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Список женщин-номинантов на Нобелевскую премию

По часовой стрелке, начиная с верхнего левого угла: Сесилия Пейн-Гапошкин , Розалинда Франклин , Эммелин Панкхерст и Вирджиния Вульф были среди влиятельных женщин XX века, которые внесли большой вклад в свои области, но никогда не рассматривались в качестве кандидатов на Нобелевскую премию .

Нобелевская премия ( швед . Nobelpriset ) — это набор из пяти различных премий, которые, согласно завещанию ее благодетеля Альфреда Нобеля от 1895 года , должны быть вручены «тем, кто в течение предыдущего года оказал наибольшую пользу человечеству». Пять премий присуждаются в области физики , химии , физиологии или медицины , литературы и мира . [1]

По состоянию на 2023 год 65 Нобелевских премий и Мемориальная премия по экономике были присуждены 64 женщинам [2] , а с 1901 года, года, когда началось вручение премий, сотни женщин уже были номинированы и тщательно отобраны в шорт-лист в каждой области. [3] [4]

Первой женщиной, получившей Нобелевскую премию, была Мария Кюри , которая получила Нобелевскую премию по физике в 1903 году вместе со своим мужем Пьером Кюри и Анри Беккерелем . [5] [6] Кюри также является единственной женщиной, получившей несколько Нобелевских премий; в 1911 году она получила Нобелевскую премию по химии. Дочь Кюри, Ирен Жолио-Кюри , получила Нобелевскую премию по химии в 1935 году, что сделало их единственной парой мать и дочь, получивших Нобелевские премии. [5] Из ныне раскрытых женщин-номинантов как по физике, так и по химии, известные ученые Генриетта Суон Ливитт , Астрид Клив , Харриет Брукс , Элис Болл , Милева Марич , Инге Леманн , Сесилия Пейн-Гапошкин , Леона Вудс и Хелен Парсонс не были включены.

В 1912 году Мэри Эдвардс Уокер стала первой женщиной, номинированной на премию по физиологии или медицине, но ее номинация была позже признана недействительной Нобелевским комитетом, поскольку ее номинант не был приглашен для номинации в том году. [7] Таким образом, Сесиль Фогт-Мюнье , номинированная первой в 1922 году, стала официально первой женщиной-номинантом, но так и не победила, несмотря на многочисленные рекомендации. [3] За ней последовала Мод Слай , которая была номинирована в 1923 году, но снова так и не победила. Только в 1947 году Нобелевская премия по физиологии и медицине была наконец присуждена женщине, Герти Кори , разделившей ее со своим мужем Карлом Фердинандом Кори . [8] Из числа женщин-номинантов, озвученных на данный момент, физиологи Нетти Стивенс , Фрида Робшайт-Роббинс , Розалинд Франклин , Мириам Майкл Стимсон , Луиза Пирс , Вирджиния Апгар , Хэтти Александер и Элис Кэтрин Эванс не были включены.

Наибольшее количество женщин-номинантов было в области литературы . Первой женщиной, номинированной на премию, стала немецкая мемуаристка Мальвида фон Мейзенбуг за 1901 год . [3] Она была номинирована французским историком Габриэлем Моно, но, к сожалению, не выиграла премию. [9] За ней последовали Эмили Леру и Сельма Лагерлёф за 1904 год. Позднее Лагерлёф стала первой женщиной, выигравшей премию в 1909 году . [10] Из 77 женщин-номинантов, представленных в настоящее время в категории «Литература», прославленные авторы Кейт Шопен , Дельмира Агустини , Эдит Несбит , Альфонсина Сторни , Марина Цветаева , Вирджиния Вульф , Симона Вайль , Гертруда Стайн , Вилла Кэтер , Эмма Орци , Зора Нил Херстон , Эдит Гамильтон , Фланнери О'Коннор , Фанни Херст , Кларис Лиспектор , Ханна Арендт и Агата Кристи не были включены. [11] [12] [13]

Первыми женщинами, номинированными на Нобелевскую премию мира, были Белва Энн Локвуд и Берта фон Зуттнер , которые в конечном итоге были награждены в 1905 году. [3] Последняя рассматривалась как автор книги «Сложите оружие!» и за вклад в создание премии. [14] Из 57 женщин-номинантов, известных на данный момент, знаменитые Сьюзен Б. Энтони , Флоренс Найтингейл , Клара Бартон , Гарриет Табмен , Мэри Харрис Джонс , Олив Шрайнер , Алетта Джейкобс , Эммелин Панкхерст , Ида Б. Уэллс , Кете Кольвиц , Мюриэль Лестер , Кэтрин Дрексель , Элен Швейцер , Мари Стоупс , Вера Бриттен , Ава Хелен Полинг , Голда Меир , Рэйчел Карсон и Роза Паркс не были включены. [15] [16]

Физика

Начиная с 1902 по 1970 год на Нобелевскую премию по физике были номинированы 11 женщин , и три из номинантов впоследствии были награждены.

