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WWE

World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) — американский профессиональный рестлинг-промоушен . Он принадлежит и управляется TKO Group Holdings , дочерней компанией Endeavor Group Holdings с контрольным пакетом акций . [10] Глобальная интегрированная медиа- и развлекательная компания, WWE также расширила свою деятельность за пределами рестлинга, включая кино , футбол и различные другие коммерческие предприятия. Компания также занимается лицензированием своей интеллектуальной собственности для компаний, производящих видеоигры и фигурки .

Организация была основана в 1953 году как Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC), северо-восточная территория Национального рестлингового альянса (NWA). После спора CWC покинула NWA и стала Всемирной федерацией рестлинга (WWWF) в апреле 1963 года. После повторного присоединения к NWA в 1971 году WWWF была переименована в Всемирную федерацию рестлинга (WWF) в 1979 году, прежде чем организация окончательно покинула NWA в 1983 году. В 2002 году после юридического спора с Всемирным фондом дикой природы WWF была переименована в World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). В 2011 году организация прекратила называть себя World Wrestling Entertainment и начала использовать исключительно аббревиатуру WWE . [11]

До сентября 2023 года основным владельцем компании был ее исполнительный председатель, рестлер в третьем поколении Винс Макмэн , который сохранил 38,6% акций компании в обращении и 81,1% голосов. Текущая организация, которая изначально называлась Titan Sports, Inc. , была зарегистрирована 21 февраля 1980 года в Саут-Ярмуте, штат Массачусетс , но была реорганизована в соответствии с законом штата Делавэр о корпорациях в 1987 году. В 1982 году она приобрела Capitol Wrestling Corporation Ltd., холдинговую компанию WWF. В 1999 году Titan была переименована в World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. , а затем в World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. в 2002 году. В 2023 году ее юридическое название было изменено на World Wrestling Entertainment, LLC . [12]

WWE — крупнейший рестлинг-промоушен в мире. Его основной состав делится на два гастрольных бренда : Raw и SmackDown . Его развивающийся бренд , NXT , базируется в WWE Performance Center в Орландо, Флорида . В целом, программы WWE доступны в более чем миллиарде домов по всему миру на 30 языках. Глобальная штаб-квартира компании находится в Стэмфорде, штат Коннектикут , [13] с офисами в Нью-Йорке, Лос-Анджелесе, Мехико, Мумбаи, Шанхае, Сингапуре, Дубае и Мюнхене. [14]

Как и в других профессиональных рестлинговых акциях, шоу WWE не являются настоящими соревнованиями, а развлекательными театральными представлениями, в которых представлены сюжетно -ориентированные, прописанные и частично хореографические матчи; однако матчи часто включают движения, которые могут подвергнуть исполнителей риску получения травм или даже смерти, если они выполнены неправильно. Предопределенный аспект профессионального рестлинга был публично признан тогдашним владельцем WWE Винсом Макмэном в 1989 году, чтобы избежать налогов от спортивных комиссий. WWE позиционирует свой продукт как спортивное развлечение , признавая корни профессионального рестлинга в соревновательном спорте и драматическом театре.

В 2023 году WWE начала изучать потенциальную продажу компании на фоне скандала с неправомерным поведением сотрудников, в котором участвовал Макмэн, который побудил его уйти с постов председателя и генерального директора, хотя он вернулся в качестве исполнительного председателя. [15] В апреле 2023 года WWE заключила сделку с Endeavor Group Holdings, в рамках которой она объединится с Zuffa , материнской компанией смешанного боевого промоушена Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), чтобы сформировать TKO Group Holdings, новую публичную компанию, контрольный пакет акций которой принадлежит Endeavor, при этом Макмэн станет исполнительным председателем новой организации, а Ник Хан станет президентом. Слияние было завершено 12 сентября 2023 года. [16] В 2024 году Макмэн, который к тому времени уже не был основным акционером WWE, прекратил свои связи с компанией на фоне скандала, связанного с торговлей людьми в целях сексуальной эксплуатации . [17]

История компании

До Titan Sports (1953–1980)

Истоки WWE можно проследить до 1950-х годов, когда 7 января 1953 года было проведено первое шоу под эгидой Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC). Существует неопределенность относительно того, кто был основателем CWC. Некоторые источники утверждают, что это был Винсент Дж. Макмэн , [18] [19] [20] , в то время как другие источники называют отца Макмэна Джесса Макмэна основателем CWC. [21] [22] [23] Позднее CWC присоединился к National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), и вскоре к промоушену присоединился известный нью-йоркский промоутер Тутс Мондт .

Винсент Дж. Макмахон с Верном Ганье и Бруно Саммартино в 1975 году

Винсент Дж. МакМахон и Тутс Мондт были очень успешны и вскоре контролировали приблизительно 70% букинг-мощности NWA, в основном из-за их доминирования в густонаселенном северо-восточном регионе Соединенных Штатов . В 1963 году МакМахон и Мондт поспорили с NWA из-за того, что «Nature Boy» Бадди Роджерс был забронирован для проведения чемпионата мира NWA в тяжелом весе . [24] Мондт и МакМахон были не только промоутерами, но и выступали в качестве его менеджеров и были обвинены другими промоутерами NWA в том, что они не позволяли Роджерсу проводить защиты в своих городах, вместо того чтобы защищать только в собственных городах Мондта и МакМахона, таким образом сохраняя монополию на титул чемпиона мира. В ныне печально известной ситуации NWA отправила бывшего пятикратного чемпиона мира и законного борца Лу Теса в Торонто, чтобы сразиться с Роджерсом 24 января 1963 года. Тес вспоминает, что это не было запланировано, и перед матчем он сказал Бадди: «Мы можем сделать это легким путем или трудным путем». Роджерс согласился проиграть падение и титул в матче с одним падением против традиционного матча два из трех падений, который защищался в большинстве матчей за титул чемпиона мира. Как только слухи дошли до Мондта и Макмэна, они сначала просто проигнорировали смену титула. С января по апрель 1963 года Роджерс был повышен до чемпиона мира NWA или просто чемпиона мира в тяжелом весе в своем регионе. Всемирная федерация рестлинга (WWWF) не была немедленно создана после поражения Роджерса от Теса с одним падением. Мондт и Макмэн в конечном итоге покинули NWA в знак протеста и основали WWWF в процессе. Они привезли с собой Вилли Гилзенберга , давнего промоутера бокса и рестлинга из Нью-Джерси. В апреле 1963 года был создан чемпионат мира WWWF в тяжелом весе , при этом промоушен утверждал, что первый чемпион Роджерс выиграл турнир в Рио-де-Жанейро 25 апреля 1963 года, победив давнего фаворита Капитолия Антонино Рокку в финале. На самом деле Рокки уже не было в этом районе, так как он работал на Джима Крокетта-старшего в Каролинах. Роджерс также уже перенес то, что позже стало сердечным приступом, положившим конец его карьере, 18 апреля в Акроне, штат Огайо, и находился в больнице Огайо во время предполагаемого турнира. [25] Роджерс проиграл чемпионат Бруно Саммартино месяц спустя, 17 мая, и вскоре после этого промоушен начал строиться вокруг Саммартино. [26]

В июне 1963 года Гилценберг был назначен первым президентом WWWF. [27] Мондт покинул промоушен в конце 1960-х годов, и хотя WWWF ранее вышла из NWA, Макмахон тихо вернулся в 1971 году. В 1979 году WWWF была переименована в World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

Titan Sports, Inc. (1980–1999)

Ранние годы (1980–1982)

Сын Винсента Дж. Макмэхона, Винсент К. Макмэхон , и его жена Линда основали Titan Sports, Inc. в 1980 году в Саут-Ярмуте, штат Массачусетс , и подали заявку на регистрацию товарных знаков с аббревиатурой «WWF». [28] [29] Компания была зарегистрирована 21 февраля 1980 года в офисах Cape Cod Coliseum , а затем переехала в здание на Holly Hill Lane в Гринвиче, штат Коннектикут .

Период бума (1982–1992)

Винсент К. Макмэн , бывший владелец контрольного пакета акций и исполнительный председатель WWE, в 1986 году.

