Портал:Linux

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Портал Linux

П: ЛИНУКС

Linux ( / ˈ l ɪ n ʊ k s / LIN -uuks ) — семейство Unix-подобных операционных систем с открытым исходным кодом , основанных на ядре Linux , ядре операционной системы, впервые выпущенном 17 сентября 1991 года Линусом Торвальдсом . Linux обычно упаковывается как дистрибутив Linux (дистрибутив), который включает в себя ядро и поддерживающее системное программное обеспечение и библиотеки , многие из которых предоставляются проектом GNU . Многие дистрибутивы Linux используют в своем названии слово «Linux», но Фонд свободного программного обеспечения использует и рекомендует название « GNU/Linux », чтобы подчеркнуть использование и важность программного обеспечения GNU во многих дистрибутивах, что вызывает некоторые разногласия .

Первоначально Linux была разработана для персональных компьютеров на базе архитектуры Intel x86 , но с тех пор была перенесена на большее количество платформ , чем любая другая операционная система. Из-за доминирования Android на базе Linux на смартфонах , Linux, включая Android, имеет самую большую установленную базу среди всех операционных систем общего назначения . Хотя Linux используется лишь примерно в 2,6 процентах настольных компьютеров , Chromebook , работающий под управлением ChromeOS на базе ядра Linux , доминирует на рынке образовательных услуг в США и составляет почти 20 процентов продаж ноутбуков стоимостью менее 300 долларов в США. Linux является ведущей операционной системой на серверах (более 96,4% из одного миллиона операционных систем веб-серверов — Linux), опережает другие крупные железные системы, такие как мэйнфреймы , и используется на всех 500 самых быстрых суперкомпьютерах в мире (имея постепенно вытеснили всех конкурентов).

Linux также работает на встроенных системах , то есть устройствах, операционная система которых обычно встроена в прошивку и адаптирована к системе. Сюда входят маршрутизаторы , средства автоматизации , устройства умного дома , игровые приставки , телевизоры (Samsung и LG Smart TV ), автомобили (Tesla, Audi, Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai и Toyota) и космические корабли ( ракета Falcon 9 , капсула экипажа Dragon ). и марсоход Perseverance ). ( Полная статья... )

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Изображение 1
Скриншот Debian 10 ( Buster ) со средой рабочего стола GNOME

Выпуски Debian не следуют фиксированному графику. Последние выпуски проекта Debian выпускаются примерно каждые два года. Самая последняя версия Debian — Debian версии 12, кодовое название «Книжный червь». Следующий выпуск Debian — Debian 13 под кодовым названием «Trixie».

В Debian всегда имеется как минимум три активных ветки: «стабильная», «тестируемая» и «нестабильная». Стабильная ветка считается основным выпуском, и именно ее имеет в виду большинство людей, говоря о Debian. Тестовая ветка содержит пакеты, импортированные из нестабильной версии. Тестируемая версия включает значительно больше обновленных пакетов, чем стабильная, и она замораживается за некоторое время до выпуска, чтобы стать следующей версией Debian. Нестабильная версия (также известная как Sid) — это ветка, в которой происходит активная разработка. Это самая нестабильная версия Debian. ( Полная статья... )
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Ubuntu 23.10 Мантический Минотавр

Ubuntu releases are made semiannually by Canonical Ltd, its developers, using the year and month of the release as a version number. The first Ubuntu release, for example, was Ubuntu 4.10 and was released on 20 October 2004. Consequently, version numbers for future versions are provisional; if the release is delayed until a different month (or even year) to that planned, the version number will change accordingly.

