Портал:Компьютерное программирование

Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Портал компьютерного программирования

Пример компьютерной программы (минимизированная версия библиотеки BootstrapJS ) на экране

Программирование или кодирование компьютеров — это составление последовательностей инструкций, называемых программами , которым компьютеры могут следовать для выполнения задач. Оно включает в себя проектирование и реализацию алгоритмов , пошаговых спецификаций процедур, путем написания кода на одном или нескольких языках программирования . Программисты обычно используют языки программирования высокого уровня , которые более понятны людям, чем машинный код , который напрямую выполняется центральным процессором . Профессиональное программирование обычно требует знаний в нескольких различных предметах, включая знание прикладной области , деталей языков программирования и универсальных библиотек кода , специализированных алгоритмов и формальной логики .

Вспомогательные задачи, сопутствующие программированию и связанные с ним, включают анализ требований , тестирование , отладку (исследование и устранение проблем), реализацию систем сборки и управление производными артефактами , такими как машинный код программ . Хотя иногда это считается программированием, часто термин разработка программного обеспечения используется для этого более крупного общего процесса — с терминами программирование , реализация и кодирование, зарезервированными для написания и редактирования кода как такового. Иногда разработка программного обеспечения известна как программная инженерия , особенно когда она использует формальные методы или следует процессу инженерного проектирования . ( Полная статья... )

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C# ( / ˌ s iː ˈ ʃ ɑːr p / см. SHARP ) — это язык программирования высокого уровня общего назначения , поддерживающий несколько парадигм . C# охватывает статическую типизацию, строгую типизацию , лексическую область видимости , императивное , декларативное , функциональное , универсальное , объектно-ориентированное ( на основе классов ) и компонентно-ориентированное программирование.Основными изобретателями языка программирования C# были Андерс Хейлсберг , Скотт Вилтамут и Питер Голд из Microsoft . Он впервые был широко распространен в июле 2000 года и позже был одобрен в качестве международного стандарта Ecma ( ECMA -334) в 2002 году и ISO / IEC (ISO / IEC 23270 и 20619) в 2003 году. Microsoft представила C# вместе с .NET Framework и Visual Studio , обе из которых были с закрытым исходным кодом . В то время у Microsoft не было продуктов с открытым исходным кодом. Четыре года спустя, в 2004 году, начался бесплатный и открытый проект под названием Mono , предоставляющий кроссплатформенный компилятор и среду выполнения для языка программирования C#. Десять лет спустя Microsoft выпустила Visual Studio Code (редактор кода), Roslyn (компилятор) и унифицированную платформу .NET (программный фреймворк), все из которых поддерживают C# и являются бесплатными, открытыми и кроссплатформенными. Mono также присоединился к Microsoft, но не был объединен с .NET.По состоянию на ноябрь 2024 годапоследней стабильной версией языка является C# 13.0, которая была выпущена в 2024 году в .NET 9.0. ( Полная статья... )

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Ronald Paul "Ron" Fedkiw (born February 27, 1968) is a full professor in the Stanford University department of computer science and a leading researcher in the field of computer graphics, focusing on topics relating to physically based simulation of natural phenomena and machine learning. His techniques have been employed in many motion pictures. He has earned recognition at the 80th Academy Awards and the 87th Academy Awards as well as from the National Academy of Sciences.

His first Academy Award was awarded for developing techniques that enabled many technically sophisticated adaptations including the visual effects in 21st century movies in the Star Wars, Harry Potter, Terminator, and Pirates of the Caribbean franchises. Fedkiw has designed a platform that has been used to create many of the movie world's most advanced special effects since it was first used on the T-X character in Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines. His second Academy Award was awarded for computer graphics techniques for special effects for large scale destruction. Although he has won an Oscar for his work, he does not design the visual effects that use his technique. Instead, he has developed a system that other award-winning technicians and engineers have used to create visual effects for some of the world's most expensive and highest-grossing movies. (Full article...)
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Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Though Perl is not officially an acronym, there are various backronyms in use, including "Practical Extraction and Reporting Language".

