List of F5 and EF5 tornadoes

List of all F5 and EF5 tornadoes that have touched the ground.

The Xenia, Ohio, F5 tornado of April 3, 1974. This was one of two tornadoes to receive a preliminary rating of F6, which was downgraded later to a rating of F5.^[1]

This is a list of tornadoes which have been officially or unofficially labeled as F5, EF5, T10-T11, IF5, or an equivalent rating, the highest possible ratings on the various tornado intensity scales. These scales – the Fujita scale, the Enhanced Fujita scale, the International Fujita scale, and the TORRO tornado intensity scale – attempt to estimate the intensity of a tornado by classifying the damage caused to natural features and man-made structures in the tornado's path.^{[note 1][note 2]}

Each year, more than 2,000 tornadoes are recorded worldwide, with the vast majority occurring in North America and Europe.^[9] In order to assess the intensity of these events, meteorologist Ted Fujita devised a method to estimate maximum wind speeds within tornadic storms based on the damage caused; this became known as the Fujita scale. The scale ranks tornadoes from F0 to F5, with F0 being the least intense and F5 being the most intense. F5 tornadoes were estimated to have had maximum winds between 261 mph (420 km/h) and 318 mph (512 km/h).^{[10][note 3]}

F5 damage in Bridge Creek, Oklahoma, from the May 3, 1999, tornado.

Following two particularly devastating tornadoes in 1997 and 1999, engineers questioned the reliability of the Fujita scale. Ultimately, a new scale was devised that took into account 28 different damage indicators; this became known as the Enhanced Fujita scale.^[11] The Enhanced Fujita scale is used predominantly in North America. Most of Europe, on the other hand, uses the TORRO tornado intensity scale (or T-Scale), which ranks tornado intensity between T0 and T11; F5/EF5 tornadoes are approximately equivalent to T10 to T11 on the T-Scale.

In the United States, between 1950 and January 31, 2007, a total of 50 tornadoes were officially rated F5, and since February 1, 2007, a total of nine tornadoes have been officially rated EF5.^[12][13] Since 1950, Canada has had one tornado officially rated an F5.^[14] Outside the United States and Canada, seven tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent: two each in France and Germany, and one each in Italy, Argentina and Australia.

Several other tornadoes have also been documented as possibly attaining this status, though they are not officially rated as such. The work of tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis revealed the existence of several dozen likely F5 tornadoes between 1880 and 1995. Grazulis also called into question the ratings of several tornadoes currently rated F5 by official sources. Many tornadoes officially rated F4/EF4 or equivalent have been disputed and described as actual F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent tornadoes, and vice versa; since structures are completely destroyed in both cases, distinguishing between an EF4 tornado and an EF5 tornado is often very difficult.^[15] Additionally, because tornado ratings are damage-based, many tornadoes capable of causing F5/EF5/T10+ damage, such as those that move through rural areas, may receive lower ratings because their strongest winds do not strike any suitable damage indicators.^[16]

In 2024, Anthony W. Lyza, Matthew D. Flournoy, and A. Addison Alford, researchers with the National Severe Storms Laboratory, Storm Prediction Center, CIWRO, and the University of Oklahoma's School of Meteorology, published a paper stating, ">20% of supercell tornadoes may be capable of producing EF4–EF5 damage".^[17]

List of events

F5 and EF5 Tornadoes in the United States 1950-2019
Detailed map

The tornadoes on this list have been formally rated F5 by an official government source. Unless otherwise noted, the source of the F5 rating is the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), as shown in the archives of the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) and National Climatic Data Center (NCDC).^[18][19]

Prior to 1950, assessments of F5 tornadoes are based primarily on the work of Thomas P. Grazulis. The NCDC has accepted 38 of his F5 classifications of tornadoes occurring between 1880 and 1950. In addition to the accepted ones, Grazulis rated a further 25 during the same period which were not accepted. Grazulis' work has identified 16 additional F5 tornadoes between 1950 and 1995,^[20] with four later being accepted by the NCDC.^[19] From 1950 to 1970, tornadoes were assessed retrospectively, primarily using information recorded in government databases, as well as newspaper photographs and eyewitness accounts. Beginning in 1971, tornadoes were rated by the NWS using on-site damage surveys.^[21]

As of February 1, 2007, tornadoes in the United States are rated using the Enhanced Fujita scale, which replaced the Fujita scale in order to more accurately correlate tornadic intensity with damage indicators and to augment and refine damage descriptors. No earlier tornadoes will be reclassified on the Enhanced Fujita scale, and no new tornadoes in the United States will be rated on the original Fujita scale. France and Canada also adopted the EF-Scale in subsequent years. Since the creation of the International Fujita scale in 2018, no tornadoes have been rated IF5.

Official F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

Worldwide, a total of 67 tornadoes have been officially rated F5/EF5: 59 in the United States, two each in France and Germany, and one each in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and Italy. Of the 59 tornadoes in the United States, 50 are officially rated F5 on the original Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 11, 1953, and May 3, 1999), and nine are officially rated EF5 on the Enhanced Fujita scale (with dates of occurrence between May 4, 2007, and May 20, 2013). In total, 57 of these tornadoes have been rated F5 and ten have been rated EF5.

