Портал:Анды

Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Портал Анд

Анды ( / ˈændiːz / AN - deez ), Андские горы или Андийский горный хребет ( исп . Cordillera de los Andes ; кечуа : Anti ) являются самой длинной континентальной горной цепью в мире , образующей непрерывную возвышенность вдоль западного края Южной Америки . Хребет составляет 8900 км (5530 миль) в длину и от 200 до 700 км (124 до 435 миль) в ширину (самая широкая между 18° ю. ш. и 20° ю. ш. ) и имеет среднюю высоту около 4000 м (13 123 фута). Анды простираются с юга на север через семь стран Южной Америки: Аргентину , Чили , Боливию , Перу , Эквадор , Колумбию и Венесуэлу .

По всей своей длине Анды разделены на несколько хребтов, разделенных промежуточными впадинами . В Андах расположено несколько высоких плато , на некоторых из которых расположены крупные города, такие как Кито , Богота , Кали , Арекипа , Медельин , Букараманга , Сукре , Мерида , Эль-Альто и Ла-Пас . Плато Альтиплано является вторым по высоте в мире после Тибетского нагорья . Эти хребты, в свою очередь, сгруппированы в три основных подразделения в зависимости от климата: тропические Анды , сухие Анды и влажные Анды .

Анды — самая высокая горная цепь за пределами Азии . Самая высокая вершина цепи, Аконкагуа в Аргентине , возвышается на высоту около 6961 м (22 838 футов) над уровнем моря. Пик Чимборасо в эквадорских Андах находится дальше от центра Земли, чем любое другое место на поверхности Земли, из-за экваториальной выпуклости , возникающей в результате вращения Земли . Самые высокие вулканы мира находятся в Андах, включая Охос-дель-Саладо на границе Чили и Аргентины, который возвышается на 6893 м (22 615 футов). ( Полная статья... )

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Избранные статьи

Изображение 1

Вид на Корасон со стороны Руминьяуи

Корасон ( испанский : « сердце ») — бездействующий , разрушенный эрозией стратовулкан Эквадора , расположенныйпримерно в 30 км к юго-западу от Кито , на западных склонах Анд . ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

Двойной пик Иллинизаса

The Illinizas are a pair of volcanic mountains that are located in the north of Latacunga, Cotopaxi, Ecuador. They are located in the Illinizas Ecological Reserve (Spanish: Reserva Ecológica Los Illinizas). These twin mountains are separated by a saddle that is about a kilometer long. The peaks are among the highest in Ecuador, with Illiniza Sur standing slightly taller than Illiniza Norte, its northern counterpart, at 5245 metres and 5126 metres respectively.

Most guidebooks (for example, Lonely Planet Ecuador, Ecuador: A Climbing Guide) spell the mountain with only one "l" as in Iliniza. The name Illinizas is derived from the Kunza words for "masculine hill." (Full article...)
Image 3

Llao Llao peninsula

Nahuel Huapi National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi) is the oldest national park in Argentina, established in 1922 as Parque Nacional de Sud and reconfiguered in 1934. It surrounds Nahuel Huapi Lake in the foothills of the Patagonian Andes. The largest of the national parks in the region, it has an area of 7,050 km² (2,720 sq mi), or nearly 2 million acres. Its landscapes represent the north Patagonian Andean Zone consisting of three types, namely, the Altoandino (with perpetual snow above an altitude of 1,600 metres (5,200 ft)), the Andino-Patagónico (in the lower reaches of the hills) and the Patagonian steppe. It also represents small parts of the Valdivian Rainforest.

The park and the reserve lie at an altitude of 720–3,574 metres (2,362–11,726 ft), and are designated under IUCN management categories II (National Park) and IV (Management Reserve). The park is completely protected while the reserve is partially protected. The national park is dominated by the high mountain chain of the Andes, many lakes, rapid rivers, waterfalls, snow-clad peaks, glaciers and extensive forests. It is bordered by Chile on its western side. (Full article...)
Image 4

