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Джаред Ли Лофнер

Джаред Ли Лофнер ( / ˈ l ɒ f n ər / ; родился 10 сентября 1988 г.) — американский массовый убийца, признавший себя виновным по 19 обвинениям в убийстве и покушении на убийство в связи со стрельбой в Тусоне 8 января 2011 г. , в которой он выстрелил и серьезно ранил представителя США Габби Гиффордс и убил шесть человек, в том числе главного судью окружного суда США Джона Ролла , Гейба Циммермана, члена персонала Гиффордс, и 9-летнюю девочку Кристину-Тейлор Грин. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Лофнер застрелил и ранил в общей сложности 13 человек, в том числе одного мужчину, который был ранен при его подавлении. [6]

Знакомые говорят, что личность Лофнера заметно изменилась за годы, предшествовавшие стрельбе, в период, когда он также злоупотреблял алкоголем и наркотиками. В сентябре 2010 года его отстранили от учебы в общественном колледже Пима из-за его странного поведения и нарушений на занятиях и в библиотеке. После его ареста две медицинские экспертизы диагностировали у Лофнера параноидальную шизофрению и признали его недееспособным предстать перед судом. В тюрьме ему поместили лекарства в рамках лечения. В мае 2012 года его снова признали недееспособным.

В августе 2012 года Лофнер был признан дееспособным предстать перед судом, и на слушаниях он признал себя виновным по 19 пунктам обвинения. В ноябре 2012 года его приговорили к пожизненному заключению плюс 140 лет тюремного заключения.

Фон

Джаред Ли Лофнер - единственный ребенок Рэнди и Эми (урожденная Тотман) Лофнер. [7] [8] [9] Сосед описал их как очень частную семью. [7] Эми Лофнер работала садоводом в Департаменте парков округа Пима . [10] Рэнди Лофнер был водителем бензовоза на пенсии , но журналисты не определили, работал ли он вне дома в момент стрельбы. Хотя у Лофнера были друзья в старшей школе, соседи отмечали, что в последующие годы он больше держал себя в секрете и редко разговаривал с другими. [11]

Изменение поведения

Лофнер учился в средней школе Маунтин-Вью в Тусоне, штат Аризона , и бросил ее в 2006 году. [8] Примерно в это же время, когда ему было около восемнадцати лет, те, кто его знал, заметили изменение в его личности. Келси Хоукс, которая встречалась с Лофнером в течение нескольких месяцев в старшей школе, позже сказала, что была шокирована, узнав о его аресте. «Я всегда знал его как милого, заботливого Джареда», - сказал Хоукс, которому на тот момент был 21 год и который тогда учился в Университете Аризоны . [12]

Бывшая одноклассница и друг Лофнера Тонг Шань заявила, что ее последняя встреча с Лофнером произошла в октябре 2010 года, после того, как он был отстранен от учебы и бросил колледж, и незадолго до того, как он купил полуавтоматический пистолет, из которого стреляли. Она сказала, что, хотя Лофнер был «антиправительственным», он никогда не проявлял насилия и не упоминал о своих планах купить оружие. [13]

В какой-то момент Лофнера уволили с работы в ресторане Quiznos , а его менеджер заявил, что он претерпел трансформацию личности. После этого Лофнер ненадолго работал волонтером в местном приюте для животных , выгуливая собак, но в конце концов его попросили не возвращаться. Менеджер приюта позже сказал: «Он выгуливал собак в районе, где мы не хотели, чтобы собаки выгуливались... он не понимал и не понимал, что ему пытался сказать начальник. Он просто сопротивлялся этой информации». [14]

Согласно протоколам суда, у Лофнера было два предыдущих правонарушения: [15] в октябре 2007 года он был привлечен к ответственности в округе Пима за хранение принадлежностей для употребления наркотиков , а 13 октября 2008 года ему было предъявлено обвинение в порче уличного знака в Маране , недалеко от Тусона ( обвинение было снято после завершения программы утечки в марте 2009 года). [14] [16] В полицейском отчете отмечалось, что он нарисовал стилизованный CX, который, по словам Лофнера, был христианскими символами. [17]

Употребление психоактивных веществ

Зак Ослер, одноклассник Лофнера и его ближайший друг, отметил, что жизнь Лофнера начала рушиться после того, как его школьная подруга рассталась с ним. Он начал злоупотреблять алкоголем и другими наркотиками , включая каннабис (марихуану), кокаин , психоделические грибы , ЛСД и Salvia divinorum ( галлюциноген , разрешенный в Аризоне). [18] [19]