Младший МакМахон купил Capitol у своего отца в 1982 году, фактически захватив контроль над компанией. Фактическая дата продажи до сих пор неизвестна, но общепринятой датой является 6 июня 1982 года; однако, это, вероятно, была только дата, когда сделка была заключена, но не завершена. На телевидении WWF корпорация Capitol Wrestling Corporation сохраняла авторские права и право собственности после даты июня 1982 года. World Wrestling Federation принадлежала не только Винсенту Дж. МакМахону, но и Горилле Монсуну , Арнольду Скааланду и Филу Зако. Сделка между двумя МакМахонами была основана на ежемесячной оплате, при которой в случае пропуска одного платежа право собственности возвращалось старшему МакМахону и его деловым партнерам. Желая быстро заключить сделку, МакМахон взял несколько займов и заключил несколько сделок с другими промоутерами и деловыми партнерами (включая обещание пожизненной работы), чтобы стать полноправным владельцем к маю или июню 1983 года за предполагаемую общую сумму около 1 миллиона долларов, при этом три деловых партнера получили около 815 000 долларов, а Винсент Дж. МакМахон получил около 185 000 долларов. [30] Стремясь сделать WWF ведущим промоушеном рестлинга в стране, а в конечном итоге и в мире, он начал процесс расширения, который в корне изменил рестлинг-бизнес. [31]

На ежегодном собрании NWA в 1983 году Макмахоны и бывший сотрудник Capitol Джим Барнетт вышли из организации. [24] Макмахон также работал над тем, чтобы программы WWF транслировались по синдицированному телевидению по всем Соединенным Штатам. Это разозлило других промоутеров и нарушило устоявшиеся границы различных рестлинг-промоушнов, в конечном итоге положив конец территориальной системе, которая использовалась с момента основания NWA в 1940-х годах. Кроме того, компания использовала доходы, полученные от рекламы, телевизионных сделок и продажи записей, чтобы заполучить таланты у конкурирующих промоутеров. В интервью Sports Illustrated Макмахон сказал: «В старые времена по всей стране существовали борцовские феоды, в каждом из которых был свой маленький лорд. Каждый маленький лорд уважал права своего соседнего маленького лорда. Не допускались никакие захваты или набеги. В США было, может быть, 30 таких крошечных королевств, и если бы я не выкупил своего отца, их бы все еще было 30, раздробленных и борющихся. Я, конечно, не был предан этим маленьким лордам». [31]

Макмэн приобрёл значительную популярность, когда нанял талант Американской ассоциации рестлинга (AWA) Халка Хогана , который добился популярности за пределами рестлинга, в частности, благодаря своему появлению в фильме « Рокки III» . [32] Макмэн подписал контракт с Родди Пайпером в качестве соперника Хогана, а вскоре после этого и с Джесси Вентурой в качестве комментатора. К списку присоединились и другие рестлеры, такие как Железный Шейх , Николай Волков , Junkyard Dog , Пол Орндорфф , Грег Валентайн и Рики Стимбот , присоединившись к уже существующим звёздам, таким как Джимми Снука , Дон Мурако , Сержант Слотер и Андре Гигант . Многие из рестлеров, которые позже присоединились к WWF, были бывшими талантами AWA или NWA.

Халк Хоган , изображенный в 1989 году, был главной звездой WWF во время бума профессионального рестлинга 1980-х годов .

WWF будет гастролировать по всей стране в рамках предприятия, которое потребует огромных капиталовложений, что поставит WWF на грань финансового краха. Будущее эксперимента Макмэна зависело от успеха или провала новаторской концепции Макмэна, WrestleMania . WrestleMania имела большой успех и была (и до сих пор) продается как Суперкубок профессионального рестлинга. Концепция суперкарда рестлинга не была чем-то новым в Северной Америке; NWA начала проводить Starrcade несколькими годами ранее. Однако, по мнению Макмэна, то, что отличало WrestleMania от других суперкард, заключалось в том, что она была предназначена для тех, кто не смотрел рестлинг. Он пригласил таких знаменитостей, как мистер Т , Мухаммед Али и Синди Лопер, принять участие в мероприятии, а также заключил сделку с MTV на освещение. Событие и шумиха вокруг него привели к появлению термина Rock 'n' Wrestling Connection , связанного с перекрестным продвижением популярной культуры и профессионального рестлинга.

Бизнес WWF значительно расширился на плечах Макмэна и его героя с лицом младенца Халка Хогана в течение следующих нескольких лет после победы над Железным Шейхом в Мэдисон Сквер Гарден 23 января 1984 года. [33] Введение Главного события субботнего вечера на NBC в 1985 году ознаменовало собой первый случай, когда профессиональный рестлинг транслировался по сетевому телевидению с 1950-х годов, когда ныне несуществующая DuMont Television Network транслировала матчи Capitol Wrestling Corporation Винсента Дж. Макмэна. «Бум рестлинга» 1980-х годов достиг своего пика с платным просмотром WrestleMania III в Pontiac Silverdome в 1987 году, которая установила рекорд посещаемости в 93 173 человека для WWF на протяжении 29 лет до 2016 года . [34] Матч-реванш главного события WrestleMania III между чемпионом WWF Халком Хоганом и Андре Гигантом состоялся на The Main Event I в 1988 году и его посмотрели 33 миллиона человек, что стало самым просматриваемым матчем рестлинга в истории североамериканского телевидения. [35]

В 1983 году Titan переместил свои офисы в Стэмфорд, штат Коннектикут . Впоследствии в 1987 году в Делавэре была основана новая компания Titan Sports, Inc. (первоначально WWF, Inc.) , которая в феврале 1988 года была объединена с компанией из Массачусетса. [36]

Новое поколение (1992–1997)

Шон Майклз стал одной из самых больших звезд WWF в это время, после его легендарного матча на лестнице на WrestleMania X в 1994 году. [37]

В 1992 году WWF столкнулся с обвинениями в злоупотреблении и распространении стероидов . За этим последовали обвинения в сексуальных домогательствах со стороны сотрудников WWF в следующем году. [38] [39] Макмэн в конечном итоге был оправдан, но обвинения нанесли WWF плохой пиар и в целом плохую репутацию. Испытание стероидов обошлось компании примерно в 5 миллионов долларов в то время, когда доходы были рекордно низкими. Это помогло многим рестлерам WWF перейти в конкурирующий промоушен World Championship Wrestling (WCW), включая героя бэбифейса 1980-х годов Халка Хогана. В этот период WWF продвигал рестлеров более молодого возраста, включая «Новое поколение», включающее Брета Харта , Шона Майклза , Дизеля , Бритву Рамона и Гробовщика среди других, в попытке продвинуть новые таланты в центр внимания.

В январе 1993 года WWF дебютировал со своей флагманской кабельной программой Monday Night Raw . WCW ответил в сентябре 1995 года своей собственной программой Monday Night Raw, Monday Nitro , которая транслировалась в том же временном интервале, что и Raw . [40] Две программы обменивались победами в последующем соревновании рейтингов (известном как « Monday Night War ») до середины 1996 года. В этот момент Nitro начал почти двухлетнее доминирование рейтингов, которое во многом подпитывалось введением Нового Мирового Порядка (nWo), конюшни во главе с бывшими исполнителями WWF Халком Хоганом, Скоттом Холлом (бывший Razor Ramon) и Кевином Нэшем (бывший Diesel). [41]

Начало эры Attitude (1997–1999)

Соперничество Стива Остина и Винса Макмэна часто упоминается как переломный момент для WWF в Monday Night War против конкурирующего промоушена WCW. [42]

По мере продолжения Monday Night War между Raw Is War и WCW's Nitro , WWF трансформировался из семейного продукта в более ориентированный на взрослых, известный как Attitude Era . Эпоха была инициирована вице-президентом WWF Шейном Макмэном (сыном владельца Винса Макмэна) и главным сценаристом Винсом Руссо .

1997 год закончился тем, что Макмэхон столкнулся с реальными противоречиями после скандального ухода Брета Харта из компании, получившего прозвище « Монреальский облом » . [43] Это оказалось одним из нескольких основополагающих факторов в запуске эры Attitude, а также в создании экранного персонажа Макмэхона, « Мистера Макмэхона ».

До Монреальского Скрючкоба, который состоялся на Survivor Series 1997 года , бывшие таланты WCW были наняты WWF, включая Stone Cold Стива Остина , Мэнкайнда и Вейдера . Остин медленно входил в компанию как новое лицо, несмотря на то, что его продвигали как антигероя , начиная с его речи « Остин 3:16 » вскоре после победы над Джейком Робертсом в финале турнира на платном просмотре King of the Ring в 1996 году. [44]

29 апреля 1999 года WWF вернулся на наземное телевидение , выпустив специальную программу SmackDown! на молодой сети UPN . Шоу в четверг вечером стало еженедельным 26 августа 1999 года, напрямую конкурируя с программой WCW в четверг вечером под названием Thunder на TBS .

