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Свидетели и показания геноцида армян

Выставка, посвященная свидетелям геноцида, в музее геноцида в Ереване.

«Это может показаться удивительным, но реальность того, что произошедшее в 1915 году было массовым убийством, была принята всеми, кто жил в тот период, и никогда не была предметом спора».

 Танер Акчам [1]

Свидетели и показания дают важную и ценную информацию о событиях, которые произошли как во время, так и после геноцида армян . Геноцид армян был подготовлен и осуществлен османским правительством в 1915 году, а также в последующие годы. В результате геноцида около 1,5 миллионов армян, проживавших на своей исконной родине (в то время она была частью Османской империи), были депортированы и убиты.

Ряд журналистов, дипломатов, солдат, врачей, писателей и миссионеров стали свидетелями геноцида армян, [2] причем сотни этих свидетелей из разных европейских стран (Германия, Австрия, Италия) и США пережили события своими глазами. Эти свидетели предоставили свидетельства, которые высоко ценятся историками как надежные отчеты о трагедии. [3] [4] [5] Очевидцы-свидетельства неармянских дипломатов, миссионеров и других лиц предоставляют существенные доказательства событий и, в частности, систематического характера депортаций и последующих резни. [6]

Обзор

Среди них были миссионеры, которые своими глазами видели события и сыграли важную роль в распространении новостей о резне по всему миру. [7] Некоторые миссионеры также предоставили подробную информацию о событиях главам государств, таким как Вудро Вильсон . [8] Многие из миссионеров оказывали тайную помощь и часто спасали жизни многих армян. [7]

Реагируя на многочисленные свидетельства очевидцев, Джеймс Брайс и Арнольд Тойнби собрали заявления выживших и очевидцев из других стран, включая Германию, Италию , Нидерланды , Швецию и Швейцарию , которые также свидетельствовали о систематической резне невинных армян силами Османского правительства. В 1916 году они опубликовали «Обращение с армянами в Османской империи , 1915–1916» . Хотя книга подверглась критике со стороны турецких отрицателей как пропаганда для укрепления поддержки войны , [ 9] Брайс представил работу ученым для проверки до ее публикации. Профессор Оксфордского университета Гилберт Мюррей заявил в то время: «Доказательства этих писем и отчетов выдержат любую проверку и преодолеют любой скептицизм. Их подлинность установлена ​​вне всяких сомнений». [10] Другие профессора, включая Герберта Фишера из Шеффилдского университета и бывшего президента Американской ассоциации юристов Мурфилда Стори , подтвердили тот же вывод. [11]

Другие свидетельства очевидцев принадлежат самим выжившим во время геноцида армян. [12] Сегодня в живых осталась лишь «горстка» выживших. [13] [14] [ требуется обновление ] Многие из этих свидетельств были записаны на пленку спустя десятилетия после событий. [15] Сотни этих свидетельств и свидетельств очевидцев будут включены в Институт визуальной истории и образования Фонда Шоа Университета Южной Калифорнии в рамках архивного исследовательского проекта к 100-летию геноцида армян. [16] [17]

Как утверждает армянский историк Ричард Г. Ованнисян , «свидетельства очевидцев решающих событий могут быть столь же ценны, как официальные донесения и отчеты. Именно в такой версии человеческий фактор становится особенно очевиден, давая возможность проникнуть в суть событий, которых нет в документах». [15] Некоторые рассказы выживших были экранизированы, например, история выжившей Авроры Мардиганян в фильме « Растерзанная Армения» . [18]

Относительно значимости показаний очевидцев исследователь геноцида Сэмюэль Тоттен заявил:

Рассказы от первого лица, полученные от жертв и других, способны прорваться сквозь ошеломляющую массу цифр, поскольку они передают мысли, страсти и голоса тех, кто пережил и/или стал свидетелем ужасного бедствия, которое теперь называют геноцидом. И хотя рассказы от первого лица служат многим целям, среди наиболее важных — тот факт, что подлинные рассказы представляют собой ценное свидетельство того, что значит оказаться втянутым в водоворот ненависти и дикости, который называется геноцидом. [15]

Доклад посла США в Османской империи Генри Моргентау-старшего признан одним из главных свидетельств очевидцев геноцида. Моргентау опубликовал свои мемуары об армянских погромах в книге 1918 года « История посла Моргентау» . В книге приводится подробная документация событий и описываются его призывы остановить погромы. [19]

Рассказ Моргентау и другие книги, содержащие свидетельства событий, были представлены по всему миру Музеем-институтом Геноцида армян в Ереване , Армения, посредством временных выставок. [20] [21]

Известные свидетели и показания

В целях уважения свидетели и показания будут отражать национальность народов на момент геноцида.