Canonical schedules Ubuntu releases to occur approximately one month after GNOME releases, resulting in each Ubuntu release including a newer version of GNOME. (Full article...)
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Puppy Linux FossaPup 9.5

Puppy Linux is an operating system and family of light-weight Linux distributions that focus on ease of use and minimal memory footprint. The entire system can be run from random-access memory (RAM) with current versions generally taking up about 600 MB (64-bit), 300 MB (32-bit), allowing the boot medium to be removed after the operating system has started. Applications such as AbiWord, Gnumeric and MPlayer are included, along with a choice of lightweight web browsers and a utility for downloading other packages. The distribution was originally developed by Barry Kauler and other members of the community, until Kauler retired in 2013. The tool Woof can build a Puppy Linux distribution from the binary packages of other Linux distributions. (Full article...)
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Kali Linux is a Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security. Kali Linux is based on the Debian Testing branch: most packages Kali uses are imported from the Debian repositories.

Kali Linux has approximately 600 penetration-testing programs (tools), including Armitage (a graphical cyber attack management tool), Nmap (a port scanner), Wireshark (a packet analyzer), metasploit (penetration testing framework), John the Ripper (a password cracker), sqlmap (automatic SQL injection and database takeover tool), Aircrack-ng (a software suite for penetration-testing wireless LANs), Burp suite and OWASP ZAP web application security scanners, etc. (Full article...)
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AppArmor ("Application Armor") is a Linux kernel security module that allows the system administrator to restrict programs' capabilities with per-program profiles. Profiles can allow capabilities like network access, raw socket access, and the permission to read, write, or execute files on matching paths. AppArmor supplements the traditional Unix discretionary access control (DAC) model by providing mandatory access control (MAC). It has been partially included in the mainline Linux kernel since version 2.6.36 and its development has been supported by Canonical since 2009. (Full article...)
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Ubuntu, one of the most popular desktop Linux distributions

A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection that includes the Linux kernel and often a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).

A typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, an init system (such as systemd, OpenRC, or runit), GNU tools and libraries, documentation, and many other types of software (such as IP network configuration utilities and the getty TTY setup program, among others). Optionally, to provide a desktop experience (most commonly the Mesa userspace graphics drivers) a display server (the most common being the X.org Server, or, more recently, a Wayland compositor such as Sway, KDE's KWin, or GNOME's Mutter), a desktop environment, a sound server (usually either PulseAudio or more recently PipeWire), and other related programs may be included with the distribution or are installable by the user. (Full article...)
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Tux Racer is a 2000 open-source winter sports racing video game starring the Linux mascot, Tux the penguin. It was originally developed by Jasmin Patry as a computer graphics project at the University of Waterloo. Later on, Patry and the newly founded Sunspire Studios, composed of several former students of the university, expanded it. In the game, the player controls Tux as he slides down a course of snow and ice collecting herrings.

Tux Racer was officially downloaded over one million times as of 2001. It also was well received, often being acclaimed for the graphics, fast-paced gameplay, and replayability, and was a fan favorite among Linux users and the free software community. The game's popularity secured the development of a commercialized release that included enhanced graphics and multiplayer, and it also became the first GPL-licensed game to receive an arcade adaptation. It is the only product that Sunspire Studios developed and released, after which the company liquidated. (Full article...)
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SUSE Linux (/ˈsuːsə, ˈsuːzə/ SOO-sə, SOO-zə, German: [ˈzuːzə]) is a computer operating system developed by SUSE. It is built on top of the free and open source Linux kernel and is distributed with system and application software from other open source projects. SUSE Linux is of German origin, its name being an acronym of "Software und System-Entwicklung" (software and systems development), and it was mainly developed in Europe. The first version appeared in early 1994, making SUSE one of the oldest existing commercial distributions. It is known for its YaST configuration tool.

Novell bought the SUSE (then "SuSE") brands and trademarks in 2003. Novell, one of the founding members of the Open Invention Network, decided to make the community an important part of their development process by opening widely the distribution development to outside contributors in 2005, creating the openSUSE distribution and the openSUSE Project. Novell employed more than 500 developers working on SUSE in 2004. On 27 April 2011, Novell (and SUSE) were acquired by The Attachmate Group, which made SUSE an independent business unit. Later, in October 2014, the entire Attachmate Group, including SUSE, was acquired by the British firm Micro Focus International. SUSE continues to operate as an independent business unit. On 2 July 2018, it was announced that Micro Focus would sell SUSE to Blitz 18-679 GmbH, a subsidiary of EQT Partners, for $2.535 billion. The acquisition was completed on March 18, 2019. (Full article...)
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ext4 (fourth extended filesystem) is a journaling file system for Linux, developed as the successor to ext3.