Всемирная федерация рестлинга Entertainment, Inc. (1999–2002)

Первичное публичное размещение акций (1999)

Летом 1999 года Titan Sports, Inc. была переименована в World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. 19 октября 1999 года World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. провела первичное публичное размещение акций в качестве публичной компании, торгующейся на Нью-Йоркской фондовой бирже (NYSE) с выпуском акций, на тот момент оцененных в 172,5 миллиона долларов. [45] Компания торгуется на NYSE под тикером WWE. [46]

Конец эпохи отношения (1999–2002)

К осени 1999 года Attitude Era переломила ход Monday Night War в пользу WWF. После слияния Time Warner с America Online (AOL) контроль Теда Тернера над WCW значительно сократился. Недавно объединенная компания не интересовалась профессиональным рестлингом в целом и решила продать WCW целиком. Хотя Эрик Бишофф , которого Time Warner уволила с поста президента WCW в октябре 1999 года, был близок к сделке по покупке компании, в марте 2001 года Макмэн приобрел права на торговые марки WCW, библиотеку лент, контракты и другие объекты собственности у AOL Time Warner за сумму, которая, как сообщается, составила около 7 миллионов долларов. [47] Вскоре после WrestleMania X-Seven WWF запустила сюжетную линию Invasion, интегрировав прибывающий список талантов из WCW и Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW). С этой покупкой WWF теперь стала единственным крупнейшим промоушеном рестлинга в Северной Америке и в мире. Активы ECW, которые закрылись после подачи заявления о банкротстве в апреле 2001 года, были куплены WWE в 2003 году. [48]

В 2000 году WWF в сотрудничестве с телевизионной сетью NBC запустили XFL , новую профессиональную футбольную лигу, которая дебютировала в 2001 году. [49] Лига имела высокие рейтинги в течение первых нескольких недель, но первоначальный интерес угас, и ее рейтинги упали до удручающе низкого уровня (одна из ее игр была самым низкорейтинговым шоу в прайм-тайм в истории американского телевидения). NBC вышла из предприятия всего через один сезон, но МакМахон намеревался продолжить в одиночку. Однако, не сумев достичь соглашения с UPN, МакМахон закрыл XFL. [50] WWE сохранила контроль над торговой маркой XFL [51] [52] до того, как МакМахон вернул себе бренд XFL, на этот раз под отдельной компанией-оболочкой от WWE, в 2017 году [53] с намерением перезапустить XFL в 2020 году . [54]

24 июня 2002 года в эпизоде ​​Raw Винс Макмэн официально сослался на начало следующей эры, названной эрой «Безжалостной агрессии». [55] [56]

World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. (2002–2023)

Судебный процесс и переименование (2002)

6 мая 2002 года Всемирная федерация рестлинга (WWF) изменила название своей компании и название своего рестлинг-промоушена на World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) после того, как компания проиграла судебный процесс, инициированный Всемирным фондом дикой природы по поводу торговой марки WWF. [57] [58] Хотя в основном это было вызвано неблагоприятным решением суда в ее споре с Всемирным фондом дикой природы относительно аббревиатуры «WWF», компания отметила, что это предоставило возможность подчеркнуть свою направленность на развлечения. [59]

Первое разделение бренда (2002–2011)

За это время Джон Сина постепенно стал одной из крупнейших звезд WWE, и с 2005 года он выиграл титул чемпиона WWE рекордные 13 раз.

В марте 2002 года WWE решила создать два отдельных состава, где каждая группа рестлеров появлялась в одной из своих основных программ, Raw и SmackDown!, из-за переизбытка талантов, оставшихся после сюжетной линии Invasion и последующего поглощения контрактов WCW и ECW. Это было названо « расширением бренда ».

Начиная с 2002 года лотерея драфта проводилась почти каждый год для формирования списков, причем первый драфт определял инаугурационные списки разделения, а последующие драфты были предназначены для обновления списков каждого шоу. WWE расширила разделение брендов, перезапустив ECW в качестве третьего бренда 26 мая 2006 года. [60] Два года спустя WWE адаптировала более удобный для семейного просмотра формат, и их программирование получило рейтинг TV-PG . [61] Финальная программа ECW вышла в эфир 16 февраля 2010 года, после чего ее заменили на NXT . [62] За это время к компании присоединилось много новых и молодых рестлеров, многие из которых стали именами нарицательными в последующие годы, такие как Джон Сина , Рэнди Ортон , Брок Леснар и Батиста .

7 апреля 2011 года WWE через корпоративный веб-сайт WWE прекратила использовать полное название World Wrestling Entertainment и с тех пор называла себя исключительно WWE, сделав последнее сиротским инициалом . Было сказано, что это отражает глобальное расширение WWE в сфере развлечений от ринга с конечной целью приобретения развлекательных компаний и сосредоточения на телевидении, живых мероприятиях и кинопроизводстве. WWE отметила, что их новая модель компании была введена в действие с повторным запуском Tough Enough , являющейся программой без сценария (в отличие от сценария профессионального рестлинга), и с запуском WWE Network (в то время запуск был запланирован на 2012 год; позже перенесен на 2014 год). Однако юридическое название компании по-прежнему остается World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc. [11]

Воссоединение бренда (2011–2016)

Начиная с эпизода от 29 августа 2011 года, Raw — называемое Raw Supershow — представляло таланты как из Raw , так и из SmackDown (эпитет «Supershow» был убран 23 июля 2012 года). [63] Чемпионаты, ранее эксклюзивные для одного или другого шоу, были доступны для участия рестлеров из любого шоу; формат «Supershow» ознаменовал конец разделения бренда, поскольку все программные и живые события (до июля 2016 года) представляли полный состав WWE. [64]

В 2013 году компания построила спортивный медицинский и тренировочный центр WWE Performance Center в восточном округе Ориндж, штат Флорида, в партнерстве с университетом Full Sail из Винтер-Парка, штат Флорида . Тренировочный центр нацелен на карьерное и спортивное развитие рестлеров компании. [65] Full Sail также является домашней базой для бренда WWE NXT , [66] который служил территорией развития для WWE. [67]

24 февраля 2014 года WWE запустила WWE Networkпотоковый сервис , предлагающий архивный контент WWE и его предшественников, все платные просмотры (которые также продолжат продаваться через телевизионных провайдеров) и оригинальные программы. [68] [69] [70]

Начиная с 2015 года WWE начала продвигать Романа Рейнса как лицо компании после того, как он выиграл матч Royal Rumble 2015 года , на фоне неоднозначного приема . К 2017 году Роман Рейнс стал их самым продаваемым товаром. [71]

Запуск второго разделения бренда (2016–2020)

Raw и SmackDown были двумя основными брендами WWE с момента их разделения в 2002 году.

25 мая 2016 года WWE возобновила разделение бренда, назвав его «Новой эрой». Впоследствии Raw и SmackDown представили свои уникальные списки, комментаторов, чемпионаты и наборы рингов/канат. Был проведен драфт , чтобы определить, какие рестлеры будут появляться на каком шоу. SmackDown также переместился с четверга на вторник, который начался 19 июля (ночь вышеупомянутого драфта), и выходит в прямом эфире вместо предыдущего предварительно записанного формата. [72]

В связи с возвращением разделения бренда, на мероприятии SummerSlam 21 августа 2016 года был представлен новый чемпионат мира , названный WWE Universal Championship , в котором Финн Балор победил Сета Роллинса и стал первым чемпионом WWE Universal Champion. [73]

29 ноября 2016 года WWE представила новую программу специально для своего дивизиона полутяжёлого веса (борцы весом 205 фунтов и ниже) под названием WWE 205 Live . [74] Программа ориентирована исключительно на тех борцов, которые прошли квалификацию в дивизион. [75] [76] Полутяжи, которые впервые стали неотъемлемой частью WWE с турниром Cruiserweight Classic , изначально были эксклюзивными для бренда Raw, прежде чем создали свой собственный бренд . [77]

15 декабря 2016 года WWE учредила новый чемпионат WWE United Kingdom Championship , а первый чемпион был определен на турнире из 16 человек, который будет транслироваться на канале WWE Network с участием рестлеров из Великобритании и Ирландии в январе 2017 года. Руководитель WWE Пол «Triple H» Левек сказал, что окончательный план с новым титулом и турниром состоял в том, чтобы создать британский бренд с собственным еженедельным телевизионным шоу. [78] [79] Впоследствии WWE запустила свой британский бренд как ответвление NXT, NXT UK , в июне 2018 года, а Джонни Сэйнт был первым генеральным менеджером. [80]

Начиная с сентября 2019 года, NXT проводил еженедельное двухчасовое шоу по средам на канале USA Network , а WWE начала продвигать NXT как свой «третий бренд». [81] [82] Однако в 2021 году NXT был перенесен на вторники, уступив Wednesday Night Wars конкурирующему промоушену All Elite Wrestling (AEW), и в сентябре того же года был восстановлен в своей первоначальной функции в качестве развивающего бренда для основного состава (Raw и SmackDown) под названием «NXT 2.0».

