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List of popes

Plaque commemorating the popes buried in St. Peter's Basilica (their names in Latin and the year of their burial)

This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. Published every year by the Roman Curia, the Annuario Pontificio no longer identifies popes by regnal number, stating that it is impossible to decide which pope represented the legitimate succession at various times.[1] The 2001 edition of the Annuario Pontificio introduced "almost 200 corrections to its existing biographies of the popes, from St Peter to John Paul II". The corrections concerned dates, especially in the first two centuries, birthplaces and the family name of one pope.[2]

The term pope (Latin: papa, lit. 'father') is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders (for example Coptic pope). This title in English usage usually refers to the head of the Catholic Church. The Catholic pope uses various titles by tradition, including Summus Pontifex, Pontifex Maximus, and Servus servorum Dei. Each title has been added by unique historical events and unlike other papal prerogatives, is not incapable of modification.[3]

Hermannus Contractus may have been the first historian to number the popes continuously. His list ends in 1049 with Leo IX as number 154. Several changes were made to the list during the 20th century. Christopher was considered a legitimate pope for a long time but was removed due to how he obtained the papacy. Pope-elect Stephen was listed as Stephen II until the 1961 edition, when his name was removed. The decisions of the Council of Pisa (1409) were reversed in 1963 in a reinterpretation of the Western Schism, extending Gregory XII's pontificate to 1415 and classifying rival claimants Alexander V and John XXIII as antipopes.

A significant number of these popes have been recognized as saints, including 48 out of the first 50 consecutive popes, and others are in the sainthood process. Of the first 31 popes, 28 died as martyrs.

Chronological list of popes

1st millennium

1st century

The chronology of the early popes is heavily disputed. The first ancient lists of popes were not written until the late 2nd century, after the monarchical episcopate had already developed in Rome. These first lists combined contradictory traditions, and even the succession of the first popes is disputed. The first certain dates are AD 222 and 235, the elections of Urban I and Liberius. The years given for the first 30 popes follow the work of Richard Adelbert Lipsius, which often show a 3-year difference with the traditional dates given by Eusebius of Caesarea.[4] These are also the dates used by the Catholic Encyclopedia.[5]

2nd century

3rd century

4th century

5th century

6th century

7th century

8th century

9th century

10th century

2nd millennium

11th century

12th century

13th century

14th century

15th century

16th century

17th century

18th century

19th century

20th century

3rd millennium

21st century

Religious orders

51 popes and 6 antipopes (in italics) have been members of religious orders, including 12 members of third orders. They are listed by order as follows:

Numbering of popes

Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. The first pope who chooses a unique name is not usually identified by an ordinal, John Paul I being the exception. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.[52]

See also

Lists

Notes

  1. ^ No longer inhabited; located in the present-day Golan Heights.
  2. ^ Now Volterra, Italy.
  3. ^ Roman citizenship was recognized to the rest of the Italians by the end of the Social War in 87 BC.
  4. ^ a b c Now Athens, Greece.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Now Rome, Italy.
  6. ^ Now Bethlehem, Palestine.
  7. ^ a b Now Aquileia, Italy.
  8. ^ Now Homs, Syria.
  9. ^ Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza, Greece.
  10. ^ It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born, and where he was born, although some[11] suggest he was born in Leptis Magna, now a part of Libya.