ext4 was initially a series of backward-compatible extensions to ext3, many of them originally developed by Cluster File Systems for the Lustre file system between 2003 and 2006, meant to extend storage limits and add other performance improvements. However, other Linux kernel developers opposed accepting extensions to ext3 for stability reasons, and proposed to fork the source code of ext3, rename it as ext4, and perform all the development there, without affecting existing ext3 users. This proposal was accepted, and on 28 June 2006, Theodore Ts'o, the ext3 maintainer, announced the new plan of development for ext4. (Full article...)
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Loki Software, Inc. (Loki Entertainment) was an American video game developer based in Tustin, California, that ported several video games from Microsoft Windows to Linux. It took its name from the Norse deity Loki. Although successful in its goal of bringing games to the Linux platform, the company folded in January 2002 after filing for bankruptcy. (Full article...)
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Asahi Linux is a project that ports the Linux kernel and related software to Apple silicon-powered Macs. The software design project was started and is led by Hector Martin. Work began in early 2021, a few months after Apple formally announced the transition to Apple silicon. An initial alpha release followed in 2022. The project has been made challenging by the lack of publicly available documentation of Apple's proprietary firmware. (Full article...)
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This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.

Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated as a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for an extra few years. After that, versions designated as Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years. (Full article...)
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In software development, Linus's law is the assertion that "given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow".
The law was formulated by Eric S. Raymond in his essay and book The Cathedral and the Bazaar (1999), and was named in honor of Linus Torvalds.

A more formal statement is: "Given a large enough beta-tester and co-developer base, almost every problem will be characterized quickly and the fix obvious to someone." Presenting the code to multiple developers with the purpose of reaching consensus about its acceptance is a simple form of software reviewing. Researchers and practitioners have repeatedly shown the effectiveness of reviewing processes in finding bugs and security issues. (Full article...)
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Linux on IBM Z or Linux on zSystems is the collective term for the Linux operating system compiled to run on IBM mainframes, especially IBM Z / IBM zSystems and IBM LinuxONE servers. Similar terms which imply the same meaning are Linux/390, Linux/390x, etc. The three Linux distributions certified for usage on the IBM Z hardware platform are Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, and Ubuntu. (Full article...)
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Canonical Ltd. is a UK-based privately held computer software company founded and funded by South African entrepreneur Mark Shuttleworth to market commercial support and related services for Ubuntu and related projects. Canonical employs staff in more than 70 countries and maintains offices in London, Austin, Boston, Shanghai, Beijing, Taipei, Tokyo and the Isle of Man. (Full article...)

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Новости релиза

07.01.2024 Выпущено ядро Linux 6.7.
20.11.2023 Выпущен Rocky Linux 9.3
07.11.2023 Выпущена Fedora 39.
30 октября 2023 г. выпущено ядро Linux 6.6.
12.10.2023 Выпущена Ubuntu 23.10 «Мантический Минотавр».
20 сентября 2023 г. выпущен GNOME 45.
27.08.2023 Выпущено ядро Linux 6.5.
26 июня 2023 г. выпущено ядро Linux 6.4.
10.06.2023 Выпущен «книжный червь» Debian 12.
16 мая 2023 г. Выпущена версия Rocky Linux 9.2.
10 мая 2023 г. Выпущена AlmaLinux 9.2 «Бирюзовый Кодкод».
23 апреля 2023 г. выпущено ядро Linux 6.3.
20 апреля 2023 г. выпущена Ubuntu 23.04 «Лунный омар».
22 марта 2023 г. выпущен GNOME 44.
19 февраля 2023 г. выпущено ядро Linux 6.2.
11 декабря 2022 г. выпущено ядро Linux 6.1.
16 ноября 2022 г. выпущены Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.1 и AlmaLinux 9.1.
15 ноября 2022 г. выпущена Fedora 37.
20.10.2022 Выпущена Ubuntu 22.10 «Kinetic Kudu».
2022-10-02 Выпущено ядро Linux 6.0.
21 сентября 2022 г. выпущен GNOME 43-
31 июля 2022 г. выпущено ядро Linux 5.19.
26 мая 2022 г. Выпущена AlmaLinux 9.
22 мая 2022 г. выпущено ядро Linux 5.18.
18 мая 2022 г. Выпущена Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.
10 мая 2022 г. Выпущена Fedora 36.
21 апреля 2022 г. выпущена Ubuntu 22.04 LTS «Jammy Jellyfish».
23 марта 2022 г. выпущен GNOME 42.
20.03.2022 Выпущено ядро Linux 5.17.
2022-02-02 Выпущена Slackware 15.0.
09.01.2022 Выпущено ядро Linux 5.16.
2021-11-02 Выпущена Fedora 35.

