Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals

Consonantal sounds represented by ⟨n⟩ in IPA

The voiced alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is ⟨n⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.

The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal.^{[citation needed]} There are a few languages that lack either sound but have [m], such as Yoruba, Palauan, and colloquial Samoan (however, these languages all have [ŋ]. An example of a language without [n] and [ŋ] is Edo). There are some languages (e.g. Rotokas) that lack both [m] and [n].

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance, Dravidian, and Australian languages, n is often called "dental" in the literature. However, the rearmost contact, which gives a consonant its distinctive sound, is actually alveolar or denti-alveolar. The difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth but the part of the tongue that makes contact. In English, it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), but in the Romance languages, it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental n. It is found in the Mapuche language of South America, where it is actually interdental. A true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in the languages that have it, as in English tenth. Similarly, a denti-alveolar allophone occurs in languages that have denti-alveolar stops, as in Spanish cinta.

Some languages contrast laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar nasals. For example, in the Malayalam pronunciation of Nārāyanan, the first n is dental, the second is retroflex, and the third alveolar.

A postalveolar nasal occurs in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including Djeebbana and Jingulu.^[1]

Features

Features of the voiced alveolar nasal:

• Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
• There are four specific variants of [n]:
  • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
  • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
• Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
• It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
• It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
• Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Alveolar

Postalveolar

Variable

See also

• Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. Chadwick, Neil J. (1975). A descriptive study of the Djingili language. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
2. Padluzhny (1989), pp. 49–50.
3. Klagstad (1958), p. 46.
4. Rafel (1999), p. 14.
5. Suomi, Toivanen & Ylitalo (2008), p. 29.
6. Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
7. Arvaniti (2007), p. 15.
8. Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
9. Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
10. Canepari (1992), p. 58.
11. Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
12. Nau (1998), p. 6.
13. Lunt (1952), p. 1.
14. Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
15. Rocławski (1976), p. 136.
16. Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
17. Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
18. (in Portuguese) Unesp's digital collection – The deleting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent Archived 2012-12-31 at archive.today
19. (in Portuguese) The deletting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent – PDF
20. Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
21. Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
22. Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
23. Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
24. Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
25. Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
26. Ladefoged (2005), p. 139. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLadefoged2005 (help)
27. Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
28. Kara (2003), p. 11.
29. Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
30. Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
31. Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
32. Merrill (2008), p. 108.
33. Valencian pronunciation: ['pän̠t͡ɕä]. What are transcribed /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ in Catalan are actually alveolo-palatal sibilants [ɕ, ʑ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ].
34. Dixon (2002), p. 585.
35. Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
36. Canepari (1992), pp. 58–59.
37. Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
38. Wells (1982), p. 388.
39. Mangold (2005), p. 49.
40. Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
41. Riad (2014), p. 46.

References

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External links

• List of languages with [n] on PHOIBLE