турецкий

немецкий

Другой

христианские миссионеры

See also

Notes

References

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  317. ^ The diary entries, along with a description of the events, were then republished by her father John Otis Barrows in 1916. (Barrows 1916)
  318. ^ Barrows 1916, p. 128.
  319. ^ Balakian 2009, p. 128.
  320. ^ Barrows 1916, pp. 128–129.
  321. ^ Balakian 2009, p. 205.
  322. ^ a b Barrows 1916, pp. 134–135.
  323. ^ a b c Barrows 1916, p. 135.
  324. ^ Barrows 1916, p. 136.
  325. ^ Barrows 1916, pp. 129–130.
  326. ^ Balakian 2009, p. 201.
  327. ^ a b c Balakian 2009, p. 203.
  328. ^ Kévorkian 2010, p. 233.
  329. ^ Ussher 1917, p. 238.
  330. ^ Herrera, Hayden (2003). Arshile Gorky: his life and work (1st ed.). New Yorh: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52972-8.
  331. ^ An American Physician in Turkey: A Narrative of Adventures in Peace and War
  332. ^ Ussher 1917, p. 244.
  333. ^ Ussher 1917, pp. 237–238.
  334. ^ Ussher 1917, pp. 328–129.
  335. ^ "Armenian Appeal to America for Help". The Survey. 35 (3). Survey Associates: 57–58. October 1915.
  336. ^ a b "KAISER'S LAND FOR MISSION; Woman Relief Worker's Unique Career in Turkey and Armenia" (PDF). New York Times. 23 January 1921. Retrieved 11 March 2013.
  337. ^ a b "Yarrow in Near East Employs Royal Relics in Humanitarian Work" (PDF). The Naples Record. 21 December 1921.
  338. ^ Ussher 1917, p. 251.
  339. ^ Sarafian, Gomidas Institute. James Bryce and Arnold Toynbee. Ed. and with an introd. by Ara (2000). The treatment of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire, 1915–1916: documents presented to Viscount Grey of Falloden by Viscount Bryce (Uncensored ed.). Princeton, NJ: Gomidas Inst. ISBN 0-9535191-5-5.
  340. ^ a b c "Thrilling Story of Experiences". Meriden Morning Record. 18 April 1916.
  341. ^ The mission at Van in Turkey in war time
  342. ^ "Knapp papers, ca. 1893–1953". Mount Holyoke College Archives and Special Collections. In two letters to James L. Barton written in June and July 1915, Knapp describes events and her activities following the siege of Van and the massacre of Armenians by the Turks in the spring of that year.
  343. ^ The Tragedy of Bitlis
  344. ^ a b Knapp, Grace H. (1915). The mission at Van in Turkey in war time. Priv. Print. [Prospect Press]. pp. 14–18.
  345. ^ Knapp, Grace Higley (1919). The tragedy of Bitlis. Fleming H. Revell company. pp. 61–2.
  346. ^ Barton 1998, pp. 90–92.
  347. ^ a b c d e f Barton 1998, p. 92.
  348. ^ a b c Aghjayan, George (28 April 2014). "Portrait of Bravery: The Life and Times of Dr. Floyd Smith". Armenian Weekly.
  349. ^ a b Winter 2003, pp. 215–230.
  350. ^ a b c d e f Sahagian, Helen (2004). Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). Armenian Sebastia/Sivas and Lesser Armenia. Costa Mesa, Calif.: Mazda Publ. pp. 373–398. ISBN 1-56859-152-7. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  351. ^ "Letter from Turkey". Cengage. Summer 1915. Retrieved 12 March 2013. The hills on each side were white with Kurds, who were throwing stones on the Armenians, who were slowly wending their way to the bridge.
  352. ^ "Letter from Turkey". Cengage. Summer 1915. Retrieved 12 March 2013. They said that a valley near there was full of corpses.
  353. ^ a b Winter 2003, p. 223.
  354. ^ Winter 2003, p. 230.
  355. ^ Tatoulian, Lory (29 March 2008). "In their own words". Armenian Reporter. pp. C12–C13.
  356. ^ a b Fisk, Robert (28 August 2007). "The forgotten holocaust". The Independent.
  357. ^ Winter 2003, p. 192.
  358. ^ Kieser 2010, p. 87.
  359. ^ Atkinson 2000, p. xiii.
  360. ^ a b Atkinson 2000, p. 98.
  361. ^ Atkinson 2000, p. 39.
  362. ^ Atkinson 2000, p. 52.

Bibliography

Further reading

External links