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Voiced uvular fricative

The voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʁ⟩, an inverted small uppercase letter ⟨ʀ⟩, or in broad transcription ⟨r⟩ if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called guttural R when found in European languages.

The voiced uvular approximant is also found interchangeably with the fricative, and may also be transcribed as ⟨ʁ⟩. Because the IPA symbol stands for the uvular fricative, the approximant may be specified by adding the downtack: ⟨ʁ̞⟩, though some writings[1] use a superscript ⟨ʶ⟩, which is not an official IPA practice.

For a voiced pre-uvular fricative (also called post-velar), see voiced velar fricative.

Features

Features of the voiced uvular fricative:

Occurrence

In Western Europe, a uvular trill pronunciation of rhotic consonants spread from northern French to several dialects and registers of Basque,[2] Catalan, Danish, Dutch, German, Judaeo-Spanish, Norwegian, Occitan, Portuguese, Swedish, some variants of Low Saxon,[3] and Yiddish.[citation needed] However, not all of them remain a uvular trill today. In Brazilian Portuguese, it is usually a velar fricative ([x], [ɣ]), voiceless uvular fricative [χ], or glottal transition ([h], [ɦ]), except in southern Brazil, where alveolar, velar and uvular trills as well as the voiced uvular fricative predominate. Because such uvular rhotics often do not contrast with alveolar ones, IPA transcriptions may often use ⟨r⟩ to represent them for ease of typesetting. For more information, see guttural R.

Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) note, "There is... a complication in the case of uvular fricatives in that the shape of the vocal tract may be such that the uvula vibrates."[4]

It is also present in most Turkic languages, except for Turkish, and in Caucasian languages. It could also come in ɣ.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Such as Krech et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Grammar of Basque, page 30, José Ignacio Hualde, Jon Ortiz De Urbina, Walter de Gruyter, 2003
  3. ^ Ph Bloemhoff-de Bruijn, Anderhalve Eeuw Zwols Vocaalveranderingsprocessen in de periode 1838-1972. IJsselacademie (2012). ISBN 978-90-6697-228-5
  4. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167)
  5. ^ a b Donaldson (1993), p. 15.
  6. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17.
  7. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 17, 19–20, 35-36 and 38.
  8. ^ "The Archi Language Tutorial" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2021-05-22.
  9. ^ "Dictionary of Archi". Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  10. ^ a b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Realización del fonema /g/ en Asturias". Revista de Filoloxía Asturiana (in Spanish). 2: 53–70. doi:10.17811/rfa.2.2002 (inactive 2024-03-20).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (link)
  11. ^ a b Muñiz Cachón, Carmen (2002). "Rasgos fónicos del español hablado en Asturias". Archivum: Revista de la Facultad de Filología (in Spanish). 52: 323–349.
  12. ^ a b Basbøll (2005:62)
  13. ^ Basbøll (2005:66)
  14. ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:323)
  15. ^ a b Grønnum (2005), p. 157.
  16. ^ Booij (1999:8)
  17. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:39, 54, 179, 196, 199–201, 291)
  18. ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 99, 101–104, 107–108)
  19. ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:51–55)
  20. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005:245)
  21. ^ a b Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:52)
  22. ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91–92, 94–95, 97, 102)
  23. ^ a b c d Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
  24. ^ a b c Wells (1982:390)
  25. ^ Hickey (2007:?)[page needed]
  26. ^ a b c d e Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:236)
  27. ^ a b Ogden (2009:93)
  28. ^ a b Hall (1993:89)
  29. ^ a b c d Markus Hiller. "Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality" (PDF). Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-28. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
  30. ^ The pronunciation of the Modern Hebrew consonant ר resh has been described as a uvular approximant ʁ, specifically [ʁ̞], which also exists in Yiddish, see Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 261-262.
  31. ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
  32. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 156.
  33. ^ a b Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 108.
  34. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 68.
  35. ^ Bhadriraju Krishnamurti (2003), p. 150.
  36. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:92)
  37. ^ a b (in Portuguese) Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty Archived 2017-10-11 at the Wayback Machine. Page 11.
  38. ^ (in Portuguese) The process of Norm change for the good pronunciation of the Portuguese language in chant and dramatics in Brazil during 1938, 1858 and 2007 Archived 2016-02-06 at the Wayback Machine Page 36.
  39. ^ (in Portuguese) The acoustic-articulatory path of the lateral palatal consonant's allophony. Pages 229 and 230.
  40. ^ Lipski (1994:333)
  41. ^ a b Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), p. 167.

References

External links