Бывшая одноклассница Кэйти Паркер вспоминает Лофнера как «голову горшка». [20] Лофнер ранее употреблял наркотики: в сентябре 2007 года он был арестован за хранение марихуаны и принадлежностей для наркотиков. [21] «Я не видел его лично с 2007 года», — вспоминал Паркер в начале 2011 года. мы уже знали, кем мы были?» [22]

По словам одного из его давних друзей, после более чем двухлетней борьбы с наркотиками Лофнер отказался от алкоголя, табака и легких наркотиков и с тех пор больше не употребляет их. [23] Армия США подтвердила, что Лофнер был отклонен как «неквалифицированный» для службы в 2008 году. [24] [25] [26] Согласно военным источникам, Лофнер неоднократно признавался в употреблении марихуаны во время процесса подачи заявления. [8]

За несколько месяцев до стрельбы родители Лофнера становились все более встревоженными поведением своего сына; в какой-то момент они каждую ночь отключали его машину, чтобы оставить его дома. Однажды его отец конфисковал его дробовик, и оба родителя убеждали его обратиться за психиатрической помощью. [27] Лофнер также стал одержим контролем над тем, что он считал осознанными сновидениями . [28]

Отстранение от колледжа

Лафнер ушел из общественного колледжа Пимы после того, как его попросили получить допуск к психиатрической помощи . [29]

С февраля по сентябрь 2010 года, будучи студентом общественного колледжа Пима, Лафнер пять раз обращался в полицию кампуса из-за сбоев в работе классов и библиотеки. Некоторые из его учителей жаловались администрации на его нарушения и странное поведение, поскольку считали это признаком психического заболевания и опасались того, что он может сделать. 29 сентября 2010 года полиция колледжа также обнаружила на YouTube видео, снятое Лофнером, в котором в его устном комментарии говорилось, что колледж является незаконным в соответствии с Конституцией США . Он описал свою школу как «одну из крупнейших афер в Америке».

Колледж решил отстранить Лофнера и отправил письмо его родителям, чтобы посоветоваться с ними и с ним вместе. [30] В колледже сказали Лафнеру, что, если он хочет вернуться, ему необходимо устранить нарушения своего кодекса поведения и получить допуск к психическому здоровью (указывающий, по мнению специалиста в области психического здоровья, что его присутствие не представляет опасности для себя или других). 4 октября Лафнер и его родители встретились с администрацией кампуса, и Лафнер заявил, что уходит из колледжа. [29] Во время пребывания Лофнера в Пиме одноклассница сказала, что беспокоится, что он может совершить стрельбу в школе . Один из его учителей заявил о подобных подозрениях после стрельбы в Тусоне. [ нужна цитация ] Он никогда не проходил обследование психического здоровья и не вернулся в колледж.

Несколько одноклассников колледжа вспомнили случай, когда Лофнер во время обсуждения в классе высмеивал и смеялся над молодой женщиной, описывающей свой аборт . Один одноклассник назвал реакцию Лофнера «совершенно неуместной». [13] «(Локнер) начал комментировать терроризм и смеяться над убийством ребенка», - вспоминал бывший одноклассник Дон Куро в интервью ABC News . [13] [31] Еще один одноклассник, Лидиан Али, вспоминал, что «девушка написала стихотворение об аборте. Это было очень эмоционально, и у нее были слезы на глазах, и он сказал что-то о том, как привязать бомбу к плоду и сделать ребенка разбомбить его». [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

Выраженные взгляды

Взгляды на политику

Записи показывают, что Лофнер был зарегистрирован как независимый кандидат и голосовал в 2006 и 2008 годах, но не в 2010 году. [37] [38]