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Видеоигры для Linux выполняют рендеринг через OpenGL , а ввод — через Simple DirectMedia Layer .

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Image 1

Харальд Вельте , также известный как Лафорж , — немецкий программист .

Велте является основателемпроекта бесплатного программного обеспечения Osmocom и ранее участвовал в проектах netfilter/iptables и Openmoko . Он является членом компьютерного клуба Хаос . ( Полная статья... )
Image 2

Shuttleworth in Dublin, 2011

Mark Richard Shuttleworth (born 18 September 1973) is a South African and British entrepreneur who is the founder and CEO of Canonical, the company behind the development of the Linux-based Ubuntu operating system. In 2002, Shuttleworth became the first South African to travel to space as a space tourist. He lives on the Isle of Man and holds dual citizenship from South Africa and the United Kingdom. According to the Sunday Times Rich List in 2020, Shuttleworth is worth an estimated £500 million. (Full article...)
Image 3

Greg Kroah-Hartman at SUSE Offices in Nuremberg, Germany, in September 2011

Greg Kroah-Hartman is a major Linux kernel developer. he is the Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, the staging subsystem, USB, driver core, debugfs, kref, kobject, and the sysfs kernel subsystems, Userspace I/O (with Hans J. Koch), and TTY layer. He also created linux-hotplug, the udev project, and the Linux Driver Project. He worked for Novell in the SUSE Labs division and, , works at the Linux Foundation. (Full article...)
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Sage Sharp (formerly Sarah Sharp) is a software engineer who has worked on the Linux kernel, including serving on the Linux Foundation's Technical Advisory Board for two years.

Sharp began working on the kernel in 2006 as an undergraduate at Portland State University, and later through an Intel undergraduate research grant. Sharp's contributions to the kernel include writing and acting as a maintainer for its USB 3.0 driver. In 2015, Sharp recommended that the Linux project adopt a code of conduct for Linux developers; Linus Torvalds adopted a "code of conflict" instead. Sharp stepped down from direct work on the kernel on 5 October 2015, citing the abrasive communication style and "abusive commentary [on submitted patches]" of the maintainer community. (Full article...)
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Hans Reiser in 2006

Hans Thomas Reiser (born December 19, 1963) is an American computer programmer, entrepreneur, and convicted murderer. In April 2008, Reiser was convicted of the first-degree murder of his wife, Nina Reiser, who disappeared in September 2006. He subsequently pleaded guilty to a reduced charge of second-degree murder, as part of a settlement agreement that included disclosing the location of Nina Reiser's body, which he revealed to be in a shallow grave near the couple's home.

