stringtranslate.com

Arabic exonyms

This list of Arabic exonyms includes names that are significantly different from the names of the same places in other languages, as well as names of Arabic origin in countries (especially Spain) where Arabic is no longer spoken. Some of these exonyms are no longer in use, these are marked by italics.

Places not mentioned are generally referred to in Arabic by their respective names in their native languages, adapted to Arabic phonology as necessary.

Austria

China

Cyprus

France

Georgia

Germany

Gibraltar

Greece

Hungary

Italy

Indonesia

Malta

Montenegro

Netherlands

Portugal

Spain

Sweden

Turkmenistan

See also

References

  1. ^ Goldstein: Press 1 for English. The Dartmouth. Archived from the original on 2018-07-06 and can be viewed on 2018-05-22.
  2. ^ Namenforschung / Name Studies / Les noms propres. 2. Halbband+Registerband. Walter de Gruyter. 1 Jan 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-020343-1 Archived from the original on 2020-01-03.
  3. ^ The Wiktionary for النمسا
  4. ^ These passages about Khān Bālq taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta. Archived version made in 31 Aug, 2018
  5. ^ The Medieval World Through Muslim Eyes by Abdullah Ibrahim. Archived Version made in 26 Feb, 2020]
  6. ^ a b The Wiktionary for الصين
  7. ^ a b Yule, Henry (2005) [1915]. Cordier, Henri (ed.). Cathay and the Way Thither, pg.165. ISBN 81-206-1966-8
  8. ^ a b These passages about Guangzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.
  9. ^ a b c d The Mutual Civilizational Influences Between the Islamic World and China (المؤثرات الحضارية المتبادلة بين العالم الإسلامي والصين) by Ibrahim Muhammad, pg. 62.
  10. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.211 This page about Guangzhou on Wikisource] QID:Q1089336
  11. ^ Jawahir al-Kalam by Sheikh Muhammad Hasan an-Najafi, pg.145. Archived version made in 30 Nov, 2019]
  12. ^ These passages about Quanzhou taken from al-Masalik website, which itself is taken from The Rihla, a travelogue written by Ibn Battuta.
  13. ^ Schottenhammer, Angela (2010). "Transfer of Xiangyao 香藥 from Iran and Arabia to China: A Reinvestigation of Entries in the Youyang Zazu 酉陽雜俎 (863)". Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. East Asian Maritime History. Vol. 10. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 145. ISBN 978-3-447-06103-2
  14. ^ Haw, Stephen G. (2006). Marco Polo's China: a Venetian in the realm of Khubilai Khan. Routledge studies in the early history of Asia. Vol. 3. Psychology Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-415-34850-1.
  15. ^ «al-'Afqusiyah (Nicosia): The name of the main city of Cyprus, it known in Roman(Latin) as 'Afaqadion', which means the most strategic area. I was told so by an Arabic man of Cypriot origin.» [الأَفْقُوسِيَة] part 1 pg 232, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  16. ^ "بلاد الكرج وعلاقاتها مع القوى المجاورة (500- 658هـ/ 1106- 1260م)". Journal of the College of Basic Education. 22 (94/انساني). 2016.
  17. ^ Encyclopedia of Orientalists by Abd al-Rahman Badawi (موسوعة المستشرقين لعبد الرحمن بدوي), a copy has been preserved March 15, 2020 on the Wayback Machine.
  18. ^ a b Everett-Heath, John (2020). "Tbilisi (Tbilisi), Georgia (Tiflis)". The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (6 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-190563-6. Archived from the original on 28 May 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2021. The former name is the Persian pronunciation, which is also used by Russians and Armenians. The present Georgian spelling was adopted in 1936
  19. ^ a b Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition: "Tiflīs"
  20. ^ Wiktionary for تفلیس
  21. ^ W. Montgomery Watt; Pierre Cachia (2007). A History of Islamic Spain. Transaction Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-202-30936-1. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
  22. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, s.v. Iķrīṭish
  23. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.596 QID:Q1089336
  24. ^ a b c d e f g h Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.163 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  25. ^ a b Agathae sub Alis
  26. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.758 QID:Q1089336
  27. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.752 QID:Q1089336
  28. ^ a b c d Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.754 QID:Q1089336