Пандемия COVID-19 и возвращение к гастролям (2020–2022)

В марте 2020 года WWE начала испытывать влияние американского начала пандемии COVID-19 . В середине марта три из четырех основных спортивных лиг закрыли раздевалки для СМИ в качестве меры предосторожности. Поскольку были введены другие отмены и переносы спортивных мероприятий, WWE начала снимать свои еженедельные программы в Performance Center без зрителей и с присутствием только необходимого персонала, начиная с эпизода SmackDown от 13 марта  — эпизод NXT от 11 марта был записан в Performance Center с платными зрителями, таким образом, это было последнее мероприятие WWE, на котором присутствовали купившие билеты болельщики до того, как пандемия вступила в полную силу. [83] [84] WrestleMania 36 должна была состояться 5 апреля на стадионе Raymond James в Тампе , но 16 марта была перенесена в Орландо, чтобы пройти за закрытыми дверями. [85] [86] WrestleMania, а также Raw и SmackDown в течение периода до и после WrestleMania, перешли от прямых трансляций к предварительно записанному формату. [87] NXT продолжал транслироваться из Full Sail University, но с аналогичными ограничениями. [88] [89]

Прямые трансляции возобновились 13 апреля, при этом существующие договоренности продолжались; WWE заявила ESPN.com , что «мы считаем, что сейчас важнее, чем когда-либо, предоставить людям возможность отвлечься от этих трудных времен», и что программы компании «объединяют семьи и вселяют чувство надежды, решимости и настойчивости». [88] [89] Впоследствии сообщалось, что губернатор Флориды Рон ДеСантис счел WWE критически важным для экономики штата бизнесом и добавил исключение в распоряжение штата о домашнем режиме для сотрудников «профессионального спортивного и медиапроизводства», которое закрыто для публики и имеет национальную аудиторию. [90] [91] Это решение было встречено критикой со стороны СМИ, при этом несколько СМИ указали на то, что действия ДеСантиса произошли в тот же день, когда политический комитет действий в поддержку Дональда Трампа во главе с Линдой МакМахон , которая ранее была частью кабинета Трампа, пообещал потратить 18,5 миллионов долларов на рекламу во Флориде, и что в тот же день Винс МакМахон был включен в состав консультативной группы, созданной Трампом для разработки стратегии перезапуска экономики США. [92] [93] [94] [95]

15 апреля WWE начала серию сокращений и увольнений в ответ на пандемию, включая увольнение ряда исполнителей ( Карл Андерсон , Курт Энгл , Эйден Инглиш , EC3 , Epico , Люк Гэллоус , Курт Хокинс , Ноу Уэй Хосе , Сара Логан , Майк Канеллис , Мария Канеллис , Примо , Эрик Роуэн , Русев , Лио Раш , Зак Райдер , Хит Слейтер и Эрик Янг ), трех продюсеров ( Дэйв Финли , Шейн Хелмс и Лэнс Шторм ), рефери Майк Чиода и нескольких стажеров и сотрудников NXT/Performance Center. Руководители WWE также пошли на сокращение зарплаты, и компания также приостановила строительство своей новой штаб-квартиры как минимум на шесть месяцев. [96] Увольнения вызвали значительную негативную реакцию фанатов; Business Insider назвал их «в ярости». И фанаты, и несколько СМИ отметили, что, хотя WWE заявила, что эти действия были «необходимы из-за экономических последствий пандемии коронавируса», WWE также заявила, что имеет «значительные финансовые ресурсы. Доступные денежные средства и долговая емкость в настоящее время составляют около 0,5 млрд долларов». ДеСантис заявил, что WWE была «необходима», что означало, что потеря доходов компании будет ограничена. [92] [97]

Роман Рейнс (в центре) является главной звездой WWE с 2015 года, а на WrestleMania 38 в 2022 году Рейнс победил Брока Леснара , объединив титул чемпиона WWE с титулом чемпиона Вселенной WWE . [98]

В августе 2020 года WWE переехала из Performance Center в Amway Center в Орландо для долгосрочного проживания, транслируя эпизоды Raw , SmackDown и платные просмотры через виртуальный опыт просмотра фанатами под названием WWE ThunderDome . Внутри ThunderDome использовались дроны, лазеры, пиротехника, дым и проекции, чтобы улучшить выходы рестлеров на уровень, аналогичный уровню платных просмотров до пандемии. Было установлено около 1000 светодиодных табло, чтобы обеспечить ряды и ряды виртуальных фанатов. Для фанатов было бесплатно виртуально посещать мероприятия, хотя им приходилось заранее бронировать свои виртуальные места. [99] [100] [101] В это время Роман Рейнс начал свое историческое правление титулом чемпиона мира WWE Universal Championship , которое в конечном итоге превысило 1000 дней; будучи самым продолжительным владением титулом чемпиона мира в WWE со времен Халка Хогана с 1984 по 1988 год. WWE оставалась в Amway Center вплоть до начала декабря, прежде чем переместить ThunderDome на Tropicana Field в Сент-Питерсберге, Флорида . [102] [103] ThunderDome переехал в Yuengling Center , расположенный на территории кампуса Университета Южной Флориды в Тампе, начиная с эпизода Raw от 12 апреля 2021 года . [104] [105] В октябре 2020 года мероприятия NXT были перенесены из Full Sail University в Performance Center в аналогичной установке, получившей название Capitol Wrestling Center. Он имел многие из тех же функций, что и ThunderDome, но с небольшой толпой избранных живых фанатов, включенных в дополнение к виртуальным фанатам. Название также является данью уважения предшественнику WWE, Capitol Wrestling Corporation. [106] [107] 21 мая WWE вернули фанатов на постоянной основе, начав с тура по 25 городам, тем самым завершив резиденцию ThunderDome. Эпизод SmackDown от 16 июля начал возвращение WWE на дорогу, происходившее в Toyota Center в Хьюстоне, штат Техас.

В январе 2021 года WWE перенесла WrestleMania 37 , которая изначально должна была состояться в Инглвуде, Калифорния , 28 марта, на стадион Raymond James Stadium в Тампе, Флорида — первоначальное место проведения WrestleMania 36 — в качестве двухдневного мероприятия 10 и 11 апреля с участием фанатов, хотя и с ограниченной вместимостью. [108] Это стало первым мероприятием WWE во время пандемии, на котором присутствовали купленные билеты фанаты с максимальным количеством зрителей 25 000 на каждую ночь с соблюдением протоколов COVID-19. [109] Примерно в это же время WWE Network в Соединенных Штатах стала эксклюзивным дистрибьютором Peacock 18 марта 2021 года (в преддверии Fastlane и WrestleMania 37). Слияние WWE Network и Peacock не повлияло на сервис за пределами Соединенных Штатов. [110] Переход к Peacock вызвал некоторую критику со стороны фанатов, особенно из-за жесткой цензурной политики Peacock; компания начала удалять часть контента, который считался знаковыми моментами Attitude Era , и который Peacock посчитала неуместным; этот архивный контент больше не будет доступен ни на одной из авторизованных платформ WWE. [111] [112] Помимо критики, в апреле 2021 года руководитель WWE Triple H защитил переход WWE к Peacock. [113]

NXT был перенесен на временной интервал вторника вечером в 2021 году и был перезапущен как NXT 2.0 позже в том же году, восстановив свою первоначальную функцию как развивающего бренда. Performance Center стал постоянной домашней базой NXT, заменив Full Sail. Максимально вместительные толпы возобновились, и название Capitol Wrestling Center было постепенно отменено. [114] В феврале 2022 года бренд 205 Live был распущен, а шоу 205 Live было заменено новым шоу NXT под названием Level Up . [115]

24 февраля 2022 года WWE начала сотрудничество с On Location, компанией, известной тем, что предоставляет первоклассные услуги гостеприимства для крупных мероприятий. Благодаря партнерству зрители получат доступ к пакетам гостеприимства для пяти крупнейших мероприятий WWE, включая WrestleMania, SummerSlam, Royal Rumble, Survivor Series и Money in the Bank. Money in the Bank 2022 года стало первым мероприятием WWE, на котором были предложены первоклассные пакеты гостеприимства. Эти билеты и путевые пакеты включают первоклассные места, первоклассные предложения гостеприимства и встречи с действующими рестлерами и легендами WWE. [116]

Изменения в руководстве (2022–2023)

Бывший председатель и генеральный директор WWE Стефани Макмэн (справа) со своим мужем, коммерческим директором WWE и креативным директором Triple H (слева)