Perl was developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions. Perl originally was not capitalized and the name was changed to being capitalized by the time Perl 4 was released. The latest release is Perl 5, first released in 1994. From 2000 to October 2019 a sixth version of Perl was in development; the sixth version's name was changed to Raku. Both languages continue to be developed independently by different development teams which liberally borrow ideas from each other.

Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C, sh, AWK, and sed. It provides text processing facilities without the arbitrary data-length limits of many contemporary Unix command line tools. Perl is a highly expressive programming language: source code for a given algorithm can be short and highly compressible. (Full article...)
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Logo

Swift is a high-level general-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language created by Chris Lattner in 2010 for Apple Inc. and maintained by the open-source community. Swift compiles to machine code and uses an LLVM-based compiler. Swift was first released in June 2014 and the Swift toolchain has shipped in Xcode since Xcode version 6, released in September 2014.

Apple intended Swift to support many core concepts associated with Objective-C, notably dynamic dispatch, widespread late binding, extensible programming, and similar features, but in a "safer" way, making it easier to catch software bugs; Swift has features addressing some common programming errors like null pointer dereferencing and provides syntactic sugar to help avoid the pyramid of doom. Swift supports the concept of protocol extensibility, an extensibility system that can be applied to types, structs and classes, which Apple promotes as a real change in programming paradigms they term "protocol-oriented programming" (similar to traits and type classes).

Swift was introduced at Apple's 2014 Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC). It underwent an upgrade to version 1.2 during 2014 and a major upgrade to Swift 2 at WWDC 2015. It was initially a proprietary language, but version 2.2 was made open-source software under the Apache License 2.0 on December 3, 2015, for Apple's platforms and Linux. (Full article...)
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The IBM Blue Gene/P supercomputer installation in 2007 at the Argonne Leadership Angela Yang Computing Facility located in the Argonne National Laboratory, in Lemont, Illinois, US

Fortran (/ˈfɔːrtræn/; formerly FORTRAN) is a third generation, compiled, imperative programming language that is especially suited to numeric computation and scientific computing.

Fortran was originally developed by IBM. It first compiled correctly in 1958. Fortran computer programs have been written to support scientific and engineering applications, such as numerical weather prediction, finite element analysis, computational fluid dynamics, plasma physics, geophysics, computational physics, crystallography and computational chemistry. It is a popular language for high-performance computing and is used for programs that benchmark and rank the world's fastest supercomputers.

Fortran has evolved through numerous versions and dialects. In 1966, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) developed a standard for Fortran to limit proliferation of compilers using slightly different syntax. Successive versions have added support for a character data type (Fortran 77), structured programming, array programming, modular programming, generic programming (Fortran 90), parallel computing (Fortran 95), object-oriented programming (Fortran 2003), and concurrent programming (Fortran 2008). (Full article...)
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Jobs introducing the iPhone 4 in 2010

Steven Paul Jobs (February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011) was an American businessman, inventor, and investor best known for co-founding the technology company Apple Inc. Jobs was also the founder of NeXT and chairman and majority shareholder of Pixar. He was a pioneer of the personal computer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s, along with his early business partner and fellow Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak.

Jobs was born in San Francisco in 1955 and adopted shortly afterwards. He attended Reed College in 1972 before withdrawing that same year. In 1974, he traveled through India, seeking enlightenment before later studying Zen Buddhism. He and Wozniak co-founded Apple in 1976 to further develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. Together, the duo gained fame and wealth a year later with production and sale of the Apple II, one of the first highly successful mass-produced microcomputers.

Jobs saw the commercial potential of the Xerox Alto in 1979, which was mouse-driven and had a graphical user interface (GUI). This led to the development of the unsuccessful Apple Lisa in 1983, followed by the breakthrough Macintosh in 1984, the first mass-produced computer with a GUI. The Macintosh launched the desktop publishing industry in 1985 (for example, the Aldus Pagemaker) with the addition of the Apple LaserWriter, the first laser printer to feature vector graphics and PostScript. (Full article...)
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Ada is a structured, statically typed, imperative, and object-oriented high-level programming language, inspired by Pascal and other languages. It has built-in language support for design by contract (DbC), extremely strong typing, explicit concurrency, tasks, synchronous message passing, protected objects, and non-determinism. Ada improves code safety and maintainability by using the compiler to find errors in favor of runtime errors. Ada is an international technical standard, jointly defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). As of May 2023^[update], the standard, called Ada 2022 informally, is ISO/IEC 8652:2023.