View of Nevado del Tolima

The Nevado del Tolima is a Late Pleistocene to recently active andesitic stratovolcano located in the Tolima department, Colombia. The volcano lies south of Nevado del Ruiz volcano and is situated within the Los Nevados National Natural Park. The volcano, whose most recent activity dates to 1943 and last major eruption around 3600 years ago, overlies the Eocene El Bosque Batholith, dated at 49.1 ± 1.7 Ma. (Full article...)
Image 5

Pumasillo

Pumasillo (possibly from Quechua puma cougar, puma, sillu claw, "puma claw") is a mountain in the Vilcabamba mountain range in the Andes of Peru, about 5,991 m (19,656 ft) high'. Pumasillo or Sacsarayoc also refers to the whole massif. It includes the peaks Pumasillo, Sacsarayoc and Lasunayoc. It is located in the Cusco Region, La Convención Province. Its slopes are within the administrative boundaries of the Peruvian city of Santa Teresa. ('Full article...)
Image 6

NASA Landsat composite image

Cordón del Azufre is an inactive complex volcano located in the Central Andes, at the border of Argentina and Chile. It consists of three stages of volcanic cones and associated lava flows, and its activity is a consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate underneath the South American Plate. North of it are the dormant volcano Lastarria and the actively uplifting Lazufre region. (Full article...)
Image 7

Maipo volcano in 2008

Maipo is a stratovolcano in the Andes, lying on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located 90 km (56 mi) south of Tupungato and about 100 km (62 mi) southeast of Santiago. It has a symmetrical, conical volcanic shape, and is among the southernmost 5,000 metre peaks in the Andes.

Maipo is located within the Diamante caldera, a feature measuring 15 km by 20 km that is about half a million years old. It rises about 1,900 m (6,230 ft) above the floor of the caldera. Immediately to the east of the peak, on the eastern side of the caldera floor, is Laguna del Diamante, a lake that formed when lava flows blocked drainage channels from the caldera in 1826. The Diamante Caldera erupted 450 cubic kilometers (108 cu mi) of tephra, 450 ka. (Full article...)
Image 8

View from the southwest.

Salcantay, Salkantay or Sallqantay (in Quechua) is the highest peak in the Vilcabamba mountain range, part of the Peruvian Andes. It is located in the Cusco Region, about 60 km (40 mi) west-northwest of the city of Cusco. It is the 38th-highest peak in the Andes and the twelfth-highest in Peru. However, as a range highpoint in deeply incised terrain, it is the second most topographically prominent peak in the country, after Huascarán.

Salcantay's proximity to Machu Picchu makes trekking around it an alternative to the oversubscribed Inca Trail; this is known as the Salkantay trek. (Full article...)
Image 9

Location of Cerro Maca

Cerro Macá is a stratovolcano located to the north of the Aisén Fjord and to the east of the Moraleda Channel, in the Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region of Chile. This glacier-covered volcano lies along the regional Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone.

Cerro Macá is a relatively small volcano with a volume of only 39 cubic kilometres (9.4 cu mi). It has a summit elevation of approximately 2,300 m above sea level and features glaciers that in 2011 covered an area of 27.62 square kilometres (10.66 sq mi). The edifice is partially eroded and a sector collapse is probably the origin of a large steep sided depression in the summit area. Pyroclastic cones with associated lava flows are found on its southwestern flank but also on the other slopes of the volcano, as far down as sea level and in the Bahia Aysen. (Full article...)
Image 10

Pico Bonpland as seen from the Pico Humboldt

Pico Bonpland is Venezuela's fourth-highest peak, at 4,883 metres above sea level. It is located in the Sierra Nevada de Merida, in the Venezuelan Andes of (Mérida State). The peak with its sister peak Pico Humboldt, and the surrounding páramos are protected by the Sierra Nevada National Park. The name of the peak is in honor of Aimé Bonpland, although he never visited the Venezuelan Andes.

The glaciers located in the Bonpland were the result from Merida glaciation in the Pleistocene. By 2011 they had all disappeared. (Full article...)
Image 11
Cerro Castillo Dynevor, also known as Castillo Dynevor is located on the northwest coast of Skyring Sound, in Magallanes Region, Chile. It is named after its resemblance with Dynevor Castle in Wales, which was noticed by British explorers in 1830.

