Mathematical function having a characteristic S-shaped curve or sigmoid curve
A sigmoid function is any mathematical function whose graph has a characteristic S-shaped or sigmoid curve.
A common example of a sigmoid function is the logistic function shown in the first figure and defined by the formula:[1]
Other standard sigmoid functions are given in the Examples section. In some fields, most notably in the context of artificial neural networks, the term "sigmoid function" is used as an alias for the logistic function.
Special cases of the sigmoid function include the Gompertz curve (used in modeling systems that saturate at large values of x) and the ogee curve (used in the spillway of some dams). Sigmoid functions have domain of all real numbers, with return (response) value commonly monotonically increasing but could be decreasing. Sigmoid functions most often show a return value (y axis) in the range 0 to 1. Another commonly used range is from −1 to 1.
A sigmoid function is a bounded, differentiable, real function that is defined for all real input values and has a non-negative derivative at each point[1][2] and exactly one inflection point.
A sigmoid function is convex for values less than a particular point, and it is concave for values greater than that point: in many of the examples here, that point is 0.
Up to shifts and scaling, many sigmoids are special cases of where is the inverse of the negative Box–Cox transformation, and and are shape parameters.[4]
using the hyperbolic tangent mentioned above. Here, is a free parameter encoding the slope at , which must be greater than or equal to because any smaller value will result in a function with multiple inflection points, which is therefore not a true sigmoid. This function is unusual because it actually attains the limiting values of -1 and 1 within a finite range, meaning that its value is constant at -1 for all and at 1 for all . Nonetheless, it is smooth (infinitely differentiable, ) everywhere, including at .
Applications
Many natural processes, such as those of complex system learning curves, exhibit a progression from small beginnings that accelerates and approaches a climax over time. When a specific mathematical model is lacking, a sigmoid function is often used.[6]
Examples of the application of the logistic S-curve to the response of crop yield (wheat) to both the soil salinity and depth to water table in the soil are shown in modeling crop response in agriculture.
In computer graphics and real-time rendering, some of the sigmoid functions are used to blend colors or geometry between two values, smoothly and without visible seams or discontinuities.
Titration curves between strong acids and strong bases have a sigmoid shape due to the logarithmic nature of the pH scale.
The logistic function can be calculated efficiently by utilizing type III Unums.[8]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sigmoid functions.
Step function – Linear combination of indicator functions of real intervals
Sign function – Mathematical function returning -1, 0 or 1
^ a bHan, Jun; Morag, Claudio (1995). "The influence of the sigmoid function parameters on the speed of backpropagation learning". In Mira, José; Sandoval, Francisco (eds.). From Natural to Artificial Neural Computation. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 930. pp. 195–201. doi:10.1007/3-540-59497-3_175. ISBN 978-3-540-59497-0.
^Ling, Yibei; He, Bin (December 1993). "Entropic analysis of biological growth models". IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 40 (12): 1193–2000. doi:10.1109/10.250574. PMID 8125495.
^Dunning, Andrew J.; Kensler, Jennifer; Coudeville, Laurent; Bailleux, Fabrice (2015-12-28). "Some extensions in continuous methods for immunological correlates of protection". BMC Medical Research Methodology. 15 (107): 107. doi:10.1186/s12874-015-0096-9. PMC 4692073. PMID 26707389.
^"grex --- Growth-curve Explorer". GitHub. 2022-07-09. Archived from the original on 2022-08-25. Retrieved 2022-08-25.
^EpsilonDelta (2022-08-16). "Smooth Transition Function in One Dimension | Smooth Transition Function Series Part 1". 13:29/14:04 – via www.youtube.com.
^Gibbs, Mark N.; Mackay, D. (November 2000). "Variational Gaussian process classifiers". IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks. 11 (6): 1458–1464. doi:10.1109/72.883477. PMID 18249869. S2CID 14456885.
^Smith, Julius O. (2010). Physical Audio Signal Processing (2010 ed.). W3K Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9745607-2-4. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2020-03-28.
^Gustafson, John L.; Yonemoto, Isaac (2017-06-12). "Beating Floating Point at its Own Game: Posit Arithmetic" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2019-12-28.
Further reading
Mitchell, Tom M. (1997). Machine Learning. WCB McGraw–Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-042807-2.. (NB. In particular see "Chapter 4: Artificial Neural Networks" (in particular pp. 96–97) where Mitchell uses the word "logistic function" and the "sigmoid function" synonymously – this function he also calls the "squashing function" – and the sigmoid (aka logistic) function is used to compress the outputs of the "neurons" in multi-layer neural nets.)
Humphrys, Mark. "Continuous output, the sigmoid function". Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2022-07-14. (NB. Properties of the sigmoid, including how it can shift along axes and how its domain may be transformed.)
External links
"Fitting of logistic S-curves (sigmoids) to data using SegRegA". Archived from the original on 2022-07-14.