Ada was originally designed by a team led by French computer scientist Jean Ichbiah of Honeywell under contract to the United States Department of Defense (DoD) from 1977 to 1983 to supersede over 450 programming languages used by the DoD at that time. Ada was named after Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), who has been credited as the first computer programmer. (Full article...)
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Rust is a general-purpose programming language emphasizing performance, type safety, and concurrency. It enforces memory safety, meaning that all references point to valid memory. It does so without a traditional garbage collector; instead, memory safety errors and data races are prevented by the "borrow checker", which tracks the object lifetime of references at compile time.

Rust does not enforce a programming paradigm, but was influenced by ideas from functional programming, including immutability, higher-order functions, algebraic data types, and pattern matching. It also supports object-oriented programming via structs, enums, traits, and methods. It is popular for systems programming.

Software developer Graydon Hoare created Rust as a personal project while working at Mozilla Research in 2006. Mozilla officially sponsored the project in 2009. In the years following the first stable release in May 2015, Rust was adopted by companies including Amazon, Discord, Dropbox, Google (Alphabet), Meta, and Microsoft. In December 2022, it became the first language other than C and assembly to be supported in the development of the Linux kernel. (Full article...)
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Daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet (c. 1843)

Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (née Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852), also known as Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the Analytical Engine. She was the first to recognise that the machine had applications beyond pure calculation.

Lovelace was the only legitimate child of poet Lord Byron and reformer Anne Isabella Milbanke. All her half-siblings, Lord Byron's other children, were born out of wedlock to other women. Lord Byron separated from his wife a month after Ada was born and left England forever. He died in Greece when she was eight. Lady Byron was anxious about her daughter's upbringing and promoted Lovelace's interest in mathematics and logic in an effort to prevent her from developing her father's perceived insanity. Despite this, Lovelace remained interested in her father, naming her two sons Byron and Gordon. Upon her death, she was buried next to her father at her request. Although often ill in her childhood, Lovelace pursued her studies assiduously. She married William King in 1835. King was made Earl of Lovelace in 1838, Ada thereby becoming Countess of Lovelace.

Lovelace's educational and social exploits brought her into contact with scientists such as Andrew Crosse, Charles Babbage, Sir David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone and Michael Faraday, and the author Charles Dickens, contacts which she used to further her education. Lovelace described her approach as "poetical science" and herself as an "Analyst (& Metaphysician)". (Full article...)
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Go is a statically typed, compiled high-level general purpose programming language. It was designed at Google in 2009 by Robert Griesemer, Rob Pike, and Ken Thompson. It is syntactically similar to C, but also has memory safety, garbage collection, structural typing, and CSP-style concurrency. It is often referred to as Golang because of its former domain name, golang.org, but its proper name is Go.

There are two major implementations:
- The original, self-hosting compiler toolchain, initially developed inside Google;
- A frontend written in C++, called gofrontend, originally a GCC frontend, providing gccgo, a GCC-based Go compiler; later extended to also support LLVM, providing an LLVM-based Go compiler called gollvm.
(Full article...)
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Tanenbaum in 2012

Andrew Stuart Tanenbaum (born March 16, 1944), sometimes referred to by the handle AST, is an American-born Dutch computer scientist and retired professor emeritus of computer science at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam in the Netherlands.

He is the author of MINIX, a free Unix-like operating system for teaching purposes, and has written multiple computer science textbooks regarded as standard texts in the field. He regards his teaching job as his most important work. Since 2004 he has operated Electoral-vote.com, a website dedicated to analysis of polling data in federal elections in the United States. (Full article...)
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Logo since August 17, 2012

Microsoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system; Microsoft Office, a suite of productivity software; Xbox, a line of entertainment of games, music, and video; Bing, a line of search engines; and Microsoft Azure, a cloud services platform.