Its access is quite harsh due to the nature that all roads end about 30 km from it, and the rest of the way must be done either on a 4×4 vehicle, motorcycle, horse or on foot, either way the appropriate track is just by the shore, not through the woods, as they are too dense. (Full article...)
Image 12

North face of the Cayambe volcano

Cayambe or Volcán Cayambe is a volcano in Ecuador, in the Cordillera Central, a range of the Ecuadorian Andes. It is located in Pichincha Province, some 70 km (43 mi) northeast of Quito. It is the third-highest mountain in Ecuador, at an elevation of 5,790 m (18,996 ft) above sea level.

Cayambe, which has a permanent snow cap, is a Holocene compound volcano which last erupted in March 1786. At 4,690 metres (15,387 ft), its south slope is the highest point in the world crossed by the Equator, and the only point on the Equator with snow cover. The ice cap covers an area of about 22 km² (8 sq mi) and there are glaciers on the eastern flank descending to about 4,400 m (14,400 ft), whereas those on the drier western flank reach about 4,700 m (15,400 ft). The volcano and most of its slopes are within the Cayambe Coca Ecological Reserve. (Full article...)
Image 13

Andean Geology (formerly Revista Geológica de Chile) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published three times per year by the National Geology and Mining Service, Chile's geology and mining agency. The journal covers the field of geology and related earth sciences, primarily on issues that are relevant to South America, Central America, and Antarctica with a particular focus on the Andes. The journal was established in 1974 and articles are published in English and Spanish. The editor-in-chief is Daniel Bertin (National Geology and Mining Service). (Full article...)
Image 14

Purace volcano seen from Popayán in 2006

Puracé is an andesitic stratovolcano located in the Puracé National Natural Park in the Cauca Department, Colombia. It is part of the North Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt. The volcano is located at the intersection of the Coconucos and Morras Faults.

It is one of the most active volcanoes in Colombia. Large explosive eruptions occurred in 1849, 1869, 1885, 1949, 1950, 1956, and 1957. There were about a dozen eruptions in the 20th century, the most recent being in 1977. On this occasion, volcanic ash was deposited 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) away. Fumaroles were seen near the summit in 1990, and hot springs emerged from some of the lower slopes. (Full article...)
Image 15

Aconcagua from the south

Aconcagua (Spanish pronunciation: [akoŋˈkaɣwa]) is a mountain in the Principal Cordillera of the Andes mountain range, in Mendoza Province, Argentina. It is the highest mountain in the Americas, the highest outside Asia, and the highest in both the Western Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere with a summit elevation of 6,961 metres (22,838 ft). Despite its impressive size and stature, it is only the 189th highest mountain in the world. It lies 112 kilometres (70 miles) northwest of the provincial capital, the city of Mendoza, about five kilometres (three miles) from San Juan Province, and 15 km (9 mi) from Argentina's border with Chile. The mountain is one of the Seven Summits of the seven continents.

Aconcagua is bounded by the Valle de las Vacas to the north and east and the Valle de los Horcones Inferior to the west and south. The mountain and its surroundings are part of the Aconcagua Provincial Park. The mountain has a number of glaciers. The largest glacier is the Ventisquero Horcones Inferior at about 10 km (6 mi) long, which descends from the south face to about 3,600 m (11,800 ft) in elevation near the Confluencia camp.
Two other large glacier systems are the Ventisquero de las Vacas Sur and Glaciar Este/Ventisquero Relinchos system at about 5 km (3 mi) long. The best known is the northeastern or Polish Glacier, as it is a common route of ascent. (Full article...)
Image 16

Galán viewed from space

Cerro Galán is a caldera in the Catamarca Province of Argentina. It is one of the largest exposed calderas in the world and forms part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, one of the three volcanic belts found in South America. One of several major caldera systems in the Central Volcanic Zone, the mountain is grouped into the Altiplano–Puna volcanic complex.

Volcanic activity at Galán is the indirect consequence of the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate, and involves the infiltration of melts into the crust and the formation of secondary magmas which after storage in the crust give rise to the dacitic to rhyodacitic rocks erupted by the volcano. (Full article...)
Image 17

El Altar in 2006

El Altar or Capac Urcu (possibly from Kichwa kapak principal, great, important / magnificence, urku mountain) is an extinct volcano on the western side of Sangay National Park in Ecuador, 170 km (110 mi) south of Quito, with a highest point of 5,319 m (17,451 ft). Spaniards named it so because it resembled two nuns and four friars listening to a bishop around a church altar. In older English sources it is also called The Altar. (Full article...)
Image 18

Aerial view of Tupungato volcano from Argentina.