  29. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.771 QID:Q1089336
  30. ^ a b c d Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.748 QID:Q1089336
  31. ^ a b c d e f JEAN-CHARLES, JEAN-CHARLES (2012). "La France et les territoires avoisinants dans le Uns al-muhaǧ wa-rawḍ al-furaǧ." Journal Asiatique 300.1: 87–138. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2022-09-28.
  32. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.760 QID:Q1089336
  33. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.632 QID 1089336
  34. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.614 QID:Q1089336
  35. ^ a b The Wiktionary for Buscemi
  36. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.584 QID 1089336
  37. ^ Ibn al-Shama' (ابن الشماع). Evidence of illumination in the glories of the Hafsid dynasty(الأدلة البينة النورانية في مفاخر الدولة الحفصية).
  38. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 427, QID: Q20418218
  39. ^ a b Vol. 16 (2016) Vera von Falkenhausen, Nadia Jamil, Jeremy Johns, The twelfth-century documents of St. George's of Tròccoli (Sicily)
  40. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.608 QID:Q1089336
  41. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.600 QID:Q1089336
  42. ^ Ahmed Tawfiq Al-Madani. Muslims in Sicily and southern Italy(المسلمون في جزيرة صقلية وجنوب إيطاليا). Al-Istiqama Library( مكتبة الاستقامة), Tunisia, 1365 HIjri (1945-1946), first edition.
  43. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.618 QID:Q1089336
  44. ^ Talbi, Mohamed (1966). L'Émirat aghlabide, 184-296/800-909: histoire politique (in French). Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, Adrien-Maisinneuve. p. 494.
  45. ^ Vasiliev, A.A. (1968), Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II, 1ére partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à L'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (867–959) (in French), French ed.: Henri Grégoire, Marius Canard, Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales, p. 106
  46. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.753 QID:Q1089336
  47. ^ Michele Amari's proposed etymology from عين القطّاع ʻAyn al-qaṭṭāʻ ('Spring of the [stone]-cutter") has been abandoned. See Ignazio Scaturro, Storia della città di Sciacca (1924), p. 195.
  48. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.585 QID:Q1089336
  49. ^ a b c d Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.615 QID 1089336
  50. ^ “In the year 253 Hijri (867-868), Khafajah marched from Balram (Palermo) to the city of Saraqusah (Syracuse) and Qaṭāniyyah (Catania), ruining the land and destroyed its crops.” Ibn al-Athir, al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh.
  51. ^ a b Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.465, QID 6417674
  52. ^ a b c «Qaṭāliyyah (Catania): also known as Qaṭāniyyah, is an ancient city with churches furnished with speckled marble, it lies on the coast of the island of Siqilliya (Sicily) and sits at the foot of Jabal al-Nār (Mount Etna), it has an elephant statue made of stone and for that it is known as Madinat al-Fīl.» [قَطالِيَة] part 4 pg. 370, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  53. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.772 QID:Q1089336
  54. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.604 QID:Q1089336
  55. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.750 QID:Q1089336
  56. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.620 QID 1089336
  57. ^ "Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq p. 605 - volume 2 - al-Shamela library" Archived from the original in 2022-09-25.
  58. ^ a b c Petra Sijpesteijn. From al-Andalus to Khurasan: documents from the medieval Muslim world, page 88.
  59. ^ John Follain (8 Jun 2009). The Last Godfathers. Hachette UK. ISBN 978-1-84894-249-3. Corleone, whose name is believed to derive from Kurliyun (Lionheart), an Arab fighter who conquered it in AD 840, has a proud tradition of standing up for its rights, and violently so...
  60. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.629 QID:Q1089336
  61. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.603 QID:Q1089336
  62. ^ Khayr al-Din al-Zarkli, الأعلام, part 5 pg. 137.
  63. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.756 QID:Q1089336
  64. ^ Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.279. ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.
  65. ^ Ventura, Giuseppe. "Profilo storico". Comune di Gela (in Italian). Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  66. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Īṭaliya