In 1980, Microsoft formed a partnership with IBM to bundle Microsoft's operating system with IBM computers; with that deal, IBM paid Microsoft a royalty for every sale. In 1985, IBM requested Microsoft to develop a new operating system for their computers called OS/2. Microsoft produced that operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they had captured over 90% market share of the world's personal computers.

As of June 30, 2015, Microsoft has a global annual revenue of US$86.83 billion (~$109 billion in 2023) and 128,076 employees worldwide. It develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of software products for computing devices. (Full article...)
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In computer systems a loader is the part of an operating system that is responsible for loading programs and libraries. It is one of the essential stages in the process of starting a program, as it places programs into memory and prepares them for execution. Loading a program involves either memory-mapping or copying the contents of the executable file containing the program instructions into memory, and then carrying out other required preparatory tasks to prepare the executable for running. Once loading is complete, the operating system starts the program by passing control to the loaded program code.

All operating systems that support program loading have loaders, apart from highly specialized computer systems that only have a fixed set of specialized programs. Embedded systems typically do not have loaders, and instead, the code executes directly from ROM or similar. In order to load the operating system itself, as part of booting, a specialized boot loader is used. In many operating systems, the loader resides permanently in memory, though some operating systems that support virtual memory may allow the loader to be located in a region of memory that is pageable.

In the case of operating systems that support virtual memory, the loader may not actually copy the contents of executable files into memory, but rather may simply declare to the virtual memory subsystem that there is a mapping between a region of memory allocated to contain the running program's code and the contents of the associated executable file. (See memory-mapped file.) The virtual memory subsystem is then made aware that pages with that region of memory need to be filled on demand if and when program execution actually hits those areas of unfilled memory. This may mean parts of a program's code are not actually copied into memory until they are actually used, and unused code may never be loaded into memory at all. (Full article...)
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Object Pascal is an extension to the programming language Pascal that provides object-oriented programming (OOP) features such as classes and methods.

The language was originally developed by Apple Computer as Clascal for the Lisa Workshop development system. As Lisa gave way to Macintosh, Apple collaborated with Niklaus Wirth, the author of Pascal, to develop an officially standardized version of Clascal. This was renamed Object Pascal. Through the mid-1980s, Object Pascal was the main programming language for early versions of the MacApp application framework. The language lost its place as the main development language on the Mac in 1991 with the release of the C++-based MacApp 3.0. Official support ended in 1996.

Symantec also developed a compiler for Object Pascal for their Think Pascal product, which could compile programs much faster than Apple's own Macintosh Programmer's Workshop (MPW). Symantec then developed the Think Class Library (TCL), based on MacApp concepts, which could be called from both Object Pascal and THINK C. The Think suite largely displaced MPW as the main development platform on the Mac in the late 1980s. (Full article...)
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Forth is a stack-oriented programming language and interactive integrated development environment designed by Charles H. "Chuck" Moore and first used by other programmers in 1970. Although not an acronym, the language's name in its early years was often spelled in all capital letters as FORTH. The FORTH-79 and FORTH-83 implementations, which were not written by Moore, became de facto standards, and an official technical standard of the language was published in 1994 as ANS Forth. A wide range of Forth derivatives existed before and after ANS Forth. The free and open-source software Gforth implementation is actively maintained, as are several commercially supported systems.

Forth typically combines a compiler with an integrated command shell, where the user interacts via subroutines called words. Words can be defined, tested, redefined, and debugged without recompiling or restarting the whole program. All syntactic elements, including variables, operators, and control flow, are defined as words. A stack is used to pass parameters between words, leading to a Reverse Polish Notation style.

For much of Forth's existence, the standard technique was to compile to threaded code, which can be interpreted faster than bytecode. One of the early benefits of Forth was size: an entire development environment—including compiler, editor, and user programs—could fit in memory on an 8-bit or similarly limited system. No longer constrained by space, there are modern implementations that generate optimized machine code like other language compilers. The relative simplicity of creating a basic Forth system has led to many personal and proprietary variants, such as the custom Forth used to implement the bestselling 1986 video game Starflight from Electronic Arts. (Full article...)