On June 17, 2022, amidst an investigation by WWE's Board of Directors into reported "hush money" paid to a former employee by Vince McMahon following an affair, Mr. McMahon stepped down as chairman and CEO of WWE and was replaced by his daughter, Stephanie McMahon, as the interim chairwoman of WWE.[117][118] Despite the change Vince McMahon came out on WWE SmackDown, that night opening the show with a brief speech, the highlights of which "then, now, forever and most importantly together" was quoted by various news media as Vince letting people know that he was still in creative control from behind the scenes.[119][120] On July 22, 2022, Vince McMahon officially retired, stating on Twitter, "At 77, time for me to retire. Thank you, WWE Universe. Then. Now. Forever. Together."[121] Following Vince's retirement, Stephanie McMahon was officially named chairwoman while she and Nick Khan were named co-CEOs of WWE.[122] Triple H would take over as head of creative, while resuming his position as Executive Vice President of Talent Relations and later being promoted to Chief Content Officer.[123][124] Commentators have highlighted the significance of McMahon's retirement, saying that it marked the historic start of a new period in WWE's history.[125][126][127][128][129][130][131] The 2022 SummerSlam event held on July 30, 2022, was the first WWE pay-per-view event to be held under the leadership of Stephanie McMahon and Triple H.[132][133]

On August 18, 2022; WWE Hall of Famer Shawn Michaels was promoted to WWE Vice President of Talent Development Creative.[134] On September 6, 2022, WWE announced Paul 'Triple H' Levesque's promotion to Chief Content Officer.[135] On January 6, 2023, Vince McMahon announced intentions to return to the company ahead of media rights negotiations. WWE's media rights with Fox and USA Network are set to expire in 2024.[136] That same month, JP Morgan were hired to handle a possible sale of the company, with companies such as Comcast (owners of NBCUniversal and long-time partners of WWE), Fox Corp (broadcaster of SmackDown), Disney (owners of ESPN), Warner Bros. Discovery (broadcasters of rival promotion AEW), Netflix, Amazon, Endeavor Group Holdings (owners of UFC), and Liberty Media being in the speculation for buying the company[137] with CAA and Saudi Arabia's Public Investment Fund also on the list.[138] On January 10, 2023, Stephanie McMahon resigned as chairwoman and co-CEO.[139] On the same day Vince McMahon assumed the role of executive Chairman of the WWE while Nick Khan became the sole CEO of the WWE.[140]

Acquisition of WWE by Endeavor (2023)

On April 3, 2023; WWE and Endeavor reached a deal under which WWE would merge with UFC's parent company Endeavor to form a new company, which would go public on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol "TKO". Endeavor will hold a 51% stake in "TKO", with WWE's shareholders having a 49% stake,[141] valuing WWE at $9.1 billion.[142][143] This marked the first time that WWE has not been majority-controlled by the McMahon family.[144] Vince McMahon will serve as executive chairman of the new entity, Endeavor CEO Ari Emanuel becoming CEO, with Mark Shapiro as president and chief operating officer. Emanuel will not take on any creative roles with WWE's head of creative Paul Levesque expected to remain in his role,[145] and with Nick Khan becoming president of WWE post-merger (not unlike Dana White's role as president of UFC).[143][142][146][145] The deal additionally granted McMahon life tenure as executive chairman, the right to nominate five WWE representatives on the 11 member board, as well as veto rights over certain actions by the new company.[147] In addition, McMahon will own 34% of the new company, with a 16% voting interest.[148]

Emanuel stated that this merger would "bring together two leading pureplay sports and entertainment companies" and provide "significant operating synergies".[143] Vince McMahon stated that "family businesses have to evolve for all the right reasons", and that "given the incredible work that Ari and Endeavor have done to grow the UFC brand — nearly doubling its revenue over the past seven years — and the immense success we've already had in partnering with their team on a number of ventures, I believe that this is without a doubt the best outcome for our shareholders and other stakeholders."[142]

World Wrestling Entertainment, LLC (2023–present)

Merger with UFC and the formation of TKO Group Holdings (2023–present)

The logo of TKO Group Holdings

The merger between WWE and UFC into TKO Group Holdings (TKO) was completed on September 12, 2023.[149] Although the company's legal name remained World Wrestling Entertainment, LLC, it remained united with UFC as part of the new entity "TKO". As part of the deal WWE and UFC remained separate divisions of the new entity featuring Professional Wrestling and Mixed martial arts respectively.[150][151] The first WWE show under the Endeavor regime was the September 12, 2023 episode of NXT which opened with Ilja Dragunov defeating Wes Lee in a singles match, and in the main event Becky Lynch defeated Tiffany Stratton to win the NXT Women's Championship.[152] The first WWE pay per view under TKO was NXT No Mercy on September 30, 2023.[153] Popular wrestler CM Punk returned to WWE in late 2023 and in his first match upon return he defeated Dominik Mysterio at WWE MSG Show on December 26, 2023.[154]

On January 23, 2024 Dwayne Johnson, also known as "The Rock" joined the TKO Group Holdings board of directors.[155][156][157] Three days later on January 26 Vince McMahon once again resigned due to further sexual misconduct allegations, with Ari Emanuel obtaining greater control as the new Chairman of TKO.[158]

On April 1, 2024, Triple H stated that WWE had entered "another era".[159] The next day, before WrestleMania XL, TKO's parent company, Endeavor was taken private by its largest investor, Silver Lake, a year after Endeavor's three-year run as a public company where Endeavor purchased WWE a year prior.[160][161] On April 3, WWE wrestler Cody Rhodes coined the term "Renaissance Era" for the period.[162] At WrestleMania XL, the WWE would officially debut a new signature intro ahead of the event's first match. Paul "Triple H" Levesque would introduce the fans in attendance, “Welcome to a new time, welcome to a new era,”[163] and at the WrestleMania's second night Stephanie McMahon would reiterate this, referring to it as the "Paul Levesque era”.[164] On April 7, in the main event of the second and final night of the event, Cody Rhodes defeated Roman Reigns to win the Undisputed WWE Universal Championship.[165]

On May 4, 2024 WWE held Backlash France, their first ever pay-per-view event in France.[166] On January 23, 2024, WWE announced that WWE Raw will move to Netflix streaming service on January 2025.

Championships and accomplishments

Note: Tables with a "Days rec." column means that WWE officially recognizes a different number of days that a wrestler has held a title, generally due to an event airing on tape delay.

The colors and symbols indicate the home brand of the champions.

Main roster

Raw

SmackDown

Open

These titles are available to all three brands: Raw, SmackDown, and NXT.

Developmental

NXT

Retired championships

Contracts

WWE signs most of its talent to exclusive contracts, meaning talent can appear or perform only on WWE programming and events. They are not permitted to appear or perform for another promotion unless special arrangements are made beforehand. WWE keeps all wrestlers' salary, employment length, benefits, and all other contract details strictly private.[184]

WWE classifies its professional wrestlers as independent contractors and not as employees. A study by the University of Louisville Law Review found that after applying the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) 20-factor test, 16 factors "clearly indicate that wrestlers are employees". However, as a result of WWE terming them as independent contractors, "the wrestlers are denied countless benefits to which they would otherwise be entitled".[185]

In December 2021, WWE revealed a new recruitment contract for athletes who are currently attending college. The NCAA-approved name, image, and likeness contracts are referred to by WWE as "next in line agreements".[186]

Stock and corporate governance

On October 19, 1999, WWF, which had been owned previously by parent company Titan Sports, launched an initial public offering as a publicly traded company, trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) with the issuance of stock then valued at $172.5 million.[45] The company has traded on the NYSE since its launch under ticker symbol WWE.[46]

The company has actively marketed itself as a publicly traded company through presentations at investor conferences and other investor relations initiatives.[187] In June 2003, the company began paying a dividend on its shares of $0.04 per share.[188] In June 2011, the company cut its dividend from $0.36 to $0.12.[189] In 2014, concerns about the company's viability caused wide fluctuations in its share price.[190]

Legal disputes and controversies

1990s drug scandal

During the 1980s and 1990s, George Zahorian was thought to have routinely distributed steroids and other drugs to WWF wrestlers, supposedly with the approval of WWF owner Vince McMahon.[191][unreliable source?] In 1993, McMahon was indicted in federal court after the steroid controversy engulfed the promotion, forcing him to temporarily cede control of the WWF to his wife Linda.[192] The case went to trial in 1994, where McMahon himself was accused of distributing steroids to his wrestlers.[193] One notable prosecution witness was Nailz (real name: Kevin Wacholz), a former WWF performer who had been fired after a violent confrontation with McMahon. Nailz testified that McMahon had ordered him to use steroids, but his credibility was called into question during his testimony as he repeatedly stated that he "hated" McMahon.[194][195] The jury would later acquit McMahon of the charges and he resumed his role in the day-to day operations of the WWF.[196]

1990s ring boy scandal

During the early 1990s, Mel Phillips, WWF's ring announcer and ring crew head, was accused of molesting multiple "ring boys", under-aged children that worked as part of the WWF ring crew.[197] In 1992, Phillips was fired from the WWF.[197] Phillips had previously been temporarily dismissed from the WWF in 1988 for sexual misconduct, but was brought back that same year.[197]