• 1760
• 1950
• 1960
• 1970
• 1980
• 1990
• 2000
• 2010

• T10/T11
• F5
• EF5

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes

Because the distinctions between F4/EF4/T9 and F5/EF5/T10 tornadoes are often ambiguous, the official ratings of numerous other tornadoes formally rated below F5/EF5/T10 or equivalent have been disputed, with certain government sources or independent studies contradicting the official record.

Previously rated F5/EF5/IF5 or rated F5/EF5/IF5 by others

This list includes tornadoes previously rated F5 or EF5 by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes rated F5/EF5 by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

• 1950
• 1960
• 1970
• 1980
• 1990
• 2000
• 2010

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 damage

This list includes tornadoes with possible F5 or EF5 damage indicated by the National Weather Service as well as tornadoes with possible F5/EF5 damage by other branches of the United States government, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

• 1660
• 1940
• 1950
• 1960
• 1980
• 1990
• 2000
• 2010

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 intensity

This list includes tornadoes believed or confirmed to have been at F5 or EF5 intensity. These indications can come from the United States government, Doppler on Wheels, tornado experts (i.e. Thomas P. Grazulis, Ted Fujita), or meteorological research institutions (i.e. European Severe Storms Laboratory).

• 1930
• 1970
• 1990
• 2010
• 2020

Possible F5/EF5/IF5 tornadoes with no official rating

Many other tornadoes have never been formally rated by an official government source but have nonetheless been described as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent, often by independent studies. Most of these tornadoes occurred prior to 1950, before tornadoes were rated according to standardized damage assessments, and their unofficial classifications as F5/EF5/T10+ or equivalent have been made in retrospect, largely on the basis of photographic analysis and eyewitness accounts. A few, such as the Tri-State Tornado of 1925, are widely accepted as F5/EF5/T10+ tornadoes, despite not being rated as such in official records.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by participating in discussions about tornadoes for this list.

See also

• Tornado intensity and damage
• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
  • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes
    • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2010–2019)
    • List of F4 and EF4 tornadoes (2020–present)
• List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
• Tornado myths

Notes

1. The Fujita scale was devised under the aegis of scientist T. Theodore Fujita in the early 1970s. Prior to the advent of the scale in 1971, tornadoes in the United States were officially unrated.^[2] The Fujita scale has been superseded by the Enhanced Fujita scale in the U.S. since February 1, 2007;^[3] Canada used the old scale until April 1, 2013;^[4] nations elsewhere, like the United Kingdom, apply other classifications such as the TORRO scale.^[5]
2. Historically, the number of tornadoes globally and in the United States was and is likely underrepresented: research by Grazulis on annual tornado activity suggests that, as of 2001, only 53% of yearly U.S. tornadoes were officially recorded. Documentation of tornadoes outside the United States was historically less exhaustive, owing to the lack of monitors in many nations and, in some cases, to internal political controls on public information.^[6] Most countries only recorded tornadoes that produced severe damage or loss of life.^[7] Significant low biases in U.S. tornado counts likely occurred through the early 1990s, when advanced NEXRAD was first installed and the National Weather Service began comprehensively verifying tornado occurrences.^[8]
3. The winds estimated by the Fujita scale are estimated values and have not been verified scientifically.^[10]