Химия

С 1911 по 1970 год на Нобелевскую премию по химии были номинированы 15 женщин , и 3 из этих номинантов впоследствии были награждены.

Физиология или медицина

Начиная с 1922 по 1953 год на Нобелевскую премию по физиологии и медицине были выдвинуты 15 женщин, из которых одна была признана недействительной, одна была якобы рекомендована, а одна впоследствии была удостоена премии.

Литература

С 1901 по 1972 год на Нобелевскую премию по литературе были номинированы 77 женщин , и 8 из этих номинантов впоследствии были награждены.

Мир

С 1901 по 1973 год 57 женщин были номинированы на Нобелевскую премию мира , и пять из этих номинантов были впоследствии награждены. В настоящее время в архивах Нобелевской премии обнаружены номинации с 1901 по 1973 год, остальные женщины, включенные в список, были проверены на основе государственных и частных новостных агентств.

Экономические науки

С 1969 по 1971 год на соискание Нобелевской премии по экономике были номинированы три женщины, однако ни одна из них впоследствии не была удостоена этой премии.

Motivations

  1. ^ a b c d Presently the Republic of Poland.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Presently the Fifth French Republic.
  3. ^ a b c d e f Presently the Second Austrian Republic.
  4. ^ a b Died before the only chance to be rewarded.
  5. ^ a b Presently the Arab Republic of Egypt.
  6. ^ a b Presently the People's Republic of China.
  7. ^ a b Then the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, presently the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
  8. ^ "Nomination 20866 to J.Bell has been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences."
  9. ^ “Data of Jocelyn Bell (id 15505) have been hidden at the Nomination Archive site according to §8 of the statutes governing the Nobel archives of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences”
  10. ^ a b c d e f The following nominations, though verified and features their respective years, are yet still to be organized as they may have been nominated in earlier years.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i Presently the Federal Republic of Germany.
  12. ^ a b c Presently the Czech Republic.
  13. ^ Presently part of Israel and Palestine, see Status of Jerusalem for details.
  14. ^ a b Presently Ukraine.
  15. ^ "for the discovery of preventative of heart failure."
  16. ^ Nomination was declared invalid by the Nobel Committee, as A. S. Helton had not been invited to make a nomination for the Prize of 1912.[7]
  17. ^ "for work on the architectonics of the cerebral cortex, cortex localization and on the function of corpus striatum"
  18. ^ "for work on cancer"
  19. ^ "for work on the etiology, prevention and cure of scarlet fever"
  20. ^ "for studies on the functional relations of calcium and the parathyroids in normal and deranged metabolism of man"
  21. ^ "for work on the relation of dietary deficiencies to human diseases. (Dental structure and dental disease.)"
  22. ^ "for work on the use of nicotinic acid in the pellagra therapy"
  23. ^ "for investigation of a possible hormonal cause of toxemia of pregnancy"
  24. ^ a b c d e f No Nobel Prize has been awarded this year.
  25. ^ "for outstanding achievements in the development of ophthalmology and the fight against trachoma"
  26. ^ Presently the Republic of Azerbaijan.
  27. ^ In 1941, the Nobel Prize Committee purportedly presented Valikhan to the Nobel Prize in Medicine for outstanding achievements in the development of ophthalmology and the fight against trachoma, but because of the start of the World War II, the annual Nobel Prize was suspended.[46]
  28. ^ "for work on enzymatic synthesis of glycogen and starch, effect of the anterior pituitary extract and of insulin on the hexokinase reaction"
  29. ^ "for work on the chemistry of muscle and the discovery of the enzymatic properties of myosin"
  30. ^ a b Presently the Russian Federation.
  31. ^ "for work on the surgical treatment of malformations of the heart"
  32. ^ "for work on fertilization and cell division of human ova in vitro"
  33. ^ Presently the Republic of Latvia.
  34. ^ "for work on the inheritance of deafness and the proband method of analysis of human pedigree for inheritance of recessive traits"
  35. ^ "for the discovery of streptomycin, an antibiotic against Mycobacterium tuberculosis."
  36. ^ a b Presently the Italian Republic.
  37. ^ Presently the Third Hungarian Republic.
  38. ^ Presently the Kingdom of Sweden.
  39. ^ a b Presently the Republic of Belarus.
  40. ^ "Suttner was the author of the novel Die Waffen nieder! ("Lay Down Your Arms!"), the most important antiwar novel of the period. She was the founder and president of the Austrian Peace Society (1891), and she contributed to the foundation of the Permanent International Peace Bureau (1891). Suttner was nominated for her contribution to the international peace movement."