  67. ^ Trabia, Carlo. "Discovering the Kalsa". Best of Sicily. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
  68. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.627 QID:Q1089336
  69. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.742 QID:Q1089336
  70. ^ a b c d Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 728, QID: Q20418218
  71. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.601 QID:Q1089336
  72. ^ a b "marsala | Origin and meaning of the name marsala by Online Etymology Dictionary". etymonline.com. Retrieved 3 January 2018.
  73. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.595 QID 1089336
  74. ^ «(...) and twelve miles from it to the anchorage of Messina (...)». Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
  75. ^ Chevedden, Paul E. (2010), "A Crusade from the First: The Norman Conquest of Islamic Sicily, 1060–1091", Al-Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, 22 (2): 191, doi:10.1080/09503110.2010.488891, S2CID 162316105
  76. ^ Ibn Khaldun (Investigation: Abu Suhaib Al-Karmi). History of Ibn Khaldun. بيت الأفكار الدولية. Page 42.
  77. ^ a b Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.165 ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.
  78. ^ The Great Dictionary of the Arabic Language Academy in Egypt(المعجم الكبير لمجمع اللغة العربية في مصر), letter ب, pg. 520
  79. ^ a b c d Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.164. ISBN 977-1470-49-3. QID 114648616.
  80. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.747 QID:Q1089336
  81. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.998 QID:Q1089336
  82. ^ Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.280, QID 6417674
  83. ^ a b c al-Kamal fi at-Tarikh by Ibn al-Athir. A copy was preserved at April 5, 2020 on the Wayback Machine.
  84. ^ a b c Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
  85. ^ "Subh al-Asha fi Kitabat al-Insha (صبح الأعشى في كتابة الإنشا)" by al-Qalqashandi, part 5, pg. 374.
  86. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.749 QID:Q1089336
  87. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.597 QID 1089336
  88. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.764 QID 1089336
  89. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.757 QID 1089336
  90. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.628 QID 1089336
  91. ^ «Tābarmīn (Taormina): a fortified castle in Sicily.» [طَبَرْمِين] part 4 pg 17, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  92. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.773 QID 1089336
  93. ^ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 382, QID:Q6417674
  94. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.630 QID 1089336
  95. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.738 QID:Q1089336
  96. ^ 'Asam Sisalim (1984) Juzur al-Andalus al-Mansiyah [جُزُر الْأَنْدَلُس الْمَنْسِيَّة] (First Print) Beirut: دار العلم للملايين, p.144, OCLC:903268596, QID:Q107104515
  97. ^ Maroun Semaan Raad, مقام الأمير فخر الدين المعني في الغرب, pages 29 - 78 - 121, QID:Q117662668
  98. ^ Ya'qub Sarkis, (1948), مباحث عراقية، شركة التجارة والطباعة المحدودة, part 2 pg. 157, QID:Q117662704
  99. ^ Hussein bin Ali al-Kattani, (2020), تعداد المسلمين بالعالم, Beirut:دار الكتب العلمية, pg. 734, ISBN 978-2-7451-9728-3. QID:Q116973732.
  100. ^ Muhammad Kurd Ali, (2022), الإسلام والحضارة العربية ,مؤسسة هنداوي, p.767, ISBN 978-1-5273-1373-6. QID:Q117662784.
  101. ^ Taha Hussein, Muhammad Kurd Ali, Ali Mustafa Mushrifah, (1936), آراء حرة, مؤسسة هنداوي, pg.58, ISBN 978-1-5273-1468-9. QID:Q117662911.
  102. ^ "BNDQ بندق", Etymological Dictionary of Arabic, 2021.
  103. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.765 QID 1089336
  104. ^ Michele Amari, Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia, volume 2, Florence, Felice Le Monnier, 1858.
  105. ^ a b Christopher Gravett (1 July 2007). History of Castles, New and Revised. Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-4617-4929-5.
  106. ^ A Companion to Medieval Palermo: The History of a Mediterranean City. Leiden; Boston : Brill. 2013. ISBN 978-90-04-25253-0.
  107. ^ Kridalaksana, Harimurti (2001). Wiwara: Pengantar Bahasa dan Kebudayaan Jawa (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
  108. ^ S.K., Lim (2011). Asian Civilizations. Singapore: Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-981-229-594-1.