Tupungato, one of the highest mountains in the Americas, is a massive Andean lava dome dating to Pleistocene times. It lies on the Argentina–Chile border, between the Chilean Metropolitan Region (near a major international highway about 80 km (50 mi) east of Santiago) and the Argentine province of Mendoza, about 100 km (62 mi) south of Aconcagua, the highest peak of both the Southern and Western hemispheres. Immediately to its southwest is the active Tupungatito volcano (literally, little Tupungato), which last erupted in 1987.

Tupungato Department, an important Argentine wine-producing region in Mendoza province, is named for the volcano. Recent Chilean mapping indicates it has a height of 6635m. (Full article...)
Image 19
Touching the Void is a 1988 book by Joe Simpson, recounting his and Simon Yates's near fatal descent after climbing the 6,344-metre (20,814 ft) peak Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes. Approximately 15% of the book is written by Yates. It has sold over a million copies and has been translated into over 20 languages. (Full article...)
Image 20

Steam on the mountain in July 2007

Nevado del Ruiz (Spanish pronunciation: [neβaðo ðel ˈrwis]), also known as La Mesa de Herveo (English: Mesa of Herveo, the name of the nearby town) is a volcano on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, being the highest point of both. It is located about 130 km (81 mi) west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Volcanic activity at Nevado del Ruiz began about two million years ago, during the Early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the present eruptive period, which began 150,000 years ago.

The volcano usually generates Vulcanian to Plinian eruptions, which produce swift-moving currents of hot gas and rock called pyroclastic flows. These eruptions often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. The impact of such an eruption is increased as the hot gas and lava melt the mountain's snowcap, adding large quantities of water to the flow. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and destroyed the town of Armero in Tolima, causing an estimated 25,000 deaths. This event later became known as the Armero tragedy—the deadliest lahar in recorded history. Similar but less deadly incidents occurred in 1595 and 1845, consisting of a small explosive eruption followed by a large lahar. (Full article...)
Image 21

Monte Fitz Roy in 2013

Monte Fitz Roy (also known as Cerro Chaltén, Cerro Fitz Roy, or simply Mount Fitz Roy) is a mountain in Patagonia, on the border between Argentina and Chile. It is located in the Southern Patagonian Ice Field, near El Chaltén village and Viedma Lake. It was first climbed in 1952 by French alpinists Lionel Terray and Guido Magnone. (Full article...)
Image 22
Touching the Void is a 2003 survival documentary film directed by Kevin Macdonald and starring Brendan Mackey, Nicholas Aaron, and Ollie Ryall. The plot concerns Joe Simpson and Simon Yates' near-fatal descent after making the first successful ascent of the West Face of Siula Grande in the Cordillera Huayhuash in the Peruvian Andes, in 1985. It is based on Simpson's 1988 book of the same name.

Critically acclaimed, Touching the Void was listed in PBS's "100 Greatest Documentaries of All Time". The Guardian described it as "the most successful documentary in British cinema history". (Full article...)
Image 23

Galeras in December 2005

Galeras (Urcunina among the 16th-century indigenous people) is an Andean stratovolcano in the Colombian department of Nariño, near the departmental capital Pasto. Its summit rises 4,276 metres (14,029 ft) above sea level. It has erupted frequently since the Spanish conquest, with its first historical eruption being recorded on December 7, 1580. A 1993 eruption killed nine people, including six scientists who had descended into the volcano's crater to sample gases and take gravity measurements in an attempt to be able to predict future eruptions. It is currently the most active volcano in Colombia. (Full article...)
Image 24
Simplified sketch of the present-situation along most of the Andes

The Andean orogeny (Spanish: Orogenia andina) is an ongoing process of orogeny that began in the Early Jurassic and is responsible for the rise of the Andes mountains. The orogeny is driven by a reactivation of a long-lived subduction system along the western margin of South America. On a continental scale the Cretaceous (90 Ma) and Oligocene (30 Ma) were periods of re-arrangements in the orogeny. The details of the orogeny vary depending on the segment and the geological period considered. (Full article...)
Image 25
Michincha is a stratovolcano on the border of Bolivia and Chile. It is part of an east–west trending ridge of stratovolcanoes. To its east lies Olca. The only historical activity from the complex was a flank eruption from 1865 to 1867. (Full article...)

