of electrical generators operated by utility companies is often measured in MW. Few things can sustain the transfer or consumption of energy on this scale; some of these events or entities include: lightning strikes, naval craft (such as aircraft carriers and submarines), engineering hardware, and some scientific research equipment (such as supercolliders and large lasers).

For reference, about 10,000 100-watt lightbulbs or 5,000 computer systems would be needed to draw 1 MW. Also, 1 MW is approximately 1360 horsepower. Modern high-power diesel-electric locomotives typically have a peak power of 3–5 MW, while a typical modern nuclear power plant produces on the order of 500–2000 MW peak output.

109 to 1014 W

1015 to 1026 W

Over 1027 W

See also

Notes

  1. ^

References

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  2. ^ Calculated using M_BH = 4.07e+10 M_sol.
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  64. ^ Calculated: L = Stefan-Boltzmann constant × (Sirius b surface temperature)^4 × 4pi × (radius)^2 = 5.67e-8 × 25200^4 × 4pi × (5.84e+6)^2 = 9.8e+24 W.
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  72. ^ Kalari, Venu M.; Horch, Elliott P.; Salinas, Ricardo; Vink, Jorick S.; Andersen, Morten; Bestenlehner, Joachim M.; Rubio, Monica (August 1, 2022). "Resolving the Core of R136 in the Optical". The Astrophysical Journal. 935 (2): 162. arXiv:2207.13078. Bibcode:2022ApJ...935..162K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac8424. ISSN 0004-637X.
  73. ^ Mehner, A.; de Wit, W.-J.; Asmus, D.; Morris, P. W.; Agliozzo, C.; Barlow, M. J.; Gull, T. R.; Hillier, D. J.; Weigelt, G. (October 2019). "Mid-infrared evolution of eta Car from 1968 to 2018". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 630: L6. arXiv:1908.09154. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936277. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 202149820.
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  75. ^ Calculated: 1.5e+10 L_sol * 3.828e+26 W/L_sol = 5.7e+36 W
  76. ^ van den Bergh, Sidney (January 1, 1999). "The local group of galaxies". Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 9 (3–4): 273–318. Bibcode:1999A&ARv...9..273V. doi:10.1007/s001590050019. ISSN 0935-4956.
  77. ^ Estimated to have an absolute magnitude of -22.
  78. ^ Deupree, Robert G.; Wallace, Richard K. (June 1, 1987). "The Core Helium Flash and Surface Abundance Anomalies". The Astrophysical Journal. 317: 724. Bibcode:1987ApJ...317..724D. doi:10.1086/165319. ISSN 0004-637X.
  79. ^ Peak helium flash luminosity ≈ 100 billion times normal energy production.
  80. ^ Dong, Subo; Shappee, B. J.; Prieto, J. L.; Jha, S. W.; Stanek, K. Z.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Kochanek, C. S.; Thompson, T. A.; Morrell, N.; Thompson, I. B.; Basu, U. (January 15, 2016). "ASASSN-15lh: A highly super-luminous supernova". Science. 351 (6270): 257–260. arXiv:1507.03010. Bibcode:2016Sci...351..257D. doi:10.1126/science.aac9613. hdl:10533/231850. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 26816375. S2CID 31444274.
  81. ^ Hartsfield, Tom. "The Incomprehensible Power of a Supernova | RealClearScience". Realclearscience. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
  82. ^ Calculated as: Solar luminosity × 10^(0.4 × (Sun absolute magnitude - 3C 273 absolute magnitude)) = 3.828e+26 × 10^(0.4 × (4.83 - (- 26.73))) = 3.828e+26 × 4.1e+12 = 1.57e+39 W.
  83. ^ Coppejans, D. L.; Margutti, R.; Terreran, G.; Nayana, A. J.; Coughlin, E. R.; Laskar, T.; Alexander, K. D.; Bietenholz, M.; Caprioli, D.; Chandra, P.; Drout, M. (2020). "A mildly relativistic outflow from the energetic, fast-rising blue optical transient CSS161010 in a dwarf galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 895 (1): L23. arXiv:2003.10503. Bibcode:2020ApJ...895L..23C. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8cc7. S2CID 214623364.
  84. ^ Riechers, Dominik A.; Walter, Fabian; Carilli, Christopher L.; Lewis, Geraint F. (2009). "Imaging the Molecular Gas in Az= 3.9 Quasar Host Galaxy at 0."3 Resolution: a Central, Sub-kiloparsec Scale Star Formation Reservoir in Apm 08279+5255". The Astrophysical Journal. 690 (1): 463–485. arXiv:0809.0754. Bibcode:2009ApJ...690..463R. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/463. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 13959993.
  85. ^ Tully, R. Brent; Courtois, Helene; Hoffman, Yehuda; Pomarède, Daniel (September 4, 2014). "The Laniakea supercluster of galaxies". Nature. 513 (7516): 71–73. arXiv:1409.0880. Bibcode:2014Natur.513...71T. doi:10.1038/nature13674. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 25186900. S2CID 205240232.
  86. ^ Calculated. Estimated assuming Laniakea to be a sphere 160 Mpc in diameter, according to p.4 of cited paper: Observable universe luminosity × (Laniakea Supercluster diameter / Observable universe diameter)^3 = 9.466e+48 W × (160 Mpc / 28.5 Gpc)^3 = 1.675e+42 ≈ 1.7e+42 W.
  87. ^ Guetta, Dafne; Piran, Tsvi; Waxman, Eli (2005). "The Luminosity and Angular Distributions of Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts". The Astrophysical Journal. 619 (1): 412–419. arXiv:astro-ph/0311488. Bibcode:2005ApJ...619..412G. doi:10.1086/423125. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 14741044.
  88. ^ Frederiks, D. D.; Hurley, K.; Svinkin, D. S.; Pal'shin, V. D.; Mangano, V.; et al. (2013). "The Ultraluminous GRB 110918A". The Astrophysical Journal. 779 (2): 151. arXiv:1311.5734. Bibcode:2013ApJ...779..151F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/151. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 118398826.
  89. ^ Calculated: https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=hawking+radiation+calculate&assumption=%7B%22FS%22%7D+-%3E+%7B%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22P%22%7D%2C+%7B%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D%7D&assumption=%7B%22F%22%2C+%22BlackHoleHawkingRadiationPower%22%2C+%22M%22%7D+-%3E%22planck+mass%22
  90. ^ Calculated. Assuming isotropicity in composition and identical age since Big Bang within cosmological horizon, expressed as: Ordinary [baryonic] mass of observable universe / Ordinary mass of Milky Way × Luminosity of Milky Way. L_total = 1.5e+53 kg / 4.6e+10 M_sol * 1.5e+10 L_sol = 9.466e+48 W ≈ 9.5e+48 W.
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