  109. ^ Shahrizal bin Mahpol (2002). "Penguasaan tulisan jawi di kalangan pelajar Melayu : suatu kajian khusus di UiTM cawangan Kelantan (Competency in Jawi among Malay students: A specific study in UiTM, Kelantan campus)". Digital Repository, Universiti Malaya. Retrieved 8 July 2012.[permanent dead link]
  110. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.587 QID:Q1089336
  111. ^ Mohamed 'Itris (2001). "معجم بلدان العالم". Cairo, Dar al-Thaqafah for Publishing: 394. QID 116011554
  112. ^ a b Afūqay al-Andalusi describes the Netherlands four centuries ago here on January 7-2013, a preserved copy on August 03, 2010 can be found on the Wayback Machine.
  113. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 488, QID:Q20418218
  114. ^ "Dicionário de Arabismos da Língua Portuguesa" by José Adalberto Coelho Alves
  115. ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Arabic_exonyms/alf%C3%A2ndega
  116. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 2, pg. 395, QID:Q20418218
  117. ^ a b c Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 61, QID 114700810
  118. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.547 QID 1089336
  119. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 69, QID 114700810
  120. ^ a b "Beja | Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".
  121. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 3, pg. 560, QID: Q20418218
  122. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.726 QID 1089336
  123. ^ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.26, QID:Q51524786
  124. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 241, QID: Q20418218
  125. ^ Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.176 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  126. ^ a b c d e Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.123 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  127. ^ a b Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.172 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  128. ^ "Ulemas v1.7". http://www.eea.csic.es. Archived from the original on 2019-12-15 and 2019-06-12.
  129. ^ «In the forty miles between al-Yusāna (Lucena) to the city of Cordoba the forts of Ḥiṣn Bulāy (Aguilar de la Frontera) and Ḥiṣn Munturk (Monturque) can be encountered, which are forts inhabited by Berbers since the days of the Umayyads.» - Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
  130. ^ a b Pacheco Paniagua, Juan Antonio. Sobre la etimología de Albacete Archived 2010-04-07 at the Wayback Machine (PDF). Centro de Estudios de Castilla-La Mancha (in Spanish). pp. 71–78. Retrieved May 18, 2012
  131. ^ a b c d Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 46, QID 114700810
  132. ^ "Albalá". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre. 15 Dec 2021. Archived from the original on 2022-10-16.
  133. ^ a b c d al-Maqri al-Tlemceni, Nafah at-Tayib min Ghusn al'Andalus ar-Ratib(نفح الطيب من غصن الأندلس الرطيب).
  134. ^ «أُقْلِيشُ، بِالضَّمِّ: بلد، بِالأَنْدَلُسِ‌ ، مِنْ أَعْمَالِ شَنْتَمَرِيّةَ». al-Murtada al-Zubaidi. Taj al-'urus min Jawahir al-Qamus (تاج العروس من جواهر القاموس). section “Qalash (قلش)”
  135. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 51, QID 114700810
  136. ^ Ahmad Azawi, The Islamic West: During the 7th and 8th Centuries Hijri, a Study and Analysis of His Letters, pg. 217
  137. ^ Luis del Mármol (1984). افريقيا. Maktabat al-Maʻārif. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21.
  138. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 4, pg. 474, QID: Q20418218
  139. ^ a b Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.122 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  140. ^ a b c d e Hussein Munis (1987). Atlas of the history of Islam. Cairo (1st edition). Al-Zahraa for Arab Media(الزهراء للإعلام العربي). p.68 ISBN 977-14-7049-3. QID: Q114648616.
  141. ^ a b c Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 52, QID:Q114700810
  142. ^ José María Calvo Baeza, Nombres de lugar españoles de origen árabe, Madrid, Darek-Nyumba, 1994 (Pliegos de Encuentro Islamo-Cristiano, 11).
  143. ^ One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Alcázar de San Juan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 518.
  144. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 53, QID:Q114700810
  145. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 56, QID:Q114700810
  146. ^ "Actas del III Congreso Internacional História de la Lengua Española" (PDF).
  147. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 58, QID:Q114700810