  41. ^ "Lockwood attended several international peace conferences. She supported Bajer in his work to found the Permanent International Peace Bureau, and she founded a branch of the Bureau in Washington. She was for a long time associated with the Universal Peace Union in Philadelphia and an ardent promoter of arbitration."
  42. ^ "Peckover founded the Wisbech Local Peace Association. She was editor and publisher of the journal Peace and Goodwill and supported peace work in and outside of Great Britain, especially in the Nordic countries."
  43. ^ "Author of the book De la paix, du desarmement, et de la solution du probleme social."
  44. ^ "Nominated for her efforts to end the conflict between Argentina and Chile."
  45. ^ "Lucia Mead rendered Edwin Mead great assistance in his peace work both through speeches and writings, and she attended most of the conferences and congresses her husband participated in. She was also a peace worker in her own right. President of the peace and arbitration department of the National Women Suffrage Association, vice-president of the American Peace Society and member of the Council of the World Peace Foundation."
  46. ^ "Addams was the co-founder and president of the Women's Peace Party (1915). In 1915 she attended the Women's Peace Conference at The Hague, and she was elected president of the International Committee of Women for Permanent Peace. After the conference Addams and several of the delegates went on a peace mission to the European political leaders and to the American president. Addams was elected president of the newly formed Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) at the second Women's Peace Conference in 1919. She presided over the 4th regular peace conference held by the WILPF in Washington in 1924. It adopted a manifesto stating that civilization can only be rebuilt on international justice, renouncing the Treaty of Versailles. It furthermore demanded democratic control over foreign policy, social peace and a stronger international organization."
  47. ^ "Schwimmer initiated the Ford Neutral Conference in 1915, and she was one of the founding members of Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1919). She started peace missions to both neutral and belligerent countries (adopted by the peace conference). She committed the last part of her life to the movement to create a federal world government."
  48. ^ "Mary Shapard was nominated for her World War I-era recommendation that a nonpartisan "league of nations" be established by world leaders to reduce the likelihood of future armed conflicts between countries engaged in international disputes."
  49. ^ "Brändström worked as delegate, advisor and co-organizer for the Swedish Red Cross. She traveled extensively throughout Russia and contributed greatly to the relief work for prisoners of war in Russia and Siberia (1914-1920). She visited prison camps, escorted prisoners home, and she organized the repatriation of German and Austrian prisoners after the war."
  50. ^ "Besant was actively involved in educational and humanitarian work in India. She established the Indian Home Rule League in 1916, and she was elected leader of the Indian nationalist congress in 1917. The nominator stressed her efforts to solve the Indian "problem", and thereby secure world peace by uniting East and West. Besant was the international president of the Theosophical Society (1907-1933)."
  51. ^ "Lady Aberdeen advocated peace and understanding through her work as president of the International Council of Women."
  52. ^ "Princess Djabadary had written the libretto to an opera that carried a peaceful message. The opera was composed by her husband."
  53. ^ "Michael had initiated the use of a poppy as a symbol of remembrance and hope in the aftermath of World War I. It was adopted as the National Emblem in commemoration of American soldiers who perished in France, and in 1920 the American Legion adopted the poppy as the National American Legion Memorial Flower."
  54. ^ "Irma Schweitzer was the author of the book Sur le chemin de la Paix, which the nominator considered to be eminently suitable for teaching."
  55. ^ "Szold had established a home in Palestine for Jewish people, and after 1933 she helped numerous German Jews to a new life in Palestine."
  56. ^ "Catt was president of the International Female Suffrage Alliance. She initiated the Women's Peace Party in Washington in 1915, and she was one of the delegates to the International Women's Peace Congress at The Hague in 1915. Catt was chairman of the Committee on the Cause and Cure of War 1925-1932. She worked to create greater understanding between persons from different countries."
