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Бойкот России и Беларуси

Из-за вторжения ритейлеры по всему миру добровольно или в результате санкций изъяли из своих запасов продукцию российского производства.

С начала 2022 года Россия и Беларусь бойкотировались многими компаниями и организациями в Европе, Северной Америке, Австралии и других странах в ответ на российское вторжение в Украину , которое поддерживается Беларусью. По состоянию на 2 июля 2022 года Йельская школа менеджмента зафиксировала более 1000 компаний, которые вышли или отказались от России , либо в результате санкций, либо в знак протеста против действий России. [1] Украинское национальное агентство по предотвращению коррупции ведет список под названием «Международные спонсоры войны» , в который входят компании и лица, все еще ведущие бизнес с Россией. [2]

Обзор

Большинство стран, которые ввели санкции против России после аннексии Крыма в 2014 году, начали вводить дополнительные санкции, чтобы наказать Россию за вторжение на всю Украину — шаг, к которому президент России Владимир Путин готовился давно. [3] Многие компании не были затронуты санкциями против России, но приняли решение о разрыве связей со страной либо из-за давления общественности, либо в знак протеста против действий российского правительства, либо по обоим причинам. [4] [5] Украинские учреждения заявили, что необходимость в этих мерах является срочной. [6]

Ответ можно в целом разделить на «культурный бойкот», направленный на усиление международного осуждения вторжения, и «экономический бойкот», который призван сделать военные усилия менее устойчивыми. [7] [8] В результате последнего несколько комментаторов предупредили о беспрецедентном экономическом крахе в будущем России, сославшись на 30%-ное падение стоимости рубля , 20%-ный рост процентных ставок и 1%-ный рост ВВП с 1,7%. [9] Анализы нескольких компаний прогнозируют сокращение ВВП к концу года как минимум на 5% и инфляцию в 15%. [10] Некоторые из наиболее критических ударов по российской инфраструктуре стали потеря доступа к платежной системе SWIFT и ограничения на способность России экспортировать нефть. [11] Сенатор США Берни Сандерс заявил, что этот кризис должен повлиять на энергетическую политику в более широком смысле, чтобы сдержать «авторитарные нефтяные государства». [12] Хотя Shell plc была отмечена за отказ от своей доли в Газпроме , ее также критиковали за покупку партии российской сырой нефти со скидкой. [13] На следующий день, после общественного возмущения, Shell защитила покупку как краткосрочную необходимость, но также объявила, что намерена сократить такие покупки и направить прибыль от них в фонд, который пойдет на гуманитарную помощь Украине. [14] По состоянию на 10 марта половина из десяти крупнейших международных компаний, имеющих деловые связи с Россией, объявили о том, что они прекращают или закрывают свою деятельность; и число компаний, которые сделали это, превысило 300. [15]

Некоторые из крупнейших компаний по производству закусок и фастфуда подверглись критике за то, что продолжали вести бизнес в России и Беларуси. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] Энтони Помплиано защищал криптовалютные торговые платформы за неучастие в бойкоте, заявив, что «в решении отрезать среднестатистического гражданина от мировой финансовой системы присутствует невероятная бесчеловечность. В чем их преступление?» [21] Критики израильского правительства указали на то, что несколько американских политиков, которые поддерживают экономическую изоляцию России, ранее проводили кампании и принимали анти-BDS-законы, карающие бойкот Израиля . [22] [23] [24]

Культурная сторона бойкота была сосредоточена на сокращении количества развлекательных продуктов, доступных людям в России. К ним относятся фильмы и альбомы, а также прямые трансляции мероприятий, которые проводятся в западных странах. [25] Ясмин Серхан прокомментировала, что националистические настроения, которые исторически приносили пользу режиму Путина, будут подорваны исключением России из спортивных мероприятий. [8] Запрет России и Беларуси на Олимпийские игры сравнивают со спортивным бойкотом апартеида в Южной Африке . По словам историков Олимпиады Дэвида Валлечински и Билла Мэллона , это решение можно считать поворотным моментом по сравнению с прошлой снисходительностью к спонсируемой государством допинговой программе в России или попыткой похищения Кристины Тимановской Беларусью. [26] [27]