Школьный друг Лофнера Зак Ослер сказал: «Он не смотрел телевизор; ему не нравились новости; он не слушал политическое радио; он не занимал чью-либо сторону; он не был левым ; он не был на право . " [18] По словам бывшего друга Брайса Тирни, Лофнер выразил давнюю неприязнь к Габби Гиффордс . Тирни напомнила, что Лофнер часто говорил, что женщины не должны занимать руководящие должности. [39] [40] Он неоднократно высмеивал Гиффордса как «фальшивку». Это убеждение усилилось после того, как он посетил ее мероприятие 25 августа 2007 года, когда она, по его мнению, не ответила в достаточной степени на его вопрос: «Что такое правительство, если слова не имеют значения?» [23] Лофнер хранил официальное письмо Гиффордса , в котором он благодарил его за участие в мероприятии 2007 года, в той же коробке, что и конверт, на котором были нацарапаны такие фразы, как «умри, сука» и «планы убийства были составлены». [41] Зейн Гутьеррес, друг, позже рассказал The New York Times , что гнев Лофнера также «вырастет при виде президента Джорджа Буша-младшего или при обсуждении того, что он считал гнусными замыслами правительства». [40]

Теории заговора

Его друг Зак Ослер отметил, что теории заговора оказали на Лофнера огромное влияние. [16] [42] Он был членом доски объявлений «Выше совершенно секретно», где обсуждаются теории заговора; Участники сайта не очень тепло отреагировали на сообщения, предположительно с его аккаунта. [43] [44] [45] Лофнер поддерживал теории заговора о терактах 11 сентября , [40] Новый мировой порядок и верил в апокалипсис 2012 года , среди других противоречивых точек зрения. [46]

После стрельбы Антидиффамационная лига рассмотрела сообщения Лофнера и пришла к выводу, что в трудах Лофнера прослеживается «несвязная тема», а именно «недоверие к правительству и неприязнь к нему». Оно «проявлялось по-разному» – например, в убеждении, что правительство использовало контроль над языком и грамматикой для «промывания мозгов» людям , в представлении о том, что правительство создает «бесконечную валюту» без обеспечения золотом и серебром, или в утверждение, что НАСА фальсифицировало космические полеты. [47] Кэтрин Олмстед из Калифорнийского университета в Дэвисе писала, что Лофнер обладал «ядовитой смесью левых и правых теорий заговора, его источники варьировались от Маркса до Гитлера и хэви-метала ». [48]

Взгляды на религию

Журналисты предположили, что Лофнер был антисемитом из-за его нападок на члена палаты представителей Гиффордса, чей отец - еврей, но анализ сообщений Лофнера, проведенный Антидиффамационной лигой, показал, что у него была более общая неприязнь к религии и правительство. В полицейском отчете отмечалось, что ранее он был пойман за созданием граффити, связанных с христианскими группами, выступающими против абортов. [49]

Вопреки слухам, распространявшимся в то время, Лофнер на самом деле не был евреем по рождению. [50] Что касается практики, те, кто его знал, называли Лофнера антитеистом . [51] [52] Лофнер отказался указать свою религию в своем заявлении в армию. В своем видео «Последние мысли» Лофнер заявил: «Нет, я не верю в Бога!», Имея в виду национальный девиз Соединенных Штатов, напечатанный на монетах и ​​бумажных деньгах: « Мы верим в Бога ». Он выражал неприязнь ко всем религиям и особенно критично относился к христианам. [53] [54] [55]

Тусон стрельба

Придорожный знак на месте происшествия в день стрельбы.

Подготовка

Loughner allegedly purchased the 9mm Glock pistol used in the shooting from a Sportsman's Warehouse in Tucson on November 30, 2010.[29] The night before the shooting, at 2:05 a.m. he left a message on a friend's voicemail saying, "Hey man, it's Jared. Me and you had good times. Peace out. Later."[23] In a MySpace post the morning of the shooting at 4:12 a.m. he wrote, "Goodbye friends. Please don't be mad at me. The literacy rate is below 5%. I haven't talked to one person who is literate. I want to make it out alive. The longest war in the history of the United States. Goodbye. I'm saddened with the current currency and job employment. I had a bully at school. Thank you. P.S. – plead the fifth!"[56]

The MySpace page showed a close-up photo of a handgun sitting atop a document titled "United States History."[29]

Attack

On January 8, 2011, at 7:04 a.m. MST, Loughner went to a Walmart store near the Foothills Mall to purchase ammunition, but left that store and completed his purchase at Walmart on North Cortaro Road at 7:28 a.m.[40][57] He was stopped by Arizona Game and Fish Department officer Alen Edward Forney at 7:34 a.m. for running a red light, but once the officer determined there were no outstanding warrants for Loughner, he was allowed to proceed to his destination with a warning to drive carefully.[18][40] Loughner took a taxi to a Safeway supermarket location in Casas Adobes, where Rep. Giffords was holding a constituents meeting.[40][58] The shooting occurred at 10:10 a.m. MST.[59][60]