References

  1. ^ Annuario Pontificio (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2012 ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0), p. 12
  2. ^ "Corrections Made to Official List of Popes". ZENIT. 5 June 2001. Archived from the original on 19 January 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  3. ^ "Papal Primacy of honour: titles and insignia". Newadvent.org. 1 June 1911. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  4. ^ Lipsius, Richard Adelbert (1869). Chronologie der römischen Bischöfe bis zur Mitte des vierten Jahrhunderts [Chronology of the Roman bishops until the middle of the fourth century] (in German). Kiel: Schwersche Buchhandlung.
  5. ^ The List of Popes. The Catholic Encyclopedia, 1911. The exception is Saint Peter, who is given the traditional death date of AD 67.
  6. ^ a b Fahlbusch, Erwin; et al., eds. (2005). "Pope, Papacy". Evangelisches Kirchenlexikon [The encyclopedia of Christianity]. Vol. 4. Translated by Bromiley, Geoffrey William. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 272–282. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5. Retrieved 7 September 2011.
  7. ^ Against Heresies 3:3.3
  8. ^ Kirsch, Johann Peter (1910). "Pope St. Linus". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
  9. ^ The fourth pope Archived 8 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine Discussed in the article on Clement I
  10. ^ Cross, Frank Leslie; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. Oxford University Press. p. 363. ISBN 978-0-19-280290-3. Archived from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 21 October 2022.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Fisher, Max (13 March 2013). "WorldViews Sorry, Jorge Mario Bergoglio is not the first non-European pope". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  12. ^ Mcbrien, Richard P. (2006). The Pocket Guide to the Popes. HarperCollins. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-0-06-113773-0. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  13. ^ "The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 13: Bishops of Rome". pp. from Theosodr Mommsen, MGH Chronica Minora I (1892), pp. 73–76. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  14. ^ "OCA – St Liberius the Pope of Rome". Ocafs.oca.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  15. ^ "Saint Siricius". Archived from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  16. ^ a b c "Papal Timeline". 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  17. ^ Deno John Geanakoplos (15 September 1989). Constantinople and the West: essays on the late Byzantine (Palaeologan) and Italian Renaissances and the Byzantine and Roman churches. Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. 263–. ISBN 978-0-299-11884-6. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2012.
  18. ^ "Blessed Eugene III". Archived from the original on 11 July 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2015.
  19. ^ For the dates of death of Clement III and the election of Celestine III see Katrin Baaken: Zu Wahl, Weihe und Krönung Papst Cölestins III. Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters Volume 41 / 1985, pp. 203–211
  20. ^ Philip Hughes, "Innocent III & the Latin East", History of the Church, vol. 2, p. 371, Sheed & Ward, 1948.
  21. ^ Loughlin, JF (1908). "Pope St. Celestine V". The Catholic Encyclopedia . Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
  22. ^ Ott, Michael. "Pope Gregory XII." The Catholic Encyclopedia Archived 2 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 7. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 30 December 2015
  23. ^ Kelly, J. N. D.; Walsh, Michael (2015). Dictionary of Popes. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104479-3. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
  24. ^ "Clement (VIII) | antipope". 24 December 2023. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  25. ^ The Deaths of the Popes: Comprehensive Accounts, Including Funerals, Burial Places and Epitaphs. McFarland. 2010. ISBN 978-0-7864-6116-5. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  26. ^ Papal Genealogy: The Families and Descendants of the Popes. McFarland. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7864-2071-1. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  27. ^ "Amadeus VIII | antipope and duke of Savoy". 3 January 2024. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  28. ^ "Nicholas V | Vatican Library & Dum Diversas". 11 November 2023. Archived from the original on 20 December 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  29. ^ "Pope Adrian VI (1522–1523)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  30. ^ "Pope Clement VII (1523–1534)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  31. ^ "Pope Paul IV (1555–1559)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  32. ^ "Pope Gregory XIII (1572–1585)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  33. ^ John Henry Blunt (1874). "Jansenists". Dictionary of Sects, Heresies, Ecclesiastical Parties, and Schools of Religious Thought. Rivingtons. pp. 234–240. Archived from the original on 10 March 2024. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  34. ^ "Pope Alexander VII (1655–1667)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  35. ^ "Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  36. ^ "Pope Clement IX (1667–1669)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  37. ^ "Pope Clement X (1670–1676)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  38. ^ "Pope Innocent XI (1676–1689)". Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2014.
  39. ^ Heilbron, John L. (2005). "Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo". In McMullin, Ernan (ed.). The Church and Galileo. University of Notre Dame Press. p. 299. ISBN 978-0-268-03483-2.
  40. ^ "Pope Clement XII (1730–1740)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  41. ^ "Pope Benedict XIV (1740–1758)". GCatholic. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  42. ^ "The Wind was too Strong". Rome Art Lover. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
  43. ^ Harrison, especially Conclusion section 2
  44. ^ "Catholic Education Resource Center". Archived from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  45. ^ "The Contemporary Relevance of Augustine". Archived from the original on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
  46. ^ Pius XII, encyclical Humani generis 36 Archived April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ^ Brown, Andrew (11 February 2013). "Benedict, the placeholder pope who leaves a battered, weakened church". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  48. ^ Pianigiani, Gaia; Povoledo, Elisabetta (27 February 2013). "Benedict XVI to Keep His Name and Become Pope Emeritus". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 July 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  49. ^ "The 95-year-old Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI passed away at the Vatican's Mater Ecclesiae Monastery". Vatican News. 31 December 2022. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  50. ^ Scarisbrick, Veronica (22 March 2013). "Pope Francis : "Miserando atque eligendo"..." Vatican Radio. The Holy See. Vatican Radio. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  51. ^ "Pope Francis celebrates first papal mass in Arabian Peninsula". 5 February 2019. Archived from the original on 15 April 2023. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  52. ^ Louis Duchesne, "Le nombre des papes", in: Miscellanea di storia ecclesiastica e studi ausiliare Archived 10 March 2024 at the Wayback Machine Vol. 2 (Roma: 1903–1904), pp. 3–7.
  53. ^ a b Annuario pontificio per l'anno 1942. Rome. 1942. p. 21. 205. Gregorio XII, Veneto, Correr (c. 1406, cessò a. 1409, m. 1417) – Pont. a. 2, m. 6. g. 4. 206. Alessandro V, dell'Isola di Candia, Filargo (c. 1409, m. 1410). - Pont. m. 10, g. 8. 207. Giovanni XXII o XXIII o XXIV, Napoletano, Cossa (c. 1410, cessò dal pontificare 29 mag. 1415{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  54. ^ a b c d Paschal Robinson (1913). "Antipope" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  55. ^ a b Paschal Robinson (1913). "Chronological Lists of Popes" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  56. ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). "Popess Joan" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  57. ^ "I Choose John ..." Time. 10 November 1958. p. 91. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
  58. ^ Paschal Robinson (1913). "Pope Martin IV" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Sources

External links