On October 29, 2020, it was reported by Business Insider that Vince McMahon and his wife Linda were aware of the allegations against Phillips but willfully turned a blind eye to them. According to Freedom of Information Act requests for court records regarding the ring boy scandal, Vince, under oath, stated that he was aware that Phillips had taken a "peculiar and unnatural interest in children" but refused to take action against him.[197] Further testimony revealed that Vince, after bringing Phillips back to the WWF in 1988, had made Phillips promise to "stop chasing after kids".[197] It was also reported by Business Insider that, under Vince and Linda McMahon's directive, the WWF began a campaign to discredit Tom Cole, one of the children who had accused Phillips of sexual misconduct, and Cole's family.[197] In response to the Business Insider report, Jerry McDevitt, WWE's attorney, stated that the accusations against Phillips were related to his unusual "foot fetish" but did not include "anything approximating conventional forms of sexual abuse such as rape, sodomy, etc."[197] He additionally described the claims that the McMahons knew about the accusations against Phillips but refused to take action and continued to employ him under the condition that he "stop chasing after kids" as "outlandish" and "classic libel."[197]

Tom Cole died in February 2021.[198]

Disputes with rival companies

In 1996, Titan Sports, the parent company of the World Wrestling Federation, sued World Championship Wrestling (WCW) over WCW implying that Scott Hall and Kevin Nash (Razor Ramon and Diesel) were invading WCW on the WWF's behalf. This led to a series of lawsuits filed by both companies as the Monday Night War heated up. The lawsuit went on for years, ending with a settlement in 2000. One of the terms gave then WWF the right to bid on WCW's assets if the company were liquidated. AOL Time Warner, the then-parent company of WCW, canceled WCW's television shows in March 2001 and sold the company assets to the WWF.[199][unreliable source?]

On May 23, 2012, Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) sued former employee Brian Wittenstein and WWE. The suit alleged that Wittenstein violated a non-disclosure agreement and shared confidential information with the WWE which represented a comparative advantage in negotiating with wrestling talent under contract with TNA. He was subsequently hired by WWE, after which TNA asserted that Wittenstein violated the agreement by downloading confidential TNA trade secrets and providing that information to WWE. Although WWE fired Wittenstein and alerted TNA officials as to the disclosure of the information, TNA claimed that WWE had access to the information for three weeks prior to disclosure and in this time, the WWE used secret contract information and attempted to poach their talent in violation of Tennessee's Uniform Trade Secrets Act.[200] The lawsuit was formally withdrawn without prejudice, by the plaintiff, TNA, on January 15, 2013, under a "Notice of Voluntary Nonsuit" which offers no ruling on the merits of the suit and allows TNA to potentially refile at a later date.[201]

On January 11, 2022, Major League Wrestling (MLW) filed an anti-trust lawsuit against WWE, accusing them of interfering in television and streaming deals and poaching talent. Through the lawsuit, it was disclosed that a streaming deal with Fox Corporation-owned Tubi was terminated due to WWE allegedly threatening to pull their programming from the sibling Fox broadcast network. The suit also alleges that WWE pressured Vice TV to withdraw from negotiations with MLW.[202][203]

Owen Hart's death

On May 23, 1999, Owen Hart fell to his death in Kansas City, Missouri during the Over the Edge pay-per-view event in a stunt that went wrong. WWF broke kayfabe by having television commentator Jim Ross repeatedly tell those watching live on pay-per-view that what had just transpired was not a wrestling angle or storyline and that Hart was hurt badly, emphasizing the seriousness of the situation.[204] While several attempts to revive him were made, he died from his injuries. The cause of death was later revealed to be internal bleeding from blunt force trauma. The WWF management controversially chose to continue the event.[205] Later, Jim Ross revealed Hart's death to the home viewers during the pay-per-view, but not to the crowd in the arena.[206] While the show did go on, it has never been released commercially by WWF Home Video. In 2014, fifteen years after his death, the WWE Network aired the event for the first time. A small photo tribute is shown before the start informing fans that Hart died during the original broadcast. All footage of Hart was edited out of the event. The statement reads: "In Memory of Owen Hart May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999 who accidentally passed away during this broadcast."[207] Four weeks after the event, the Hart family sued the WWF over how dangerous and poorly planned the stunt was, and that the harness system was defective.[208] After over a year and a half into the case, a settlement was reached on November 2, 2000, which saw the WWF give the Hart family US$18 million.[209][210][211]

Dispute with USA Network

In April 2000, USA Networks, Inc., the parent company of USA Network, had filed a lawsuit against World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc. in a bid to keep Raw is War and all WWF programming after the WWF opened up a bidding war a month prior.[212] Viacom's proposed bid included a $30-million to $50-million equity investment in the company and carriage on broadcast, billboards and radio of both wrestling matches along with the then-launched XFL.

On June 27, 2000, the Delaware Supreme Court ruled in favor of the WWF.[213] The next day, Viacom won the rights to all WWF programming for $12.6 million including Raw is War on TNN/Spike TV, a revamped Sunday Night Heat on MTV and retained SmackDown! on UPN after the merger with CBS in 1999. The lawsuit centered on USA's contention that it did not have to match every aspect of a Viacom offer to satisfy a right of first refusal clause in its contract that allowed its deal with the WWF to continue.[214][215][216] In 2005, WWE's programming (excluding SmackDown!) moved back to USA Network (now owned by NBCUniversal) and maintains its relationship to this day.[217]

WWF name dispute

In 1994, Titan Sports had entered into an agreement with the World Wide Fund for Nature (also trademarked WWF), an environmental organization, regarding Titan's use of the "WWF" acronym, which both organizations had been using since at least March 1979. Under the agreement, Titan had agreed to cease using the written acronym "WWF" in connection with its wrestling promotion, and to minimize (though not eliminate) spoken uses of "WWF" on its broadcasts, particularly in scripted comments. In exchange, the environmental group (and its national affiliates) agreed to drop any pending litigation against Titan, and agreed not to challenge Titan's use of the full "World Wrestling Federation" name or the promotion's then-current logo.[218]

In 2000, the World Wide Fund for Nature sued World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Inc. in the United Kingdom, alleging various violations of the 1994 agreement.[219] The Court of Appeal agreed that the promotion company had violated the 1994 agreement, particularly in regards to merchandising. The last televised event to market the WWF logo was the UK-based pay-per-view Insurrextion 2002. On May 5, 2002, the company launched its "Get The F Out" marketing campaign and changed all references on its website from "WWF" to "WWE", while switching the URL from WWF.com to WWE.com.[59] The next day, the official name change from World Wrestling Federation Entertainment, Inc. to World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc., was publicized in a press release and during a broadcast of Raw, from the Hartford Civic Center.

Following the name change, the use of the WWF "scratch" logo became prohibited on all WWE properties. Additionally, past references to the WWF trademark and initials in 'specified circumstances' became censored.[220] Despite the litigation, WWE was still permitted use of the original WWF logo, which was used from 1979 through 1994 and had been explicitly exempted under the 1994 agreement, as well as the similar "New WWF Generation" logo, which was used from 1994 through 1998. Furthermore, the company could still make use of the full "World Wrestling Federation" and "World Wrestling Federation Entertainment" names without consequence. In 2003, WWE won a limited decision to continue marketing certain classic video games from THQ and Jakks Pacific that contained the WWF "scratch" logo.[221] However, the packaging on those games had all WWF references replaced with WWE.

Starting with the 1,000th episode of Raw in July 2012, the WWF "scratch" logo is no longer censored in archival footage due to WWE reaching a new settlement with the World Wide Fund for Nature.[222] In addition, the F in WWF initials are no longer censored when spoken or when written in plain text in archival footage. Since then, full-length matches and other segments featuring the WWF initials and "scratch" logo have been added to the WWE website and the WWE Classics on Demand and eventually the WWE Network service. This also includes WWE Home Video releases since October 2012, starting with the re-release of Brock Lesnar: Here Comes The Pain.[223] Although the WWF initials and logo are no longer censored in archival footage, WWE cannot use the WWF initials or logo in any new, original footage, packaging, or advertising.[224]

Harry Slash and the Slashtones lawsuit

Harry "Slash" Grivas and Roderick Kohn filed a lawsuit against WWE in June 2003 due to the music being used for its programming and DVDs without consent or payment. It also asserted a violation of the rights to original music used by ECW that WWE had been using during the Invasion storyline of 2001. The case was resolved on both sides with a settlement that saw WWE purchase the catalog outright in January 2005.[225]

Ultimate Warrior-related disputes

In 1993, Jim Hellwig, known in the WWF as "The Ultimate Warrior", legally changed his name to the mononym Warrior.[226][227] This one-word name appears on all legal documents pertaining to Warrior, and his children carry the Warrior name as their legal surname.[228] Warrior and the WWF engaged in a series of lawsuits and legal actions in 1996 and 1998,[229] where both parties sought a declaration that they owned the characters, Warrior and Ultimate Warrior, under both contract and copyright law. The court ruled that Warrior was legally entitled to use the gimmick, costuming, face paint designs, and mannerisms of the "Warrior" character.[230]

On September 27, 2005, WWE released a DVD documentary focusing on Warrior's retrospective wrestling career, titled The Self-Destruction of the Ultimate Warrior. The DVD featured clips of his more notable feuds and matches along with commentary from WWE stars past and present (most of which are unflattering). The DVD has provoked some controversy due to Warrior's allegations of libel by WWE against him. Originally, Warrior was asked to help with the production of the DVD, but as he refused to work with WWE, there had been some resulting animosity between Warrior and WWE over the Warrior claiming bias on the part of WWE.[231] In January 2006, Warrior filed another lawsuit against WWE in an Arizona court over the depiction of his wrestling career in The Self-Destruction of the Ultimate Warrior DVD.[232] On September 18, 2009, Warrior's lawsuit in Arizona was dismissed.

