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List of parties to the Kyoto Protocol

Participation in the Kyoto Protocol
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the second period
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but not the second
  non-Annex B parties without binding targets
  Annex B parties with binding targets in the first period but which withdrew from the Protocol
  Signatories to the Protocol that have not ratified
  Other UN member states and observers that are not party to the Protocol

As of June 2013, there are 192 parties to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which aims to combat global warming. This total includes 191 states (189 United Nations member states as well as the Cook Islands and Niue) and one supranational union (the European Union).[1][2] Canada renounced the protocol effective 15 December 2012 and ceased to be a member from that date.

With the Protocol's 2008-2012 commitment period expiring, the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol was agreed to, which establishes new commitments for the period 2013–2020. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted this amendment.

Parties

Signing is optional, indicating an intention to ratify the Protocol. Ratification means that a state is legally bound by the provisions of the treaty. For Annex I parties (e.g. a developed state or one with an 'economy in transition') this means that it has agreed to cap emissions in accordance with the Protocol.

Iceland was the 55th state to ratify, fulfilling the first condition for coming-into-force. With Russia's ratification the "55 percent of 1990 carbon dioxide emissions of the Parties included in Annex I" clause was satisfied and the treaty was brought into force, effective 16 February 2005. As of October 2020, 147 states have accepted the Doha amendment. It will enter into force as of 31 December 2020.

Former parties

Signatory

Not signatories or parties

As of 2022 there are four UN member states or observers which are not party to the protocol, all of which are members of the UNFCCC: Andorra, Holy See, Palestine, South Sudan.[55]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Maximum increase allowed.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac The 15 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol each agreed to a reduction target of −8% under Annex B, as did the European Communities as a whole. A declaration was made upon ratifacation that an agreement had been reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the Protocol, as permitted by Article 4 of the Protocol.[3][11] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[8] The specific EU imposed targets are listed in brackets. The 13 member states that entered the union later did not participate in this joint agreement, and retained their individual Kyoto targets (if applicable).[19]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The 27 member states of the European Union at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment, in addition to Croatia, which subsequently acceded to the EU, and Iceland each agreed to a reduction a target of −20% under the amended Annex B, as did the European Union as a whole. An agreement was subsequently reached by the states to jointly meet their reduction commitments under the amended Protocol.[20] Emission quotas were pooled and allocated amongst the member states by an internal EU Council Decision.[21][22][23]
  4. ^ a b Emissions of states listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol,[11] which were thus not permitted to sign the Protocol, were not included in the totals for entry into force for the Protocol.
  5. ^ a b States listed in Annex I that were not a party to the UNFCCC at the time of the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not eligible sign the Protocol and were not listed in Annex B.
  6. ^ A proposal to amend Annex B to list Belarus as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction for the first commitment period of −8% was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC in 2006,[12][13][14] but did not enter into force prior to the end of the commitment period in 2012 due to not being ratified by a sufficient number of states.[15]
  7. ^ Belarus was added to Annex B with the Doha Amendment.[9]
  8. ^ a b c d e f At their request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 1998 added Croatia, Liechtenstein, Monaco and Slovenia to Annex I, while the Czech Republic and Slovakia replaced Czechoslovakia, from which they had seceded in 1993, in Annex I.[6][16][5]
  9. ^ a b c d Emissions of Annex I parties to the UNFCCC that had not yet submitted their first national communication to the UNFCCC secretariat with an emission inventory at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol were not included in the figure for entry into force of the protocol.[6][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]
  10. ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2013 added Cyprus to Annex I.[17][18][5]
  11. ^ a b c Emissions not included in the figure for entry into force of the Protocol because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
  12. ^ a b c Not listed in Annex B because at the time of adoption of the Kyoto Protocol the state was not listed in Annex I.
  13. ^ a b As they were not listed in Annex I when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted, Cyprus and Malta were not listed in Annex B. However, following their accession to the European Union they were obliged to participate in the EU ETS. Both took on targets under the Doha Amendment.[9]
  14. ^ a b c d e Monaco (1992), the Czech Republic (1995), Slovakia (1996), Slovenia (1998) and Kazakhstan (2000)[24] submitted declarations under Article 4.2 (g) of the UNFCCC, which as per Article 1.7 of the Kyoto Protocol means that they are treated as Annex I states under the Kyoto Protocol.[11] All of these states except Kazakhstan have since been added to Annex I of the UNFCCC by an amendment to the convention.
  15. ^ All 28 EU member states are also members of the UNFCCC individually, in addition to their common representation through the EU.
  16. ^ As per Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol, "any instrument deposited by a regional economic integration organization shall not be counted as additional to those deposited by States members of the organization."[7]
  17. ^ a b c d e No increase allowed but no reduction required – emissions should stay at their 1990 level.
  18. ^ a b c Japan, New Zealand and Russia were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but were not assigned any emission reduction limits under the Doha Amendment for the second commitment period.[9]
  19. ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 1999 that Annex I be amended to include it,[25] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC as no consensus could be reached on the matter.[26][27][24]
  20. ^ Kazakhstan proposed in 2009 that Annex B be amended to include it as an economy in transition with an emissions reduction commitment of 0%,[28][29] and latter indicated it was willing to accept a -6% limit,[30] but the proposal was never adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC.[31][32][33][34][35]
  21. ^ At its request, an amendment to the UNFCCC which entered into force in 2010 added Malta to Annex I.[36][5]
  22. ^ The states in free association with New Zealand, the Cook Islands and Niue have their own separate memberships in the UNFCCC.
  23. ^ Turkey was originally listed in both Annex I and Annex II of the UNFCCC. It refused to ratify the Convention, as it objected to its listing in the annexes. In 1997 a proposal was submitted that Annex I and Annex II be amended to remove Turkey.[44][45] Though no consensus could be reached on this proposal,[46][47][26] a compromise was reached and an amendment that entered into force in 2002 removed Turkey from Annex II.[48][27][49][24][50][5]
  24. ^ a b Canada and the United States were listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol with emission limits for the first commitment period, but as they were not parties to the Kyoto Protocol at the time of adoption of the Doha Amendment they were removed from Annex B.[9]