Избранные изображения

Image 1Перфокарта IBM Port-A-Punch
Image 2GNOME Shell, GNOME Clocks, Evince, gThumb и GNOME Files версии 3.30, в тёмной теме
Image 3Стивен Вольфрам — британо-американский компьютерный ученый, физик и бизнесмен. Он известен своими работами в области компьютерных наук, математики и теоретической физики.
Image 4Выходные данные из (линеаризованной) модели уравнения мелкой воды для воды в ванне. Вода испытывает 5 всплесков, которые создают поверхностные гравитационные волны, которые распространяются от мест всплесков и отражаются от стенок ванны.
Image 5Частичная карта Интернета , основанная на данных от 15 января 2005 года, найденных на opte.org. Каждая линия проведена между двумя узлами, представляющими два IP-адреса. Длина линий указывает на задержку между этими двумя узлами. Этот график представляет менее 30% сетей класса C, доступных программе сбора данных в начале 2005 года.
Image 6Вид текстового редактора GNU nano версии 6.0
Image 7Одинокий дом. Изображение сделано с помощью Blender 3D .
Image 8Анимация неоднородной рациональной B-сплайновой поверхности. Смоделировано и визуализировано в Cobalt .
Image 9Маргарет Гамильтон стоит рядом с навигационным программным обеспечением, которое она и ее команда из Массачусетского технологического института разработали для проекта «Аполлон» .
Image 10Грейс Хоппер за клавиатурой UNIVAC, ок. 1960 г. Грейс Брюстер Мюррей: американский математик и контр-адмирал ВМС США, которая была пионером в разработке компьютерных технологий, помогла разработать UNIVAC I, первый коммерческий электронный компьютер, и военно-морские приложения для COBOL (язык программирования общего назначения).
Image 11Планерное ружье Билла Госпера в действии
Image 12Deep Blue была шахматной экспертной системой, работающей на уникальном специально созданном суперкомпьютере IBM . Это был первый компьютер, выигравший игру , и первый, выигравший матч против действующего чемпиона мира с обычным контролем времени. Фотография сделана в Музее истории компьютеров .
Image 13Анимация алгоритма быстрой сортировки , сортирующего массив случайных значений
Image 14Ада Лавлейс была английским математиком и писателем, в основном известной по своей работе над предложенным Чарльзом Бэббиджем механическим универсальным компьютером , Аналитической машиной . Она была первой, кто понял, что машина имеет применение за пределами чистого вычисления, и опубликовала первый алгоритм, предназначенный для выполнения такой машиной. В результате ее часто считают первым программистом .
Image 15Скриншот GNU Emacs 22.0.91.1 из пакета emacs-snapshot-gtk Ubuntu .
Image 16Частичный вид множества Мандельброта . Шаг 1 последовательности масштабирования: Промежуток между «головой» и «телом», также называемый «долиной морского конька».
Image 17Это изображение (при просмотре в полном размере, шириной 1000 пикселей) содержит 1 миллион пикселей , каждый из которых имеет свой цвет.
Image 18Поломка головки на современном жестком диске

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... что «хакер» с записями в блоге, написанными ChatGPT, оказался в центре онлайн-поиска предметов, рекламирующих альбом Avenged Sevenfold Life Is but a Dream... ?
... что розовый скин для Мерси в видеоигре Overwatch помог собрать более 12 миллионов долларов на исследования рака груди?
... что изучение алгоритмов отбора восходит к работе Льюиса Кэрролла 1883 года о том, как присуждать второе место в турнирах с выбыванием ?
... что диалект языка программирования Корнелльского университета, ориентированный на студентов, стал доступен другим университетам, но взамен потребовал выплаты «исследовательского гранта»?
... что Ги Пармелин , ныне президент Швейцарии , открыл в 2018 году программу обучения по кибербезопасности в Люцернской школе информационных технологий ?