  148. ^ Giménez Resano, Gaudioso (1990). «Toponimia árabe de Aragón». I Curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón : (Edad Media). ISBN 84-7820-091-6
  149. ^ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 433, QID:Q6417674
  150. ^ Rodríguez García, José (2017). «Historia». Alfarnate y Alfarnatejo: Un acercamiento a su historia. Antequera: ExLibric. p. 29
  151. ^ "algarrobo". Wiktionary. Aug 28, 2022. Archived from the original on 10–17–2022.
  152. ^ "Algeciras | Spain". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-05-25.
  153. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 63, QID 114700810
  154. ^ Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-062455-2. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  155. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Granada". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1.
  156. ^ «لقنت», part. 5 pg. 21, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  157. ^ a b c d e f g Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.15, QID:Q51524786
  158. ^ a b c d e f g h Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.538 QID:Q1089336
  159. ^ Shakib Arslan, الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية, Dar Maktabat al-Hayah(دار مكتبة الحياة), part. 3, p. 327, QID: Q19453221
  160. ^ "Laqant". Gran Enciclopedia Temática de la Comunidad Valenciana (in Valencian). Vol. Historia. Editorial Prensa Valenciana. 2009.
  161. ^ "Andalucia Province Website". Archived from the original on 06–23–2021.
  162. ^ al-Bayan al-Maghrib fi 'Akhabar al-Andalus wa al-Maghrib: Almohads Section - by al-Katani (البيان المغرب في أخبار الأندلس والمغرب: قسم الموحدين - للكتاني ), A copy was archived on December 16, 2019.
  163. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 82, QID: Q20418218
  164. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 65, QID 114700810
  165. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 66, QID 114700810
  166. ^ Celdrán, Pancracio (2004). Diccionario de topónimos españoles y sus gentilicios (in Spanish). Madrid: Espasa Calpe. p. 54. ISBN 978-84-670-3054-9
  167. ^ a b c d Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 68, QID 114700810
  168. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 67, QID 114700810
  169. ^ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 72, QID: Q113950705
  170. ^ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 537, QID:Q6417674
  171. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 70, QID 114700810
  172. ^ Membrado Tena, Joan Carles (2014). «Etimología semántica de topónimos municipales valencianos y aragoneses.». 2014, Actes d’Onomàstica de la VII Jornada Xèrica 2013
  173. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 71, QID 114700810
  174. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 136, QID: Q20418218
  175. ^ a b c d Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires publié de la Société de Geographie, Paris: Société de Géographie, part.6, pg.14, QID: Q51524786
  176. ^ a b "Shlubiniah: a village inhabited on the seashore, there are ten miles between it and al-Munakkab (Almuñécar)." Abu Abdullah al-Himyari, Sifat Jazirat al-Andalus (صفة جزيرة الأندلس).
  177. ^ a b “And from Shalubaniah (Salobreña) to the city of al-Munakkab (Almuñécar) by the sea, it is eight miles.” - Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq
  178. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 72, QID 114700810
  179. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.537 QID 1089336
  180. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 73, QID 114700810
  181. ^ «Jazīrat Shaqr (Alzira): In eastern Andalusia, it is one of the most peaceful and isolated of the lands of Allah and majority of it is meadows, trees and water. The writer Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Aisha al-Andalusi often resided there, and wrote poetry about it..» [جزيرة شَقْر] part 3 pg. 354, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  182. ^ Mokhtar, G (1981), Ancient Civilizations of Africa, vol. 2, University of California Press, p. 281, ISBN 978-0-520-06697-7
  183. ^ Burke, Ulick Ralph (1900), A History of Spain from the Earliest Times to the Death of Ferdinand the Catholic, vol. 1, Year Books, p. 410, ISBN 978-1-4437-4054-8, archived from the original on 21 August 2014, retrieved 21 August 2014
  184. ^ González Jiménez, Manuel (2012). "Sobre los orígenes históricos de Andalucía" (PDF). Boletín de la Real academia Sevillana de Buenas Letras: Minervae baeticae (40): 258. ISSN 0214-4395. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
