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Конурбация — это регион , включающий ряд мегаполисов , городов, крупных поселков и других городских территорий , которые в результате роста населения и физического расширения объединились в одну непрерывную городскую или промышленно развитую территорию. В большинстве случаев конурбация — это полицентрическая урбанизированная территория, в которой транспорт развился для связи территорий. Они создают единый городской рынок труда или зону поездок на работу . [1]
Патрик Геддес ввел этот термин в своей книге «Города в эволюции» (1915). Он обратил внимание на способность новых технологий во времена электроэнергии и моторизованного транспорта расширять города и объединять их вместе, и привел в качестве примеров « Мидлендтон » в Англии, Рур в Германии, Рандстад в Нидерландах и северо-восточное побережье в Соединенных Штатах. [2]
Термин, как он описан, используется в Великобритании, тогда как в Соединенных Штатах, каждая полицентрическая « метрополитенная область » может иметь свое собственное общее обозначение, например, область залива Сан-Франциско или метроплекс Даллас-Форт-Уэрт . На международном уровне термин « городская агломерация » часто используется для выражения схожего значения с «конурбацией». [3] [4]
Конурбацию следует противопоставлять мегаполису . В мегаполисе городские районы расположены близко, но не являются физически смежными, а слияние рынков труда еще не развилось.
Конурбацию также следует противопоставлять мегаполису . Мегаполис иерархичен с неоспоримо доминирующим городским ядром, тогда как конурбация полицентрична, и ни один городской центр не играет доминирующей роли над всеми другими центрами.
Доля городского населения: 65% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 30% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 47% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 25% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 31% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 34% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 46% (2015) [5]
Лагос — это конурбация, образованная путем слияния первоначальной городской территории Лагоса с другими городами и поселками, включая Икеджу и Оджо . Также в этот район включены различные пригородные сообщества, такие как Агеге , Алимошо , Ифако-Иджайе , Кософе , Мушин , Ошоди и Шомолу . [8]
Уровень городского населения: 42% (2015) [5]
Йоханнесбург , Экурхулени (Восточный Ранд) и Цване (Большая Претория) объединились, образовав регион с населением 14,6 млн человек. [9]
Уровень городского населения: 25% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 67% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 55% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 23% (2015) [5]
Город Дакка связан с городами Нараянгандж и Газипур ; между Даккой и этими двумя городами нет никаких зазоров . Эта агломерация, которая состоит из районов города Дакка и окружающих его городов и поселков, в совокупности известна как Большой город Дакка. Город Дакка является основным городом агломерации и имеет население около 10 миллионов человек. Города-спутники агломерации включают Нараянгандж , Газипур , Тонги , Фатуллах , Керанигандж , Тарабо и Калигандж .
Уровень городского населения: 22% (2015) [5]
Данные относятся к границам, определенным Совместной китайско-британской декларацией (1984 г.), Совместной китайско-португальской декларацией (1987 г.) и более поздними соглашениями со странами, имеющими общую сухопутную границу с Китаем или на которые влияют споры на море, с которым сталкивается Китай (см. раздел Территориальные споры ).
Уровень городского населения: 56% (2015). [5] Данные о населении столичных районов относятся к 2015 году. [6]
Данные относятся к границам оккупации турецкой армии до 1974 года . Уровень городского населения: 59% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 31% (2015) [5]
Данные относятся к периоду до русско-грузинской войны 2008 г. Доля городского населения: 56% (2015 г.) [5]
Большая Джакарта или Джабодетабек представляет собой крупнейшую городскую территорию в Индонезии и вторую по величине в мире с населением около 30 миллионов человек. [10] Центр и национальная столица, Джакарта , имеет население 10,3 миллиона человек в пределах своих границ. [11]
Второй по численности населения город Индонезии, Сурабая , также образует агломерацию, известную как Гербангкертосусила, с населением около 10 миллионов человек по сравнению с населением самого города в 3 миллиона человек. [12] Агломерации также присутствуют вокруг Бандунга и Медана .
Столичный регион Мумбаи ( MMR) состоит из Мумбаи и его городов-спутников. Развиваясь в течение примерно 20 лет, он состоит из семи муниципальных корпораций и пятнадцати более мелких муниципальных советов. Регион имеет площадь 4355 км2 и население 20,5 миллионов человек [13] и входит в десятку самых густонаселенных городских агломераций в мире. Он связан между собой системой пригородной железной дороги Мумбаи и большой сетью дорог.
Национальный столичный регион (NCR) — это название региона координированного планирования, который охватывает всю Национальную столичную территорию Дели , а также несколько прилегающих районов в соседних штатах Уттар-Прадеш , Харьяна и Раджастхан . Однако агломерация Дели фактически ограничена NCT Дели и соседними смежными городскими районами, включая Гургаон , Фаридабад , Нойду , Большую Нойду и Газиабад . Район официально известен как Центральный национальный столичный регион (CNCR), небольшая часть всего NCR. [14] Население этой агломерации оценивалось в 21,7 миллиона человек в 2011 году. [15] Это третья по численности населения городская агломерация в мире.