Помимо отмены запланированных выступлений в России, несколько развлекательных организаций с российскими членами начали тщательно проверять свою прошлую поддержку Путина. Некоторые из этих знаменитостей отказались осуждать войну, но другие потеряли свои контракты, потому что сделали это, не упомянув Путина по имени. Например, в заявлении Алекса Овечкина содержался призыв к миру в целом и упоминалось, что члены его семьи в России также находятся в опасности. [28] Однако бывший чешский вратарь Detroit Red Wings и Ottawa Senators Доминик Гашек ответил Овечкину и раскритиковал его за прошлую поддержку Путина, заявив: «Что!? Не только алибис, трусливое дерьмо, но и лжец!», а также призвал НХЛ отстранить всех российских игроков. [29] Одним из музыкантов, который, осуждая войну, ссылался на безопасность своей семьи, был Александр Малофеев . Общество концертного искусства Ванкувера , которое начало требовать этого от всех российских исполнителей, ответило, что заявления Малофеева недостаточно для проведения его концерта. [30]

Несмотря на продолжающиеся санкции, 47 из 200 крупнейших компаний мира до сих пор не покинули Россию, в частности, энергетические компании продолжают инвестировать в нее. Британский энергетический гигант Shell и японские торговые компании Mitsui и Mitsubishi владеют двузначными долями в нефтегазовом проекте « Сахалин-2» . 1 июля 2022 года Путин подписал указ, позволяющий правительству конфисковать нефтегазовый проект «Сахалин-2», но дальнейшие попытки официально национализировать активы международных компаний были приостановлены, когда законопроект не прошел через Государственную Думу до летних каникул 2022 года. По мнению западных аналитиков, оставшиеся компании подверглись давлению экспроприации и национализации , но официально Россия отрицает, что заинтересована в таких действиях. В августе 2022 года министр торговли и промышленности России Денис Мантуров заявил: «Мы не заинтересованы в национализации предприятий или их ликвидации». [31] [32]

Бойкот компаний и организаций

Банковское дело и финансы

Другой

Образование, исследования и наука

Энергия

Развлечение

Видеоигры и киберспорт

Еда и напитки

Товары

Автомобильный

Одежда и аксессуары

Другой

Услуги

Доставка и транспортировка

Авиация

Космос

Продолжение международного сотрудничества в рамках миссий на Международную космическую станцию ​​(МКС) было поставлено под сомнение. [360]

Петиция об отзыве международной поддержки российской спутниковой навигационной системы ГЛОНАСС и бойкоте платформы была предложена польским инженером Даниэлем Кухарски из Техасского университета в Остине и подписана десятками тысяч человек. Сейчас она рассматривается ILRS . [361]

Спорт

Полный бойкот
Частичные бойкоты
Права на трансляцию

Технологии

Tourism and hospitality

Other

Airspace closures

  Russia
  Ukraine – closed its airspace to Russia in 2015
  Countries that have banned Russian aircraft from their airspace in response to the invasion

By 5 March 2022, the following countries and territories had completely closed their airspace to all Russian airlines and Russian-registered private jets:[523][524][525][526]

 European Union (EU27)

The European Union had already banned all Belarusian aircraft from EU airspace in June 2021 in response to the forced landing of Ryanair Flight 4978.[527][528]

As well, airlines from many other countries have diverted their flights away from Russian airspace, despite not being banned by Russia or not slapping a ban on Russian aircraft. This includes:

Breaking of diplomatic relations

Both Ukraine and the Federated States of Micronesia[529] indefinitely severed all diplomatic ties with Russia.