Вы знали...

... что польским экспедициям в Анды 1930-х годов приписывают несколько первых восхождений и прокладывание нового маршрута к вершине Аконкагуа , самой высокой вершины Анд ?

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Общие изображения

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных Андам.

Image 1Орошение земель в перуанских Андах (из Анд )
Image 2Пик Гумбольдт на закате (из Анд )
Image 3Аконкагуа (из Анд )
Image 4Топографическая карта Анд от NASA . Южные и северные оконечности Анд не показаны. Боливийский ороклин виден как изгиб береговой линии и нижняя половина Анд на карте. (из Андской орогенеза )
Image 5Сахама , Боливия (из Анд )
Image 6На этом снимке с МКС на переднем плане видны высокие равнины Анд с линией молодых вулканов, обращенной к расположенной гораздо ниже пустыне Атакама (со стороны Анд ).
Image 7Карта северо-южного морского параллельнго рисунка возрастов горных пород в западной Колумбии. Этот рисунок является результатом андийской орогенеза. (из Андийской орогенеза )
Image 8Церемония Пача Мама (из сельского хозяйства Анд )
Image 9Невадо-дель-Уила , Колумбия (из Анд )
Image 10Перуанские фермеры сеют кукурузу и бобы (из Анд )
Image 11Паринакота , Боливия/Чили (из Анд )
Image 12Палеогеография позднемеловой Южной Америки. Районы, подверженные андийской орогенезу, показаны светло-серым цветом, а стабильные кратоны показаны серыми квадратами. Указаны осадочные формации Лос-Аламитос и Ла-Колония , которые образовались в позднем мелу. (из Андийской орогенеза )
Image 13Стада альпак около горы Аусангате (из Анд )
Image 14Наклон осадочных слоев формации Сальто-дель-Фрайле в Перу в сторону моря был вызван андийской орогенезом. (из Андийской орогенеза )
Image 15Центральные Анды (из Анд )
Image 16Синклиналь рядом с озером Норденшельд в национальном парке Торрес-дель-Пайне . Синклиналь образовалась во время Андского орогенеза. (от Andean orogeny )
Image 17Рифтовая долина около Килотоа , Эквадор (из Анд )
Image 18Упрощенный набросок современной ситуации вдоль большей части Анд (из Андского орогенеза )
Image 19Аконкагуа , Аргентина , самая высокая гора в Америке (из Анд )
Image 20Чимборасо возле Риобамбы , Эквадор (из Анд )
Image 21Альпамайо , Перу (из Анд )
Image 22Чилийские хуасо , 19 век (из Анд )
Image 23Клубни Машуа (из сельского хозяйства Анд )
Image 24Уайна Потоси, Боливия (из Анд )
Image 25Боливийские Анды (от Andes )
Image 26Вид на Куэрнос-дель-Пайне в национальном парке Торрес-дель-Пайне , Чили (из Анд )
Image 27« Коно де Арита » в Пуна-де-Атакама , Сальта ( Аргентина ) (из Анд )
Image 28Вид с воздуха на долину Карбахал на Огненной Земле . Ширина хребта Анд составляет около 200 км (124 миль) по всей его длине, за исключением Боливийского изгиба , где ширина составляет около 640 км (398 миль). (из Анд )
Image 29Фредерик Эдвин Чёрч , Сердце Анд, 1859. (из Анд )
Image 30Ульюко: обычная культура Андского региона (из Андского сельского хозяйства )
Image 31Сухой тропический лес Лагуна-де-Сонсо в Северных Андах (из Анд )
Image 32Карта Андского региона Южной Америки (из раздела Сельское хозяйство Анд )
Image 33Самец андийского скального петуха , вида, обитающего во влажных лесах Анд и являющегося национальной птицей Перу (из Анд ).
Image 34Уандой , Перу (из Анд )