Loughner opened fire on Giffords from close range, hitting her as well as numerous bystanders,[59][60][61] and killing six people. Thirteen other people were injured by gunfire, and one person was injured while fleeing the scene of the shooting.[62] Giffords, the apparent target of the attack,[2] was shot in the head and critically injured.[63]

Arrest and legal proceedings

Arrest

Loughner was stopped by bystanders and was arrested by police, saying, "I plead the Fifth," as he was taken into custody.[40] A photograph taken by the Pima County Sheriff's Office's forensic unit was released to the media on January 10, 2011[64] and published on front pages nationwide. The Washington Post described Loughner's expression in the photo as "smirking and creepy, with hollow eyes ablaze," while the art director for The New York Times said the photo was featured on the front page because it "was the picture of the day [...] it was intense and arresting. It invited you to look and study, and wonder."[65]

Charges and imprisonment

Loughner was charged in federal court with one count of attempted assassination of a member of Congress, two counts of murder of a federal employee (Giffords's aide and Judge Roll), and two counts of attempting to murder a federal employee, based on his injury of two of Giffords's aides.[6][61] He was indicted on three of the charges on January 19, 2011.[66] Loughner was held without bail in the Federal Correctional Institution at Phoenix,[67] kept isolated from other inmates 23 hours a day and allowed out of his cell for one hour a day to shower and exercise.[68] On February 24, 2011, he was transferred to the United States Penitentiary in Tucson.[69][70]

Attorney Judy Clarke, a former federal public defender who in the past had represented suspects in several high-profile murder and terrorism cases, was appointed to represent Loughner in federal court.[71] The entire federal judiciary of Arizona recused themselves from hearing the case because of their ties to fellow judge John Roll, who was killed.[72][73] Federal prosecutors opposed motions to move the case outside of Arizona because of pre-trial publicity.[68] At the direction of Ninth Circuit Appeals court Chief Judge Kozinski, the federal case was assigned to Larry Alan Burns, a San Diego-based judge from the Southern District of California.[74]

Prosecutors representing the State of Arizona, which has concurrent jurisdiction in the matter, announced they intended to file murder and attempted murder charges on behalf of the victims who were neither members of Congress nor federal employees (although they could legally file charges on behalf of all victims, at their discretion). Arizona state prosecutors normally have ten days from the time a suspect is brought into custody to file charges, but time spent in federal custody does not count towards this limitation. Arizona law does not permit a verdict of "not guilty by reason of insanity", but does allow for a verdict of "guilty but insane."[75]

Initial pleading and additional charges

On January 24, 2011, Loughner appeared at the Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse in Phoenix, before Judge Larry Alan Burns from San Diego.[76] Loughner, whose hair had partially regrown since his arrest, smiled while presented with the charges related to the shooting, including the attempted killing of Giffords and two of her aides. Loughner's attorney, Judy Clarke, requested that Judge Burns enter a plea on her client's behalf, to which a plea of not guilty was recorded. When Burns asked Clarke if Loughner understood the charges against him, she replied that they were "not raising that issue" at the time. She did not object to a request by prosecutors to have future hearings moved back to Tucson.[77] On March 3, 2011, a federal grand jury indicted Loughner on additional charges of murder and attempted murder for a total of 49 counts.[78] On March 9, 2011, Loughner pleaded not guilty to all 49 charges.[79]

Relationship with lawyers

On May 25, 2011, Judge Burns stated, "I got some letters declaring some conflict with his counsel...I intend to table them at this time. At such a point that his competency is restored, if he wants to bring up the matter of counsel, he can renew it then."[80] The judge suppressed the letters from the court record.[81]

Medico-legal proceedings

On May 25, 2011, Judge Burns ruled Loughner was then incompetent to stand trial, based on two medical evaluations. Court proceedings were suspended while Loughner, who had been diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia,[82] received psychiatric treatment at the psychiatric wing of the U.S. Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He was scheduled to appear in court on September 21, 2011, but that hearing was delayed until September 28, 2011, when the judge reviewed whether he could understand the charges against him and could assist in his own defense. (Loughner's lawyers unsuccessfully objected to him appearing at the hearing.)[83]

Loughner disrupted the court hearing with an outburst, and was carried from the courtroom. According to The New York Times, Loughner believed he succeeded in killing Giffords, and clashed with his lawyer when she informed him that the congresswoman had survived.[82] He was judged still incompetent to stand trial following medical evaluations and a hearing in May 2011.