References

1. Fujita, T. Theodore (1974). "Jumbo Tornado Outbreak of 3 April 1974" (PDF).
2. Multiple sources:
   • Grazulis 1993, p. 141
   • Grazulis 2001a, p. 131
3. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
4. "Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF-Scale)". Environment and Climate Change Canada. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
5. "The International Tornado Intensity Scale". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
6. Grazulis 2001a, pp. 251–254.
7. Edwards, Roger (March 5, 2015). "TORNADO CLIMATOLOGY and DATA". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved 2016-02-25.
8. Cook & Schaefer 2008, p. 3135.
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    • "Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage". Storm Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
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15. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 143–145
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 147–148
16. Multiple sources:
    • Bluestein, Snyder & Houser 2015, p. 526
    • Wurman et al. 2021, p. 318
17. Lyza, Anthony W.; Flournoy, Matthew D.; Alford, A. Addison (March 19, 2024). "Comparison of Tornado Damage Characteristics to Low-Altitude WSR-88D Radar Observations and Implications for Tornado Intensity Estimation" (Academic publication). Monthly Weather Review. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and University of Oklahoma via the American Meteorological Society. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-23-0242.1. Retrieved 2024-03-19.
18. Edwards 2021.
19. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, pp. 10–17.
20. Grazulis 2001b, p. 9.
21. McDonald 2001, p. 65.
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23. Multiple sources:
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24. Multiple sources:
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    • "Tornade EF5 à Montville (Seine-Maritime) le 19 août 1845". Keraunos (in French). Observatoire Français des Tornades et des Orages Violents. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2022-12-06.
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25. Multiple sources:
    • "Severe Storms Archive - Tornado 21 Feb 1876 to 22 Feb 1876". Melbourne: Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 2023-02-08.
    • "The Tornado at Bowen". Brisbane Courier. Vol. 30, no. 2732. Brisbane. February 22, 1876. p. 3. Retrieved 2023-02-08 – via Trove.
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26. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 2001a, p. 256
    • "British & European Tornado Extremes". Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. 2009. Archived from the original on 2009-06-21.
    • "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
27. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 12.
28. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 970
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 20
29. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 972
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 20
30. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 974
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 21
    • Kelley, Ken (1953). "News and Video Footage". Detroit/Pontiac, MI Weather Forecast Office. White Lake, Michigan: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
31. "June 8, 1953: Remembering the Flint-Beecher Tornado". Absolute Michigan. June 8, 2017. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
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33. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 975
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 21
34. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 976
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 21
35. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 987
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
    • "The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak and Blackwell Tornado of 25-26 May 1955". Norman, OK Weather Forecast Office. Norman, Oklahoma: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
36. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 13.
37. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 987–988
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
    • "Pictures from the Udall tornado". Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast Office. Wichita, Kansas: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
    • "Storm report from the Udall tornado". Wichita, Kansas Weather Forecast Office. Wichita, Kansas: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
    • "1955 Udall Tornado | Wichita Eagle". Kansas.com. February 23, 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-09-15.
38. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 995
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
    • Ostuno 2008, pp. 16, 32
    • "1956 Tornado Outbreak: Vriesland to Trufant Tornado - Eyewitness Accounts". Grand Rapids, MI Weather Forecast Office. Grand Rapids, Michigan: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
39. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1007
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
    • "Ruskin Heights Tornado of May 20 1957". Kansas City/Pleasant Hill, MO Weather Forecast Office. Pleasant Hill, Missouri: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-21.
40. Multiple sources:
    • Fujita 1971, p. 3
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1009
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
    • "Digital Horizons: Item Viewer". Digitalhorizonsonline.org. June 20, 1957. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
41. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1013
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
42. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1015
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
43. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1027
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 22
44. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1050
    • Grazulis 2001b, pp. 5, 23
    • "Wichita Falls, TX Tornado, Apr 1964 - Twister Slams Wichita Falls | GenDisasters ... Genealogy in Tragedy, Disasters, Fires, Floods". gendisasters.com. Archived from the original on 2013-11-19. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
45. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1054
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 23
    • "May 5, 1964: F5 Tornado Tracks From Adams To Butler County". Hastings, NE Weather Forecast Office. Hastings, Nebraska: National Weather Service. May 1, 2014. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
46. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 14.
47. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1074
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 23
48. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1079
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
    • "NWS Jackson, MS - Mar. 3, 2006 40th Anniversary of the Candlestick Park Tornado". Jackson, Mississippi Weather Forecast Office. Flowood, Mississippi: National Weather Service. Retrieved 2021-03-22.
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49. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1082
    • Grazulis 2001a, p. 147
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
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50. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1084
    • Grazulis 2001a, p. 142
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 5
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
51. Multiple sources:
    • "European Severe Weather Database". European Severe Storms Laboratory. 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-25.
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 3
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52. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
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53. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1097
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
54. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1098
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
55. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1100
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57. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1113
    • Grazulis 2001a, pp. 131–132
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 5
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
    • Mehta et al. 1971, p. 415
    • Edwards et al. 2022
58. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1121
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 24
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59. Multiple sources:
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62. Multiple sources:
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63. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 15.
64. Multiple sources:
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65. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 2001a, p. 214
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
    • Fujita & Abbey, Jr. 1983
66. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 1150–1152
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1154
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
    • Fujita & Abbey, Jr. 1983
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67. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1156
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
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68. "Aerial Pictures from April 3-4th, 1974". Huntsville, AL Weather Forecast Office. Huntsville, Alabama: National Weather Service. March 29, 2014. Retrieved 2021-04-04.
69. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1160
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
    • Fujita & Abbey, Jr. 1983
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70. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1160
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
    • Gordon et al. 2000, p. 8
71. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 1150–1152
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1161
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 25
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72. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1182
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 27
    • "March 26, 1976 F-5 SPIRO OKLAHOMA TORNADO". WebSpawner. March 26, 1976. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved 2013-07-13.
73. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1184
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 27
74. Multiple sources:
    • Grazulis 1993, pp. 1186, 1187
    • Grazulis 2001a, p. 214
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 27
75. Lott, McCown & Ross 2000, p. 16.
76. Multiple sources:
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    • Grazulis 1993, p. 1192
    • Grazulis 2001b, p. 28
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Further reading

• Rincon, Paul (July 11, 2003). "UK, Holland top twister league". British Broadcasting Company. Retrieved 2023-07-25.
• "Observing tornadoes, dust devils, whirl winds, water spouts and land spouts". Australia Severe Weather. November 11, 2008. Archived from the original on 2022-11-27. Retrieved 2022-10-09.

External links

• Climatological Risk of Strong and Violent Tornadoes in the United States (Paper 9.4, Second Conference on Environmental Applications)
• Severe Thunderstorm and Tornado Climatology (NSSL)
• Fujita Scale
• Extreme Weather at the CBC.ca Archives
• List of strong tornadoes from 1879 to 2000