  185. ^ Reinhart Anne Pieter Dozy (2009). Recherches Sur L'Histoire Et la Littérature de L'Espagne Pendant Le Moyen Age. BiblioBazaar. p. 303. ISBN 978-1-117-03148-4
  186. ^ a b «Arḍīṭ (Ardales): It is from the villages of Mālqah, born there was Abu al-Hasan Sulayman bin Muhammad bin al-Tarawa al-Saba’i al-Naḥwi Malqi al-Arḍīṭi, who was the Sheikh of the Andalusians of his time.» [أَرْضِيطُ] part 1 pg 152, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  187. ^ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.47, by Humanities Commons.
  188. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 77, QID 114700810
  189. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 80, QID 114700810
  190. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 81, QID 114700810
  191. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 83, QID 114700810
  192. ^ a b c Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 84, QID 114700810
  193. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 85, QID 114700810
  194. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 91, QID 114700810
  195. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 97, QID 114700810
  196. ^ Salas Martín, José (1995). «Toponimia cacereña: ¿Cáceres > Castra Caecilia?» (In Spanish). Anuario de estudios filológicos (18): 423-437. ISSN 0210-8178.
  197. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 99, QID 114700810
  198. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 564, QID:Q20418218
  199. ^ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1855), Über die arabische Geographie von Spanien (In German and Arabic), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, part 6 pg. 389, OCLC:163303843, QID:Q121346011
  200. ^ a b c d e f g h Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.16, QID:Q51524786
  201. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 259, QID:Q20418218
  202. ^ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Mémoires publié de la Société de Geographie , Paris: Société de Géographie, part 6 pg.30, QID:Q51524786
  203. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.583 QID:Q1089336
  204. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.550 QID:Q1089336
  205. ^ Shakib Arslan, al-Hulal as-Sundisiah fi al-'Akhbar wal-Athar al-'Andalusiah الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية Archive pg.291
  206. ^ J. Sanmartín (1994). «Toponimia y antroponimia: fuentes para el estudio de la cultura púnica en España». En A. González Blanco; J.L. Cunchillos Ilarri; M. Molina Martos, ed. El mundo púnico: historia, sociedad y cultura. Murcia: Consejería de Cultura y Educación. Región de Murcia. pp. 227-250. ISBN 84-7564-160-1
  207. ^ a b "Historia | Bienvenidos a la página oficial del Ayuntamiento de Caspe". 23 September 2013.
  208. ^ a b Encyclopaedia of Islam, Ḳas̲h̲tāla
  209. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.528 QID:Q1089336
  210. ^ Smedley, Edward; et al., eds. (1845), "Mauritania", Encyclopædia Metropolitana, vol. XXII, London: B. Fellowes & al., pp. 49
  211. ^ John Kitto; William Lindsay Alexander, eds. (1864). A Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature. Vol. 2. p. 350.
  212. ^ Dyer, Thomas H. (1873), "Septem Fratres", A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, vol. II, London: John Murray, p. 965
  213. ^ «Castillo de Cieza- Historia - Región de Murcia Digital» [In Spanish]. www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019 .
  214. ^ «Yacimiento de Siyâsa - Región de Murcia Digital» [In Spanish]. www.regmurcia.com. Retrieved December 11, 2019 .
  215. ^ Two archived articles in Spanish, one talks about 'The History of Siyāsah' [Jan 20, 2016] and another about 'The Museum of Siyāsah' [Feb 3, 2012]
  216. ^ a b A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.88, by Humanities Commons.
  217. ^ Hillenbrand, Robert (1992). ""The Ornament of the World": Medieval Córdoba as a Cultural Centre". In Jayyusi, Salma Khadra; Marín, Manuela (eds.). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Brill. p. 112. ISBN 978-90-04-09599-1
  218. ^ Seybold, C.F. & Ocaña Jiménez, M. (1986). "Ḳurṭuba". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Lewis, B. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume V: Khe–Mahi (2nd ed.). Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 509–512. ISBN 978-90-04-07819-2
  219. ^ Conquest and Arab-Islamic stability in North Africa and Andalusia (الفتح والاستقرار العربي الإسلامي في شمال أفريقيا والأندلس) by Abdul-Wahid Thanun Taha