  57. ^ "Balch had actively worked for peace since 1915, and she had been one of the leaders of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom since 1919. She promoted disarmament, and she opposed US isolationism and neutrality, claiming that neutrality was selfish. Balch strongly advocated the need to resist fascism and aggression through non-violent methods and international co-operation. She also established summer schools to promote peace. During the 1930s she aided Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany. Initially she opposed WWII because she opposed all war in general, but she supported US entry into the war in 1941. Balch saw Nazism as the personification of evil and a threat to humanity that had to be stopped."
  58. ^ "Kollontai was nominated for her diplomatic efforts to end war and hostilities between the Soviet Union and Finland during the negotiations in 1940-44, and for her work for the benefit of the Nordic countries."
  59. ^ "Roosevelt was nominated for her work to further understanding between people of different races and between people from different nations, especially while serving as Chairman of the UN Commission on Human Rights."
  60. ^ "Glasier was nominated for her humanitarian work in England and elsewhere."
  61. ^ "Evita Perón was nominated for her humanitarian efforts in Argentina particularly on promoting labor rights, championing women's suffrage, eliminating poverty and establishing charities to the working-class Argentines."
  62. ^ "Montessori furthered international understanding through her educational work."
  63. ^ "Queen Wilhelmina was nominated for her involvement in the summoning of the two peace conferences at The Hague in 1897 and 1907. She was also nominated for her philanthropic effort during World War I, her strong opposition to Nazism and her contribution to the liberation of colonial areas."
  64. ^ "Nominated for her book Creators of the modern Spirit."
  65. ^ "For her work for reconciliation and work in Pestalozzi Children Village in Switzerland."
  66. ^ "Margaret Sanger was nominated for her outstanding ability to see the serious consequences of uncontrolled increase of population."
  67. ^ "Nominated for the international importance of her work for deaf and blind people, and for showing the stimulating effect of The International Brotherhood Idea."
  68. ^ "Gertrude Baer was nominated for her able and devoted service to the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom."
  69. ^ "Lady Baden-Powell was nominated for her international contribution as a founder of the Scout movement for girls."
  70. ^ "Marie Elisabeth Lüders was nominated for her work with understanding between peoples."
  71. ^ "Lotta Hitchmanova was nominated for her opposition to the Nazi regime during the second world war, her work with refugees, and organizing the small beginnings of the Unitarian Service Committee."
  72. ^ "Gertrud Kurz-Hohl was nominated for her consistent work for refugees, and initiating the Austrian Peace Service, one of three branches within the organization Austrian Service Abroad. She has tirelessly worked for peace through reconciliation and understanding between the people of the World."
  73. ^ "Giulia Scappino Murena was nominated in the hope that her voice, singing about human brotherhood, will become a sign of harmony for the divided humanity."
  74. ^ "Mrs. Alexander Hadden was nominated for her co-founding of the Institute of World Affairs."
  75. ^ "Catherine Devilliers was nominated for her book Lieutanant Katia describing events under the Second World War."
  76. ^ "Stella Monk was nominated because of her achievements as director of the Commonwealth Friendship Movement. Her dedication to creating friendship, mutual understanding, and respect among people in the Commonwealth has contributed to unity and friendly co-operation between the nations of the World."
  77. ^ "Susan Ryder was nominated for her personal dedication and inspiring example and leadership to encourage the forces of mercy and compassion against those of brutality and aggression, leading to war."
  78. ^ "Kaoru Hatoyama was nominated for her contribution to the reopening of diplomatic relations between Japan and the U.S.S.R., and Japan's entry into the United Nations, for her contribution to the Yuai (fraternity) movement and for her achievements as an educator."
  79. ^ "Alva Myrdal was nominated for her many services to the international community and their promotion of international understanding."
  80. ^ "Britta Holmström was nominated for her pioneering work with refugees, initiating Praghjälpen (Prague Aid) and contributing greatly to the possibility of world peace."
  81. ^ a b c d e "As part of the 1000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe

See also

References

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External links