References

  1. ^ "Kyoto Protocol Status of Ratification (pdf)" (PDF). Retrieved 12 October 2006.
  2. ^ a b "Status of Ratification". UNFCCC's Kyoto Protocol Background. Retrieved 28 October 2010.
  3. ^ a b "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  4. ^ "Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Treaty Series. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997 – Annex Table: Total carbon dioxide emissions of Annex I Parties in 1990, for the purposes of Article 25 of the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). FCCC/CP/1997/7Add.1. United Nations. 25 March 1998. Retrieved 26 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ a b c d e "Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  8. ^ a b "2002/358/EC: Council Decision of 25 April 2002 concerning the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (130). 15 May 2002. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g "Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  10. ^ "Afghanistan ratifies Kyoto Protocol". Pajhwok Afghan News. 3 April 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2013.
  11. ^ a b c "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations Treaty Series. 23 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol". United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  13. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its second session, held at Nairobi from 6 to 17 November 2006" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 2 March 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  14. ^ "KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE" (PDF). United Nations. 17 April 2007. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  15. ^ "Amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change". United Nations. 1 April 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
  16. ^ "ADOPTION OF AMENDMENTS TO THE LIST IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH ARTICLE 4.2 (f) OF THE CONVENTION" (PDF). United Nations. 13 February 1998. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  17. ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 9 July 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  18. ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – Entry into force of amendments to Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 14 January 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  19. ^ "Kyoto 1st commitment period (2008–12)". European Commission. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  20. ^ "Council Decision (EU) 2015/1339 of 13 July 2015 on the conclusion, on behalf of the European Union, of the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the joint fulfilment of commitments thereunder". Official Journal of the European Communities. L (207). 4 August 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
  21. ^ "Kyoto 2nd commitment period (2013–20)". European Commission. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the effort of Member States to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to meet the Community's greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments up to 2020". Official Journal of the European Union. L 140. 5 June 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  23. ^ "Effort sharing: Member States' emission targets". European Union. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
  24. ^ a b c "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 21 January 2002. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  25. ^ "AMENDMENT TO ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION – Proposal from the Republic of Kazakhstan to amend Annex I to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 28 May 1999. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  26. ^ a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FIFTH SESSION, HELD AT BONN FROM 25 OCTOBER TO 5 NOVEMBER 1999" (PDF). United Nations. 21 December 1999. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  27. ^ a b "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS SEVENTH SESSION, HELD AT MARRAKESH FROM 29 OCTOBER TO 10 NOVEMBER 2001" (PDF). United Nations. 21 January 2002. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Framework Convention on Climate Change – Secretariat" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. 21 January 2010. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  29. ^ "Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  30. ^ "Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  31. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its fifth session, held in Copenhagen from 7 to 19 December 2009" (PDF). United Nations. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  32. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its sixth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010" (PDF). United Nations. 15 March 2011. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  33. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its seventh session, held in Durban from 28 November to 11 December 2011" (PDF). United Nations. 15 March 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  34. ^ "Report of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on its eighth session, held in Doha from 26 November to 8 December 2012" (PDF). United Nations. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  35. ^ "Decision 9/CMP.8 – Proposal from Kazakhstan to amend Annex B to the Kyoto Protocol" (PDF). United Nations. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  36. ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – Adoption of amendments to Annex I to the Convention in accordance with Article 16(3) of the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  37. ^ "Review of the implementation of the convention and of decisions of the first session of the conference of the parties" (PDF). FCCC/CP/12/Add.2. United Nations. 2 July 1996. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. ^ "NATIONAL COMMUNICATIONS – COMMUNICATIONS FROM PARTIES INCLUDED IN ANNEX I TO THE CONVENTION" (PDF). FCCC/SB/1997/6. United Nations. 25 July 1997. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  39. ^ "Annex I National Communications". United Nations. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  40. ^ "CROATIA – Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Croatia" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/HRV. United Nations. 23 May 2002. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  41. ^ "LITHUANIA – Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Lithuania" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/LTU. United Nations. 10 May 2000. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ^ "SLOVENIA – Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Slovenia" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/SVN. United Nations. 21 November 2003. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  43. ^ "UKRAINE – Report on the in-depth review of the first national communication of Ukraine" (PDF). FCCC/IDR.1/UKR. United Nations. 15 November 2000. Retrieved 27 April 2016. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  44. ^ "ARRANGEMENTS FOR INTERGOVERNMENTAL MEETINGS – Amendments to the Convention or its Annexes – Letters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the Azerbaijan Republic, the Netherlands (on behalf of the European Community and its Member States) and Kuwait proposing amendments to the Convention or its Annexes" (PDF). United Nations. 20 June 1997. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  45. ^ "REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4.2(f)" (PDF). United Nations. 2 December 1997. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  46. ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS THIRD SESSION, HELD AT KYOTO FROM 1 TO 11 DECEMBER 1997" (PDF). United Nations. 24 February 1998. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  47. ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON ITS FOURTH SESSION, HELD AT BUENOS AIRES FROM 2 TO 14 NOVEMBER 1998" (PDF). United Nations. 25 January 1999. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  48. ^ "REPORT OF THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES ON THE FIRST PART OF ITS SIXTH SESSION, HELD AT THE HAGUE FROM 13 TO 25 NOVEMBER 2000" (PDF). United Nations. 4 April 2001. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  49. ^ "PROPOSALS TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION – PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE LISTS IN ANNEXES I AND II TO THE CONVENTION BY REMOVING THE NAME OF TURKEY: REVIEW OF INFORMATION AND POSSIBLE DECISIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4, PARAGRAPH 2 (F)" (PDF). United Nations. 5 October 2001. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  50. ^ "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change – Adoption of amendment to the list in Annex II to the Convention" (PDF). United Nations. 28 December 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
  51. ^ (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Kyoto’dan sonra Türkiye’yi neler bekliyor? (English translation:What's after Kyoto protocol for Turkey?)" (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Türkiye, Kyoto protokolüne katılıyor (English translation:Turkey joins to Kyoto protocol)" (in Turkish)Ntvmsnbc.com "Şimdi KYOTO zamanı (English translation:It's time for Kyoto)"
  52. ^ Bianet Archived 11 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Turkey Will Sign The Kyoto Protocol
  53. ^ Turkish Weekly Archived 20 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine Turkey's Participation in Kyoto Protocol Published in Official Gazette
  54. ^ "KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE – KYOTO, 11 DECEMBER 1997 CANADA: WITHDRAWAL" (PDF). United Nations. 16 December 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  55. ^ "Parties to the Convention and Observer States". UNFCC. Retrieved 27 January 2013.