  220. ^ The settlement of the municipality of Zaragoza (8th-10th centuries): data from geographical and historical sources [In Spanish] by Juan Antonio Souto Lasala (1959-2011)
  221. ^ An itinerary from Córdoba to Zaragoza in the 10th century (PDF) [In Spanish] by Jesús Zanón. Published by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
  222. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.560 QID:Q1089336
  223. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 2, pg. 227, QID: Q20418218
  224. ^ Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall (1855), Über die arabische Geographie von Spanien (In German and Arabic), Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller Universitäts-Verlagsbuchhandlung, part 6 pg. 391, OCLC:163303843, QID:Q121346011
  225. ^ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.96, by Humanities Commons.
  226. ^ List of Arabic and Spanish names for Iberian cities and places. Archived version on 14 July 2019.
  227. ^ «Qutunda (Cutenda): A town in al-Andalus, within the Thagr of Saraqusṭah, a battle between the Muslims and the Franks took place there, which was cited by the imam of the hadith scholars in Andalusia, Judge Abu Ali al-Hussein bin Muhammad bin Firah bin Hayun bin Sakra al-Sadfi al-Saraqusti, in Rabi’ al-Awwal in the year 514 Hijri, at the age of sixty years.» [قُتُنْدَةُ] part 4 pg310, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  228. ^ A Dictionary of Spanish Place Names (PDF) pg.97, by Humanities Commons.
  229. ^ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.346, ISBN 9948-06-119-5. QID:Q113951980
  230. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. part 2 p.554 QID:Q1089336
  231. ^ Muhammad ibn Abdul-Mun'im al-Himyari, ar-Ruwaḍ al-Mu'ṭār fi Khabar al-'Aqṭār (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار) p.235 QID:Q6417674
  232. ^ a b Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 105, QID 114700810
  233. ^ a b Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 727, QID: Q20418218
  234. ^ a b «...and from it flows the river of 'Ibrah, which is also the river of Ṭurṭūshah» [نَهْرُ إِبْرَةَ] part 4 pg 32, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  235. ^ «إِسْتِجَةُ», part. 1 pg. 174, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  236. ^ Giménez Resano, Gaudioso (1991). «Toponimia árabe de Aragón». I curso sobre lengua y literatura en Aragón (Edad Media).
  237. ^ POCKLINGTON, Robert (2016). «Lexemas toponímicos andalusíes (I)». Alhadra. Magazine of Andalusian culture 2. ISSN 2444-5282.
  238. ^ Wiktionary for فوارة
  239. ^ "Faraján". Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre (In Spanish). 16 Oct 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-10-16.
  240. ^ a b Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 1, pg. 257, QID: Q20418218
  241. ^ Ring, Trudy; Salkin, Robert M; La Boda, Sharon (1995). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Southern Europe. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-884964-04-4. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  242. ^ Room, Adrian (2006). Placenames of the World: Origins And Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features And Historic Sites. McFarland. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-7864-2248-7. Retrieved 27 December 2012.
  243. ^ Dale, Alfred (1882). The Synod of Elvira. MacMillan and Co. Retrieved 25 October 2014.
  244. ^ El Hareir, Idris (2011). The spread of Islam throughout the world. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2. Retrieved 25 October 2014
  245. ^ a b «Ibn Hawqal said: And Wādī Al-Ḥijāra is near the Madinat Salem. Ibn Saeed said: To the east of Ṭulayṭilah (Toledo) is the Madinat al-Faraj, and its river is called Wādī Al-Ḥijāra, and to its east is Madinat Salem.» Abu al-Fida', تقويم البلدان
  246. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 109, QID 114700810
  247. ^ Muhammad bin Abdel Mun'im al-Hamiri, al-Rawd al-Matar fi Khabar al-Aqtar (الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار), p. 63, QID:Q6417674
  248. ^ a b Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.733 QID:Q1089336
  249. ^ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.362, ISBN 9948-06-119-5. QID:Q113951980
  250. ^ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.352, ISBN 9948-06-119-5. QID:Q113951980
  251. ^ Société de Géographie de Paris., Recueil de Voyages et de Memoires publié de la Société de Geographie, Paris: Société de Géographie, part.6, pg.13, QID: Q51524786
