Этот хронологический список пап Католической церкви соответствует тому, что приведен в Annuario Pontificio под заголовком «I Sommi Pontefici Romani» (Римские верховные понтифики), за исключением тех, которые явно указаны как антипапы . Annuario Pontificio , ежегодно публикуемый Римской курией , больше не идентифицирует пап по королевскому номеру, заявляя, что невозможно решить, какой папа представлял законную преемственность в разное время. [1] Издание Annuario Pontificio 2001 года внесло «почти 200 исправлений в существующие биографии пап, от Святого Петра до Иоанна Павла II». Исправления касались дат, особенно в первые два столетия, мест рождения и фамилии одного папы. [2]
Термин папа ( лат . papa , дословно «отец») используется в нескольких церквях для обозначения их высших духовных лидеров (например, коптский папа ). Этот титул в английском языке обычно относится к главе католической церкви. Католический папа использует различные титулы по традиции, включая Summus Pontifex , Pontifex Maximus и Servus servorum Dei . Каждый титул был добавлен уникальными историческими событиями и, в отличие от других папских прерогатив, не является неизменяемым. [3]
Значительное число этих пап были признаны святыми , включая 48 из первых 50 последовательных пап, а другие находятся в процессе причисления к лику святых. Из первых 31 пап 28 умерли мученической смертью.
Хронологический список пап
1-е тысячелетие
1-й век
Хронология ранних пап является предметом серьезных споров. Первые древние списки пап были написаны только в конце II века, после того, как в Риме уже развился монархический епископат. Эти первые списки объединяли противоречивые традиции, и даже преемственность первых пап оспаривается. Первые определенные даты — 222 и 235 гг. н. э., выборы Урбана I и Либерия . Годы, указанные для первых 30 пап, следуют работе Ричарда Адельберта Липсиуса , которая часто показывает разницу в 3 года с традиционными датами, данными Евсевием Кесарийским . [4] Эти же даты использует Католическая энциклопедия . [5]
Regnal numbers follow the usual convention for European monarchs. The first pope who chooses a unique name is not usually identified by an ordinal, John Paul I being the exception. Antipopes are treated as pretenders, and their numbers are reused by those considered to be legitimate popes. However, there are anomalies in the numbering of the popes. Several numbers were mistakenly increased in the Middle Ages because the records were misunderstood. Several antipopes were also kept in the sequence, either by mistake or because they were previously considered to be true popes.[52]
Alexander: Antipope Alexander V (1409–1410) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century,[53] when the Pisan popes were reclassified as antipopes. There had already been three more Alexanders by then, so there is now a gap in the numbering sequence.
Benedict: Antipope Benedict X (1058–1059) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
Boniface: Antipope Boniface VII (974 and 984–985) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
Donus: The name has only been used by one pope. The apocryphal Pope Donus II resulted from confusion between the Latin word dominus (lord) and the name Donus.
Felix: Antipope Felix II (356–357) was kept in the numbering sequence.[54]
John: The numbering of the Popes John is particularly confused. In the modern sequence, they are identified by the numbers they used during their reigns.
Pope John XXI (1276–1277) chose to skip the number XX, believing that there had been another Pope John between XIV and XV. In reality, John XIV had been counted twice.[55]
By the 16th century, the numbering error had been conflated with legends about a female Pope Joan, whom some authors called John VIII. She was never listed in the Annuario Pontificio.[56]
Antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) was listed in the Annuario Pontificio as a legitimate pope until the 20th century.[53] After the Pisan popes were classified as antipopes, Pope John XXIII (1958–1963) chose to reuse the number, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy."[57]
Martin: Pope Martin I (649–655) is followed by Martin IV (1281–1285). Due to the similarity between the Latin names Marinus and Martinus, Marinus I and Marinus II were mistakenly considered to be Martin II and III.[58]
Stephen: Pope-elect Stephen (752) died before being consecrated. He was previously known as Stephen II, but the Vatican removed him from the official list of popes in 1961.[55] The remaining Stephens are now numbered Pope Stephen II (752–757) to Pope Stephen IX (1057–1058).
^Nicopolis is now a Roman ruin near the city of Preveza, Greece.
^It is not clear when Pope Victor I was born, and where he was born, although some[11] suggest he was born in Leptis Magna, now a part of Libya.
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