Prior to his incarceration, Reiser created the ReiserFS computer file system, which may be used by the Linux kernel but which is now scheduled for removal in 2025,
as well as its attempted successor, Reiser4. In 2004, he founded Namesys, a corporation meant to coordinate the development of both file systems. (Full article...)
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Alan or Allan Cox may refer to:
- Alan Cox (computer programmer) (born 1968), British computer programmer and Linux developer
- Alan Cox (actor) (born 1970), English actor
- Alan Cox (footballer) (1920–1993), footballer for Tranmere Rovers
- Alan Cox (radio personality) (born 1971), radio host
- Allan Cox (author) (1937–2016), American consultant and author
- Allan Cox (cricketer) (1873–1896), Barbadian cricketer
- Allan Leslie Cox (1927–1996), Canadian politician in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia
- Allan V. Cox (1926–1987), American geophysicist
(Full article...)
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Con Kolivas is a Greek-Australian anaesthetist. He has worked as a computer programmer on the Linux kernel and on the development of the cryptographic currency mining software CGMiner. His Linux contributions include patches for the kernel to improve its desktop performance, particularly reducing I/O impact. (Full article...)
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Anvin speaking at FOSDEM in 2009

Hans Peter Anvin (12 January 1972), also known as hpa, is a Swedish-American computer programmer who has contributed to free and open-source software projects. Anvin is the originator of SYSLINUX, Linux Assigned Names and Numbers Authority (LANANA), and various Linux kernel features. (Full article...)
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Solar Designer at PHDays 2012

Alexander Peslyak (Александр Песляк) (born 1977), better known as Solar Designer, is a security specialist from Russia. He is best known for his publications on exploitation techniques, including the return-to-libc attack and the first generic heap-based buffer overflow exploitation technique, as well as computer security protection techniques such as privilege separation for daemon processes.

Peslyak is the author of the widely popular password cracking tool John the Ripper. His code has also been used in various third-party operating systems, such as OpenBSD and Debian. (Full article...)
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Torvalds in 2018

Linus Benedict Torvalds (/ˈliːnəs ˈtɔːrvɔːldz/ LEE-nəs TOR-vawldz, Finland Swedish: [ˈliːnʉs ˈtuːrvɑlds] ^ⓘ; born 28 December 1969) is a Finnish-American software engineer who is the creator and lead developer of the Linux kernel. He also created the distributed version control system Git.

He was honored, along with Shinya Yamanaka, with the 2012 Millennium Technology Prize by the Technology Academy Finland "in recognition of his creation of a new open source operating system for computers leading to the widely used Linux kernel." He is also the recipient of the 2014 IEEE Computer Society Computer Pioneer Award and the 2018 IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award. (Full article...)
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Rusty Russell at linux.conf.au in January 2011

Rusty Russell is an Australian free software programmer and advocate, known for his work on the Linux kernel's networking subsystem and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. (Full article...)
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Robert M. Love (born c. 1981) is an American author, speaker, Google engineer, and open source software developer.

Love is best known for his contributions to the Linux kernel, with notable work including the preemptive kernel, process scheduler, kernel event layer, virtual memory subsystem, and inotify. At Google, he was a member of the Android team and helped launch the first version of the platform. Love is also active in the GNOME community, working on NetworkManager, GNOME Volume Manager, Project Utopia and Beagle. (Full article...)
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Bruce Perens in 2009

Bruce Perens (born around 1958) is an American computer programmer and advocate in the free software movement. He created The Open Source Definition and published the first formal announcement and manifesto of open source. He co-founded the Open Source Initiative (OSI) with Eric S. Raymond.

In 2005, Perens represented Open Source at the United Nations World Summit on the Information Society, at the invitation of the United Nations Development Programme. He has appeared before national legislatures and is often quoted in the press, advocating for open source and the reform of national and international technology policy. (Full article...)
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David Stephen Miller (born November 26, 1974) is an American software developer working on the Linux kernel, where he is the primary maintainer of the networking subsystem and individual networking drivers, the SPARC implementation, and the IDE subsystem. With other people, he co-maintains the crypto API, KProbes, IPsec, and is also involved in other development work.

He is also a founding member of the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) steering committee. (Full article...)
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Ingo Molnár, employed by Red Hat as of May 2013, is a Hungarian Linux hacker. He is known for his contributions to the operating system in terms of security and performance. (Full article...)

Общие изображения – загрузить новую партию

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей в Википедии, посвященных Linux.

