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V

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is vee (pronounced /ˈv/), plural vees.[1]

Name

History

Ancient Corinthian vase depicting Perseus, Andromeda and Ketos. The inscriptions denoting the depicted persons are written in an archaic form of the Greek alphabet. Perseus (Ancient Greek: ΠΕΡϺΕΥϺ) is inscribed as ⟨ϺVΕϺΡΕΠ⟩ (from right to left), using ⟨V⟩ to represent the vowel [u]. San (⟨Ϻ⟩) is used instead of Sigma (⟨Σ⟩).

The letter ⟨v⟩ ultimately comes from the Phoenician letter waw by way of ⟨u⟩.

During the Late Middle Ages, two minuscule glyphs of U developed which were both used for sounds including /u/ and modern /v/. The pointed form ⟨v⟩ was written at the beginning of a word, while a rounded form ⟨u⟩ was used in the middle or end, regardless of sound. So whereas valour and excuse appeared as in modern printing, have and upon were printed as "haue" and "vpon". The first distinction between the letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨u⟩ is recorded in a Gothic script from 1386, where ⟨v⟩ preceded ⟨u⟩. By the mid-16th century, the ⟨v⟩ form was used to represent the consonant and ⟨u⟩ the vowel sound, giving us the modern letter ⟨v⟩. ⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ were not accepted as distinct letters until many years later.[3] The rounded variant became the modern-day version of ⟨u⟩, and the letter's former pointed form became ⟨v⟩.

Use in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨v⟩ represents a voiced labiodental fricative.

Special rules of orthography normally apply to the letter ⟨v⟩:

Like ⟨j⟩, ⟨k⟩, ⟨w⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨z⟩, ⟨v⟩ is not used very frequently in English. It is the sixth least frequently used letter in the English language, occurring in roughly 1% of words. ⟨v⟩ is the only letter that cannot be used to form an English two-letter word in the British[4] and Australian[5] versions of the game of Scrabble. It is one of only two letters (the other being ⟨c⟩) that cannot be used this way in the American version.[6][7] ⟨v⟩ is also the only letter in the English language that is never silent.[8]

Romance languages

The letter represents /v/ in several Romance languages, but in others it represents the same sound as ⟨b⟩, i.e. /b/, due to a process known as betacism. Betacism occurs in most dialects of Spanish, in some dialects of Catalan and Portuguese, as well as in Aragonese, Asturleonese and Galician.

In Spanish, the phoneme has two main allophones; in most environments, it is pronounced [β̞], but after a pause or a nasal it is typically [b]. See Allophones of /b d g/ in Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion.

In Corsican, ⟨v⟩ represents [b], [v], [β] or [w], depending on the position in the word and the sentence.

Other languages

Late Renaissance or early Baroque design of ⟨v⟩, from 1627

In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents a voiced bilabial or labiodental sound.

In contemporary German, it represents /v/ in most loanwords, while in native German words, it always represents /f/.

In standard Dutch, it traditionally represents /v/, but in many regions, it represents /f/ in some or all positions.

In the Latinization of the Cherokee syllabary, ⟨v⟩ represents a nasalized schwa, /ə̃/.

In Chinese pinyin, while v is not used, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used by most input methods to enter the letter ⟨ü⟩, which most keyboards lack (romanized-input Chinese is a popular method to enter Chinese text). Informal romanizations of Mandarin Chinese use ⟨v⟩ as a substitute for the close front rounded vowel /y/, properly written ⟨ü⟩ in both pinyin and Wade–Giles.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨v⟩ represents the voiced labiodental fricative.

Other uses

Related characters

Descendants and related letters in the Latin alphabet

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

Ligatures and abbreviations

Other representations

Computing

Other

Notes

  1. ^ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

References

  1. ^ "V", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "vee", op. cit.
  2. ^ Díez Losada, Fernando (2004). La tribuna del idioma (in Spanish). Editorial Tecnologica de CR. p. 176. ISBN 978-9977-66-161-2.
  3. ^ Pflughaupt, Laurent (2008). Letter by Letter: An Alphabetical Miscellany. trans. Gregory Bruhn. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-56898-737-8. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2009.
  4. ^ Collins Scrabble Dictionary Revised 6th edition (2022) Harper Collins ISBN 978 00085 2391 6
  5. ^ "2-Letter Words with Definitions". Australian Scrabble Players Association (ASPA). 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 20 February 2013.
  6. ^ Hasbro staff (2014). "Scrabble word lists:2-Letter Words". Hasbro. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  7. ^ Official Scrabble Players Dictionary, 6th Edition (2018) Merriam Webster ISBN 978 08777 9422 6
  8. ^ "Every Letter Is Silent, Sometimes". Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 5, 2023.
  9. ^ a b Constable, Peter (April 19, 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 11, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  10. ^ Miller, Kirk; Ashby, Michael (November 8, 2020). "L2/20-252R: Unicode request for IPA modifier-letters (a), pulmonic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
  11. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (March 20, 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  12. ^ Ruppel, Klaas; Rueter, Jack; Kolehmainen, Erkki I. (April 7, 2006). "L2/06-215: Proposal for Encoding 3 Additional Characters of the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  13. ^ "Roman Liturgy Fonts containing the response and versicle characters – Roman Liturgy". Roman Liturgy. September 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 23, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
  14. ^ Everson, Michael; Baker, Peter; Emiliano, António; Grammel, Florian; Haugen, Odd Einar; Luft, Diana; Pedro, Susana; Schumacher, Gerd; Stötzner, Andreas (January 30, 2006). "L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2018.

External links