Warrior returned to WWE to be inducted into the Hall of Fame. During his induction, he mentioned that WWE should create an award to honor those behind the scenes called the Jimmy Miranda Award, named after a long time WWE employee who died. Warrior died three days after being inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame. WWE decided to create the Warrior Award, an award for people "who embodied the spirit of the Ultimate Warrior." The award was later given to Connor Michalek (a child who died from cancer), Joan Lunden (a journalist who was diagnosed with cancer), and Eric LeGrand (a former college football player who became a quadriplegic after an in-game injury). In October 2017, WWE used the tagline "Unleash Your Warrior" when promoting Breast Cancer Awareness Month. Since Warrior's death, WWE has been accused of whitewashing and ignoring Warrior's bigoted and controversial past comments.[233] Pro Wrestling Torch described Warrior in real-life having made public "vile, bigoted, hateful, judgmental comments", citing as an example that regarding Bobby Heenan's cancer diagnosis, Warrior said, "Karma is just a beautiful thing to behold."[234] Vice wrote that "completely whitewashing his past and elevating his likeness to a bland symbol of corporate altruism is shockingly tone-deaf, especially for a company that's at least outwardly trying to appear progressive, inclusive and diverse."[233]

Morals clause violations

Under Section 9.13(a) of WWE's booking contract, commonly known as the "morals clause", the company has a zero-tolerance policy involving domestic violence, child abuse and sexual assault. Upon arrest and conviction for such crimes, a WWE talent shall be immediately suspended and their contract terminated.[235]

Concussion lawsuit

Starting in 2014, numerous former WWE talent filed multiple lawsuits against WWE alleging that WWE did not protect and hid information from their talent about concussions and CTE. The former talent claimed physical and mental health issues as a result of physical trauma they experience in WWE. The lawsuits were filed by attorney Konstantine Kyros. US District Judge Vanessa Lynne Bryant dismissed many of the lawsuits in September 2018.[258] In September 2020, the lawsuits were dismissed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.[259] The Supreme Court of the United States subsequently declined to hear the case in April 2021.[260]

Relationship with Saudi Arabia

The events promoted in Saudi Arabia by WWE have been subjected to criticism due to allegations of sportswashing. WWE has been accused of contributing to Saudi Arabia's discrimination of LGBT people and women by holding events in the country.[261][262]

WWE's relation with Saudi Arabia has been condemned by activist groups such as Code Pink and several politicians.[263][264][265][266]

Ashley Massaro affidavit

Prior to her death on May 15, 2019, former WWE wrestler Ashley Massaro alleged that she was sexually assaulted at a US military base during a 2006 WWE tour of Kuwait by a man posing as a doctor, and that WWE officials persuaded her to not report it to the appropriate authorities as they did not want it to affect the company's relationship with the military.[267] WWE officials would later claim they had no knowledge of Massaro's alleged sexual assault.

After her death, an affidavit by Massaro describing the sexual assault allegations in detail was subsequently released by the law firm that represented her.[268] In response, WWE said that their executives had not been previously informed of the allegations described in the affidavit.[269] Despite previous denials from WWE about having knowledge of her allegation, in February 2024 an attorney representing former WWE Head of Talent Relations John Laurinaitis stated that: "most upper level management at sometime became aware of the [Massaro] allegations and ensured all proper WWE protocols were followed, including privacy for the alleged victim."[270] That month, Vice News reported that the Naval Criminal Investigative Service had investigated Massaro's allegations from June 2019 to January 2020, although no further information about the investigation other than its existence is known.[271] A further report by Vice News revealed that Massaro had accused Vince McMahon of "preying on female WWE wrestlers" and that she believed he had tried to sabotage her wrestling career after she rejected an advance from him.[272]

Misconduct allegations involving Vince McMahon

One of the first allegations against Vince McMahon was made on April 3, 1992, when Rita Chatterton, a former referee noted for her stint as Rita Marie in the WWF in the 1980s and for being the first female referee in the WWF (possibly in professional wrestling history),[273] made an appearance on Geraldo Rivera's show Now It Can Be Told. She claimed that on July 16, 1986, McMahon tried to force her to perform oral sex on him in his limousine; when she refused, he raped her.[274] Former wrestler Leonard Inzitari has corroborated Chatterton's allegation.[275] Several years later, on February 1, 2006, McMahon was accused of sexual harassment by a worker at a tanning bar in Boca Raton, Florida.[276] At first, the charge appeared to be discredited because McMahon was in Miami for the 2006 Royal Rumble at the time. It was soon clarified that the alleged incident was reported to police on the day of the Rumble, but actually took place the day before.[277] On March 25, it was reported that no charges would be filed against McMahon as a result of the investigation.[278] Both Chatterton and a separate tanning spa worker who alleged that McMahon sexually assaulted her in California in 2011 filed civil sex abuse lawsuits against him in late 2022.[279] McMahon would agree to pay Chatterton an undisclosed multimillion-dollar legal settlement.[280]

In 2014, activist investor Emmanuel Lemelson stated that he believed the company had made material misrepresentations in its financial reporting[281][282] and called for new leadership or a sale of the company.[283] Lemelson's analysis was credited with an $800 million drop in the market capitalization of the stock.[284][285][286]

In April 2022, the WWE board began investigating a $3 million hush-money settlement that McMahon paid over an alleged affair with a former employee of the company. The investigation also revealed other nondisclosure agreements related to misconduct claims by other women in the company against McMahon and executive John Laurinaitis, totaling $12 million.[287][288][289] This eventually led to McMahon retiring from all of his positions on July 22, 2022, and a change in leadership of the WWE for the first time since 1982;[290][291][292] he would later return to the company in January 2023 as executive chairman.[280]

The company would eventually report $19.6 million in unrecorded payments made by Vince McMahon between 2006 and 2022.[293]

In January 2024, McMahon's history of having a role with the WWE ended amid new allegation by ex-WWE employee Janel Grant.[294] Grant accused McMahon and John Laurinaitis of not only sexually assaulting her, but also sex trafficking.[17][294] The allegation also led to Slim Jim pausing its sponsorship of WWE events.[17]

Terminology

WWE uses a variety of special terms in promoting their product, such as describing the wrestling industry as sports entertainment. The fan base is referred to as the "WWE Universe" for the main roster shows, while for NXT shows, they are also referred to as the "NXT Universe". Main roster wrestlers are designated "WWE Superstars", while those in NXT are also referred to as "NXT Superstars". Retired wrestlers are described as "WWE Legends", while those who have been inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame are called "Hall of Famers".[295]

WWE Network and distribution deals

On February 24, 2014, WWE launched WWE Network, an over-the-top subscription streaming service[68][69][70] The service, which was initially proposed as a linear pay television service,[296][297] carries all WWE pay-per-view events, original programming (including in-ring programs, as well as documentary and reality programming highlighting the promotion and its history), and access to WWE library content such as classic pay-per-views and television episodes from WWE and other promotions that it had acquired.[298] The service reached 1,000,000 subscribers on January 27, 2015, in less than one year of its launch, with WWE claiming that it was thus "the fastest-growing digital subscription service ever".[299]