Image 1Debian 4 (Etch), 2007 (из Debian )
Image 2Интерфейс Eucalyptus (из Ubuntu )
Image 3Логотип Iceweasel (из Debian )
Image 4Текстовая версия установщика Debian (из Debian )
Image 5Официальный логотип (также известный как логотип открытого использования), содержащий известный водоворот Debian (из Debian ).
Image 6TiVo DVR , потребительское устройство под управлением Linux (из ядра Linux )
Image 7Рабочая станция HP 9000 C110 PA-RISC с загрузкой Debian Lenny (из Debian )
Image 8Графическая версия установщика Debian (из Debian )
Image 9Основные ценности сообщества Fedora (из Fedora Linux )
Image 10Линус Торвальдс на LinuxCon Europe 2014 в Дюссельдорфе (из ядра Linux )
Image 11Использование Aptitude для просмотра сведений о пакете Debian (из Debian )
Image 12Ubuntu — История версий — Визуальная временная шкала — 20231019 (из Ubuntu )
Image 13Логотип Debian GNU/kFreeBSD (из Debian )
Image 14Облачная Ubuntu Orange Box
Image 15Ядро Linux поддерживает различные аппаратные архитектуры, обеспечивая общую платформу для программного обеспечения, включая проприетарное программное обеспечение . (из ядра Linux )
Image 16Fedora KDE Plasma Desktop, один из нескольких официальных выпусков Fedora Spins (из Fedora Linux ).
Image 17Вход в консоль Debian 10 и приветственное сообщение (от Debian )
Image 18Сводка по установке Fedora Workstation 35 (из Fedora Linux )
Image 19Fedora Core 1.0, продолжение Red Hat Linux с GNOME 2.4 (2003-11) (из Fedora Linux )
Image 20iPod загружает iPodLinux (из ядра Linux )
Image 21Debian 6 (Squeeze), 2011 (из Debian )
Image 22На XDC2014 Алекс Дойчер из AMD анонсировал единый драйвер режима ядра. Собственный графический драйвер Linux, libGL-fglrx-glx , будет использовать ту же инфраструктуру DRM , что и Mesa 3D . Поскольку стабильного встроенного ABI в ядре нет , AMD приходилось постоянно адаптировать прежний двоичный объект, используемый Catalyst. (из ядра Linux )
Image 23Затраты на переработку ядра Linux (из ядра Linux )
Image 24Fedora 21, версия, в которой реализована экспериментальная поддержка Wayland и HiDPI (2014–12) (из Fedora Linux ).
Image 25Debian GNU/Hurd, работающий на Xfce (из Debian )
Image 26Xfce используется по умолчанию для образов компакт-дисков и портов, отличных от Linux (из Debian ).
Image 27Пример паники ядра Linux (из ядра Linux )
Image 28Пакет установлен с помощью Aptitude (из Debian )
Image 29Диаграмма Санки строк исходного кода ядра Linux (из ядра Linux )
Image 30Fedora 15 (Lovelock), первый выпуск с GNOME 3 и GNOME Shell . (2011-05) (из Fedora Linux )
Image 31Логотип Deepin (из Ubuntu )
Image 32Снимок экрана установщика пакета GDebi (из Debian )
Image 33Генеалогическое древо Ubuntu ^{[ сомнительно — обсудить ]} (из Ubuntu )
Image 34Меню установки Debian 10 (режим BIOS) (из Debian )
Image 35Обложка коробки Debian 10.0 Buster (из Debian )
Image 36Выделяются четыре интерфейса: два внутренних по отношению к ядру и два между ядром и пользовательским пространством. (из ядра Linux )
Image 37Загрузочные сообщения ядра Linux 2.6.25.17 (из ядра Linux )
Image 38Схема стека хранилища Linux (из ядра Linux )
Image 39Логотип GNU Hurd (из Debian )
Image 40Карта ядра Linux (из ядра Linux )

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Вы знали?

... что Leafpad — это текстовый редактор для Linux , аналогичный Блокноту для Windows?
... теперь можно запускать Linux на кремниевом Apple Mac ?

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