  252. ^ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yassin(يوسف أحمد بني ياسين) (2004). بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي (دراسة مقارنة) p.356, ISBN 9948-06-119-5. QID:Q113951980
  253. ^ Joan Carles Membrado Tena. Sucronense toponymy in Valencia. Barcelona: Biblio 3W, REVISTA BIBLIOGRÁFICA DE GEOGRAFÍA Y CIENCIAS SOCIALES. University of Barcelona. Vol. XVII, No. 999, November 5, 2012
  254. ^ "Madrid... Arabic history shrouded in oblivion (مدريد.. تاريخ عربي يلفه النسيان)". Archived from the original on 2018-07-26 and 2017-04-25.
  255. ^ a b Khayat, Ikram. "Algunos aspectos de la influencia del árabe en la lengua española" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 26 December 2021.
  256. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. QID:Q1089336
  257. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 121, QID 114700810
  258. ^ Khatrat at-Tayf fi Rihlat ash-Shita' wa as-Sayf (خطرة الطيف في رحلة الشتاء والصيف) by Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib
  259. ^ Muhammad Abdullah Annan, The Islamic Nation in al-Andalus(دولة الإسلام في الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 404, QID:Q20418218
  260. ^ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 73, QID: Q113950705
  261. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.732 QID:Q1089336
  262. ^ Salma Khadra Jayyusi; Manuela Marín (1992). The Legacy of Muslim Spain. BRILL. p.136. ISBN 978-90-04-09599-1. Archived from the original in 07–02–2013
  263. ^ 'The Brief Encyclopedia of Islamic History (الموسوعة الموجزة في التاريخ الإسلامي)' a copy has been archived on 5-3-2016
  264. ^ «طَرَّكُونَةُ», part. 5 pg. 32, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  265. ^ Muhammad bin Abdul-Mun'im Al-Hamiri, الروض المعطار في خبر الأقطار., p.392, QID 6417674
  266. ^ Yousef Ahmad Bani Yasin, بلدان الأندلس في أعمال ياقوت الحموي الجغرافية (دراسة مقارنة) (First Print), مركز زايد للتراث والتاريخ, UAE, al-Ain, (1425 Hj, 2004 AD), pg.221, ISBN 9948-06-119-5
  267. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.536 QID:Q1089336
  268. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 136, QID:Q114700810
  269. ^ a b c d Muhammad Abdullah Annan, دولة الإسلام في الأندلس, part 5, pg. 729, QID: Q20418218
  270. ^ A page of a professor of the Facultad de Filología of the Universidad de Salamanca
  271. ^ Entry algar, in DRAE dictionary
  272. ^ a b Richard Burton, The Arabian Nights (vol. 9)'s footnote 82
  273. ^ Prof. Joseph E. Garreau, A Cultural Introduction to the Languages of Europe
  274. ^ a b Etymology and Meaning of Trafalgar
  275. ^ a b «أُبَّدَةُ», part. 1 pg. 64, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  276. ^ Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilization (موسوعة الحضارة الإسلامية). The Royal Society for Research in Islamic Civilization (Ahl al-Bayt Foundation). 1413 AH / 1993 AD. pg. 59.
  277. ^ Marín, Manuela et al., eds. 1998. The Formation of Al-Andalus: History and Society. Ashgate. ISBN 0-86078-708-7
  278. ^ Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, v. 23 The Zenith of the Marwanid House, transl. Martin Hinds, Suny, Albany, 1990
  279. ^ Shakib Arslan, الحلل السندسية في الأخبار والآثار الأندلسية, Dar Maktabat al-Hayah(دار مكتبة الحياة), part. 1, p. 338, QID: Q19453221
  280. ^ Muhammad al-Idrisi, Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq. p.727 QID:Q1089336
  281. ^ Mahmoud Sheib Khattab (2003), Leaders of the Andalusian Conquest(قادة فتح الأندلس), part. 1, pg. 82, QID: Q113950705
  282. ^ «سَرَقُسْطَةُ», part. 3 pg. 212, Yaqut al-Hamwi. معجم البلدان.
  283. ^ de la GRANJA, Fernando (1966). «La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí». La Marca Superior en la obra de al-'Udrí.
  284. ^ Miguel Asín Palacios (1944), Contribución a la toponimia árabe de España, Madrid, p. 145, QID 114700810
  285. ^ Muhammad Fareed Wajdi (1923). دائرة معارف القرن الرابع عشر-العشرين: قاموس عام مطول للغه العربية والعلوم النقلية والعقلية والكونية (Second edition) Twentieth Century Encyclopedia Press (مطبعة دائرة معارف القرن العشرين), Cairo: National Qatar Library(مكتبة قطر الوطنية), First volume, pg.353. Archived from the original l on 2018-06-16. "Sweden is a kingdom in northwest Europe on the Scandinavian peninsula, written by some Arabic writers as Asūj."
  286. ^ Team, Almaany. "ترجمة و معنى أسوج بالإنجليزي في قاموس المعاني. قاموس عربي انجليزي مصطلحات صفحة 1". http://www.almaany.com (بالإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2018-02-27. Retrieved 2018-02-27.