In May 2014, WWE and NBCUniversal agreed to a new contract that would see both Raw and SmackDown continue on NBC owned networks the USA Network and Syfy.[300] In January 2016, SmackDown would change networks to the USA Network. The contract with NBCUniversal expires in 2019.[301] On November 17, 2016, WWE and Sky Deutschland signed a multi-year agreement to distribute WWE's premier pay-per-view events and broadcast Raw and SmackDown Live on SKY Sports starting in April 2017.[302] On April 10, 2017, WWE and DAZN, made Raw and SmackDown available live in Japan with Japanese commentary.[303] On April 27, 2017, WWE and TV5, reached a new agreement to broadcast one-hour editions of SmackDown.[304] On May 12, 2017, WWE and Saran Media, reached a new multi-year agreement to televise Raw and SmackDown.[305] On July 10, 2017, WWE and AB 1, extended their partnership into its 18th year with a new, multi-year agreement to broadcast WWE programming.[306] On July 20, 2017, WWE and SuperSport, reached a new, multi-year agreement to broadcast WWE programming live for the first time in more than 50 countries.[307] On August 1, 2017, WWE and Foxtel, extend their partnership into its 18th year with a new agreement to broadcast WWE programming.[308] On August 8, 2017, WWE and Canal 1, a new agreement to broadcast One-hour editions of Raw and SmackDown.[309] On August 16, 2017, WWE and Nine Network reached a broadcast agreement to air weekly one-hour versions of Raw and SmackDown.[310] On August 24, 2017, WWE and Flow reached a multi-year agreement to televise WWE's flagship programmes Raw and SmackDown.[311] On September 7, 2017, WWE and TVA Sports reached a multi-year agreement to air a weekly, one-hour only edition of Raw, in French in Canada.[311] On October 24, 2017, WWE and Sport TV reached a multi-year agreement to air Raw and SmackDown.[312] On December 15, 2017, WWE and IB SPORTS, they will extend their partnership with a new agreement to broadcast WWE programming live for the first time in South Korea.[313] On December 18, 2017, WWE and SPS HD, reached an agreement to broadcast Raw and SmackDown on SPS Sports for the first time in Mongolia.[314]

On December 13, 2017, WWE and Facebook introduced a new Internet in-ring series called WWE Mixed Match Challenge that will stream live in the U.S. exclusively on Facebook Watch. Premiering on January 16, 2018, the 12-episode series will feature wrestlers from both the Raw and SmackDown rosters competing in a single-elimination mixed tag-team tournament to win $100,000 to support the charity of their choice. Each episode will be 20 minutes long and will air at 10 p.m. ET/7 p.m. PT.[315]

Starting on March 18, 2021 (ahead of Fastlane and WrestleMania 37), the WWE Network in the United States became exclusively distributed by Peacock. The merger of the WWE Network and Peacock did not affect the service outside of the United States.[110]

On September 9, 2022, WWE reached a new multi-year partnership deal with The Foxtel Group,[316] which allowed Foxtel to be the exclusive distributor of WWE in Australia, starting in early December 2022, allowing all pay-per-view events and original programming to be available on a dedicated WWE channel, Foxtel Now, and on Binge, with no additional cost to Foxtel and Binge users.

As announced on, January 23, 2024, Netflix will exclusively broadcast WWE's flagship weekly wrestling show Raw starting in January 2025 in the United States, Latin America, Canada and the United Kingdom. Netflix will also be the exclusive home of all WWE content outside of the U.S., which will include documentaries, original series, SmackDown, NXT and Premium Live Events such as WrestleMania, SummerSlam and the Royal Rumble.[317][318][319]

Expansion beyond wrestling

Subsidiaries

Active

Defunct

Investments

Charities

Relationship with Tapout

In March 2015, WWE joined forces with Authentic Brands Group to relaunch Tapout, formerly a major MMA-related clothing line, as a more general "lifestyle fitness" brand. The apparel, for men and women, was first released in spring of 2016. WWE markets the brand through various products, including beverages, supplements, and gyms.[350] WWE will hold a 50% stake in the brand, and so will advertise it regularly across all its platforms, hoping to give it one billion impressions a month, and take some of the fitness market from Under Armour. WWE wrestlers and staff have been shown wearing various Tapout gear since the venture began.[351]

Partnerships

Though an infrequent occurrence, during its history WWE has worked with other wrestling promotions in collaborative efforts.

During the 1970s, 1980s, and early 1990s, WWE had working relationships with the Japanese New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Universal Wrestling Federation (UWF), Universal Lucha Libre (FULL), and the Mexican Universal Wrestling Association (UWA). These working relationships led to the creations of the WWF World Martial Arts, Light Heavyweight and Intercontinental Tag Team championships.[352][353][354][355]

During the period of 1992–1996, WWE had talent exchange agreements with the United States and Japanese independent companies Smokey Mountain Wrestling (SMW),[356][357] Super World of Sports (SWS),[358] WAR,[359] and the United States Wrestling Association (USWA).[360]

In 1997, the company did business with Mexico's AAA promotion, bringing in a number of AAA wrestlers for the Royal Rumble event and namesake match.[361][362]

In 1997, WWE would also do business with Japan's Michinoku Pro Wrestling (MPW), bringing in MPW talent to compete in the company's light heavyweight division and in their 1997 Light Heavyweight Championship tournament.[363]

From 1997 to 1998, WWE partnered with the National Wrestling Alliance (NWA), with WWE hosting NWA matches on its programming. These matches were presented as part of "an invasion" of WWE by NWA wrestlers.

In 2015, WWE entered a partnership with Evolve – a U.S. independent promotion that WWE used as a scouting group for potential signees for the NXT brand.[364] In 2020, WWE would purchase Evolve for an undisclosed amount.[365]

In 2016, WWE partnered with England's Progress Wrestling with Progress hosting qualifying matches for WWE's Cruiserweight Classic.[366] In 2017, Progress talent would participate in the WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament[367] and at WWE's WrestleMania Axxess events.[368] Three years later in 2020, Progress programming began airing on the WWE Network.

In 2017, WWE partnered with Scotland's Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW) with some ICW talent appearing in the WWE United Kingdom Championship Tournament and at WWE's WrestleMania Axxess events.[368] In 2017, WWE explored a deal to bring ICW programming onto the WWE Network[369] – ICW programming began airing on the WWE Network in 2020.

In 2018, WWE partnered with Germany's Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw).[370] In October 2018, WWE hosted German tryouts at the wXw Wrestling Academy.[371] In 2020, wXw programming began airing on the WWE Network.

In February 2023, WWE (specifically their NXT brand) launched a partnership with the Texas-based independent promotion Reality of Wrestling (ROW), which is owned by WWE Hall of Famer and NXT commentator Booker T.[372]

In December 2023, WWE launched a partnership with All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW).[373][374] In early 2024, WWE expanded their partnership with AJPW, with NXT wrestler Charlie Dempsey going to Japan to challenge for AJPW's Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship which marked the first match under the new collaboration.[375]

In 2024, WWE launched partnerships with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA),[376] Dream Star Fighting Marigold (Marigold),[377] Pro Wrestling Noah (NOAH), and Game Changer Wrestling (GCW).

Throughout the company's history, WWE has had past arrangements with independent companies from the contiguous United States (such as Ohio Valley Wrestling) and Puerto Rico (such as the International Wrestling Association) with the companies serving as developmental territories.[378]

Drug testing and wellness program

The World Wrestling Federation had a drug-testing policy in place as early as 1987, initially run by an in-house administrator. In 1991, wrestlers were subjected to independent testing for anabolic steroids for the first time.[379] The independent testing was ceased in 1996, being deemed too expensive as the company was going through financial duress at the time as a result of their competitors, World Championship Wrestling, being so overwhelmingly more popular and hurting the federation's business.[380]

The Talent Wellness Program is a comprehensive drug, alcohol, and cardiac screening program initiated in February 2006, three months after the sudden death of one of their highest-profile and most popular talents, Eddie Guerrero, who died at 38-years-old.[381] The policy tests for recreational drug use and abuse of prescription medication, including anabolic steroids.[381] Under the guidelines of the policy, talent is also tested annually for pre-existing or developing cardiac issues. The drug testing is handled by Aegis Sciences Corporation; the cardiac evaluations are handled by New York Cardiology Associates P.C.[381] The Wellness Policy requires that all talent "under contract to WWE who regularly perform in-ring services as a professional sports entertainer" undergo testing; however, part-time competitors are exempt from testing.[382]

After the double-murder and suicide committed by one of its performers, Chris Benoit, with a possible link to steroid abuse encouraged by WWE, the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform requested that WWE turn over any material regarding its talent wellness policy.[383]

In August 2007, WWE and its contracted performers defended the program in the wake of several busts of illegal pharmacy that linked WWE performers to steroid purchases even after the policy was put into place. Ten professional wrestlers were suspended for violating the Wellness Policy after reports emerged they were all customers of Signature Pharmacy in Orlando, Florida. According to a statement attributed to WWE attorney Jerry McDevitt, an eleventh wrestler was later added to the suspension list.[384][385][386]

On September 13, 2010, WWE updated their list of banned substances to include muscle relaxers.[387]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ The founder of Capitol Wrestling Corporation (CWC) is uncertain. While some sources claim that CWC was founded by Vincent J. McMahon, others claim that Jess McMahon founded the company.[1]
  2. ^ Vince McMahon is the largest individual shareholder, with a 9.941% stake in TKO Group Holdings.[6][7]

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Further reading

External links