Controversy

Criticism

Critics of the boycott and sanctions have predicted that they would not cause significant changes in the Russian government's policy. Patrick Cockburn argued that sanctions similar to those used against Iraq will cause widespread poverty and claim more lives than the use of military force.[530] Others have supported the cultural boycott but called for economic coercion to be narrowly targeted.[531][532] Some critics noted that the decision of major credit card companies to suspend their operations in Russia will affect any Russian who has taken out a credit card in their home country, including those who have protested against the war in Ukraine, who are trying to flee Russia or are now living abroad.[533][534]

Activists in Russia believe that amid lost access to financial and educational institutions, Putin will be better able to paint Western countries as the enemy.[535] Carnegie Moscow Center scholar Andrey Movchan wrote that sanctions aimed at ordinary Russians could be "exactly what the Kremlin wants – that tens of millions of Russians who oppose the regime will be unable to leave the country and even temporarily find themselves in a world free of Russian propaganda," stating that sanctions should instead "uncompromisingly block the Kremlin's access to its financial and technological resources."[536]

Cloudflare CEO Matthew Prince stated that "if Cloudflare were to stop operating in Russia, the Russian government would celebrate us shutting down" because "indiscriminately terminating service would do little to harm the Russian government, but would both limit access to information outside the country, and make significantly more vulnerable those who have used us to shield themselves as they have criticized the government".[537]

Regarding the cultural boycott, Patrick West wrote that many parts had become a vehicle for Russophobia, notably an incident in which the University of Milano-Bicocca in Italy considered cancelling a course on Dostoyevski but ultimately did not.[538] A decision by the Cardiff Philharmonic Orchestra to cancel a planned performance of Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture was met with similar controversy.[539] One of the directors stated that continuing with the original concert would have been offensive due to the themes of Russian military pride and not simply because Tchaikovsky was Russian.[540] Discussing these issues, the communications coordinator for Diem25 expressed regret that Netflix was suspending its adaptation of Anna Karenina due to the involvement of a Russian production company.[541] Business professor Stanislav Markus has suggested that boycotts of Russia might expand to include more countries as the companies involved become increasingly comfortable with deglobalisation.[542]

Polling within Russia and Belarus

In April 2022, only 11% of Belarusians supported sending Belarusian troops to Ukraine.[543] A study performed by Chatham House in May 2022 revealed that 32% of Belarusian respondents supported the Russian invasion of Ukraine and 40% did not support the invasion.[544]

A Kremlin-associated poll claimed that the 68% of the Russian population approves of the "special military operation" in Ukraine while independent polls put that number at 58%.[545][546][547] The Kremlin-associated poll, which was conducted between February 28 and March 6, claimed that Putin's approval rating was 74.6%.[548] According to the poll, in the group of 18-to-24-year-olds, only 29% Russians supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine.[546] Two reasons many Russians still support Putin and the "special military operation" in Ukraine has to do with the propaganda and disinformation being sown by the Kremlin,[549] and the antagonization and discrimination by Western populations/institutions of Russian people.[550][551] Some Russians publicly displayed the infamous "Z" letter.[552][553] Russian gymnast Ivan Kuliak displayed it while standing on a victory podium near a Ukrainian athlete and later expressed no regret for doing that.[554] More than 200,000 attended Vladimir Putin's pro-war nationalist rally at the Luzhniki Stadium on 18 March,[555] with many forced by their employers to attend.[556]

A series of four online polls of Moscow residents by Alexei Navalny's Anti-Corruption Foundation claimed that between February 25 and March 3, the share of respondents in Moscow who considered Russia an "aggressor" increased from 29% to 53%, while the share of those who considered Russia a "peacemaker" fell by half from 25% to 12%.[557]

Some observers noted what they described as a "generational struggle" among Russians over perception of the war, with younger Russians generally opposed to the war and older Russians more likely to accept the narrative presented by state-controlled media in Russia, the main source of news for most Russians.[558] Kataryna Wolczuk, an associate fellow of Chatham House's Russia and Eurasia programme, said that "[Older] Russians are inclined to think in line with the official 'narrative' that Russia is defending Russian speakers in Ukraine, so it's about offering protection rather than aggression."[558] A poll by the independent Levada Center published on 30 March saw Putin's approval rating jump from 71% in February to 83% in March.[559][560] However, many respondents do not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences.[561] In March 2022, when a Russian politician Maxim Katz and a group of Russian researchers commissioned a poll on Russians’ attitudes toward the war in Ukraine, 29,400 of the 31,000 people they called refused to answer after hearing the theme of the question.[562]

Companies criticised for not joining the boycott

A number of companies have faced growing pressure to halt operations in Russia, but have not yet done so.[19][563][564] Those include:

See also

References

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