Forced medication rulings

On June 26, 2011, Judge Burns ruled that prison doctors could forcibly medicate Loughner with antipsychotic drugs in order to treat him to restore him to competency for trial,[84][85] but on July 12, 2011, a three-judge federal appeals panel from the Ninth Circuit ruled that Loughner could refuse anti-psychotic medication, since he "has not been convicted of a crime, is presumptively innocent and is therefore entitled to greater constitutional protections than a convicted inmate."[86][87][88][89] However, the ruling stated that it "does not preclude prison authorities from taking other measures to maintain the safety of prison personnel, other inmates and Loughner himself, including forced administration of tranquilizers".[86]

A week after the ruling, prison medical authorities resumed forcible treatment of Loughner with the antipsychotic risperidone, this time citing Washington v. Harper and stating the purpose of treatment was the need to control the danger he posed to himself and others in prison, rather than rendering him fit for trial.[90][91] Loughner's defense team submitted an emergency motion to the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, claiming that this treatment was in violation of their ruling and seeking an immediate injunction to halt treatment.[90] The request for an injunction was denied by the court, allowing treatment to continue pending a full hearing into the matter.[92] Arguments began on August 30 as to the lawfulness of this treatment.[93][94] In March 2012, a federal appeals court denied a request by Loughner's lawyers to halt his forced medication.[95]

On May 24, 2012, a federal judge ordered a competency hearing for June 27 (later postponed until August 7) to determine Loughner's mental fitness to stand trial.[96] He remained at a federal prison hospital in Missouri pending the entry of his plea.[97] A request by Loughner's lawyers to rehear arguments on forced medication was denied on June 5, 2012.[98]

Guilty plea and sentencing

On August 7, 2012, Judge Burns found Loughner competent to stand trial based on medical evaluations. Loughner pleaded guilty to 19 counts at the hearing, which spared him the death penalty. The hearing began with Loughner listening to testimony from Christina Pietz, Loughner's forensic psychologist, who testified that he had displayed depressive symptoms in 2006 and was formally diagnosed with schizophrenia in 2011. Pietz said that she believed that, after having been forcibly medicated for more than a year, Loughner had expressed remorse and was a changed individual. She said that he was competent to stand trial and agree to a plea.[99] Sentencing was set for November 15, 2012, at 10 a.m. local time. The sentence could not include the death penalty, because the guilty plea bargain was made with an assurance that it would not be sought; Loughner under the law faced a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole.[100] Former U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords and her husband, retired NASA astronaut Mark Kelly, U.S. Representative Ron Barber, a former aide to Mrs. Giffords who was shot in the attack, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, and the U.S. Attorney for Arizona, John S. Leonardo, had all approved the plea.[101] It was offered and accepted after consultation with them and with the families of the other victims.

By pleading guilty in the deal, Loughner automatically waived his right to any further appeals and could not later alter his plea to an insanity plea.[102] Loughner must pay a restitution of $19 million, $1 million for each of the victims. He forfeited the weapons he used in the incident, and any money earned from efforts to sell his story. Loughner answered that he understood each charge, and signed his initials after each page of the agreement and signed his name to it, dated August 6.[103][104]

On November 8, 2012, Loughner appeared in front of U.S. District Court Judge Larry Alan Burns in a court in Tucson. He was sentenced to serve seven consecutive life terms plus 140 years in prison without parole.[105][106][107][108] Even though he was convicted and sentenced in federal court, there was still a possibility that Loughner could be tried for murder and other crimes in Arizona court. Pima County Attorney Barbara LaWall declared later that afternoon that she would not prosecute Jared Loughner on behalf of the State of Arizona. LaWall explained that her decision would afford the victims and their families, as well as the community in Tucson and Pima County, an opportunity to move forward with their lives. She said that, after speaking and consulting personally with each of the surviving victims and with the family members of those killed, it was clear that they would not be benefitted by a State prosecution. Surviving victims and family members told LaWall that they are "completely satisfied with the federal prosecution", that "justice has been served", and that the federal sentence is "suitably severe".[109]

Loughner is currently serving his life sentence at the Federal Medical Center, Rochester, Minnesota, a prison for inmates with specialized health issues.[110]

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External links