Столичный регион Амаравати ( AMR) штата Андхра-Прадеш представляет собой агломерацию трех городов, а именно Виджаявада , Элуру и Гунтур , а также 11 других городов, в том числе Мангалагири , Тадепалле , Тенали , Поннуру, Чилакалурипета, Нарасараопета, Саттенапалли, Нандигама, Джаггайяпета, Нузивиду, Гудивада. и Вуюру. Новая столица штата Амаравати строится между городами Виджаявада и Гунтур в центре агломерации. Общая численность населения региона составляет 58 лакхов.
У столичного округа Джамшедпур есть план Большого Джамшедпура. Это место включает в себя район и город Адитьяпур , Маанго и Джугсалай
Данные относятся к границам перемирия 1949 года , после арабо-израильской войны 1948 года . Уровень городского населения: 59% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 69% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 80% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 62% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 38% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 98% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 37% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 74% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 65% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 21% (2015) [5]
Границы определены в соглашении Третьего межкорейского саммита (2018 г.).
Уровень городского населения: 63% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 76% (2015) [5]
Данные относятся к границам, установленным в соответствии с Шимлским соглашением 1972 года , после индо-пакистанской войны 1971 года.
Уровень городского населения: 39% (2015) [5]
Данные относятся к границам перемирия 1949 года после арабо-израильской войны 1948 года .
Уровень городского населения: 10% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 59% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 46% (2015) [5]
Границы определены в соглашении Третьего межкорейского саммита (2018 г.).
Уровень городского населения: 84% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 17% (2015) [5]
Границы относятся к территориям, находящимся под управлением Китайской Республики , в соответствии с Законом о пересечении пролива (1992 г.).
Уровень городского населения: 80% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 29% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 37% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 71% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 53% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 85% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 40% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 33% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 56% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 69% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 76% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 98% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 52% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 73% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 61% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 76% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 88% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 71% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 86% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 86% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 76% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 64% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 70% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 65% (2015) [5]
Некоторые региональные законы, принятые в 1970–1980-х годах [16], пытались определить, что такое итальянская агломерация, но в настоящее время в Италии нет правительственной организации для столичной области, поэтому агломерация не имеет официальных границ.
Уровень городского населения: 70% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 69% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 69% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 86% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 88% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 50% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 84% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 64% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 81% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 64% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 63% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 60% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 59% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 58% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 53% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 79% (2015) [5]
Уровень городского населения: 86% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 74% (2015) [5]
Промышленный и жилищный рост в Соединенном Королевстве в 19-м и начале 20-го веков привел к появлению множества конурбаций. Большой Лондон является, безусловно, крупнейшей городской территорией и обычно считается конурбацией в статистических терминах, но отличается от других степенью, в которой он сосредоточен на одной центральной области. В середине 1950-х годов был введен Зеленый пояс , чтобы остановить дальнейшую урбанизацию сельской местности в Юго-Восточной Англии .
В списке ниже показаны самые густонаселенные городские районы Великобритании, согласно определению Управления национальной статистики (ONS). Разные организации определяют агломерации в Великобритании по-разному, например, агломерация Ливерпуль–Манчестер или Манчестер–Ливерпуль [17] определяется как одна агломерация AESOP в сравнительном отчете, опубликованном Манчестерским университетом в 2005 году, который можно найти здесь. Население агломерации Ливерпуль–Манчестер составляет 5,68 миллиона человек.
Уровень городского населения: 89% (2015) [5]
Доля городского населения: 71% (2015) [5]
The Golden Horseshoe is a densely populated and industrialized region centred on the west end of Lake Ontario in Southern Ontario, Canada. The largest cities in the region are Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, Hamilton, Oakville, Burlington, St. Catharines, and Niagara Falls.[21] If metropolitan areas (which are somewhat distinct from the core urban area of the Golden Horseshoe by about 30 to 50 km of less developed and semi-rural land) are included (similar to Combined Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the United States as defined by United States Office of Management and Budget), the total population is 8.8 million people. This is slightly over a quarter (25.6%) of the population of Canada, approximately 75% of Ontario's population, and one of the largest metropolitan areas in North America.[22]
The larger area is named the Greater Golden Horseshoe and includes the metropolitan areas of Kitchener (including adjacent cities it is often referred to as Waterloo Region), Barrie, Guelph, Peterborough, and Brantford. The Greater Golden Horseshoe is also part of the Windsor-Quebec Corridor and its southeastern boundary is across the Niagara River from the Buffalo–Niagara Falls metropolitan area in the United States.
Greater Montreal is Canada's second-largest conurbation.[23] Statistics Canada defines the Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) as having 4,258.31 square kilometres (1,644.14 sq mi) and a population of 3,824,221 as of 2011, which represents almost half of the population of the province of Quebec. Slightly smaller, there are 82 municipalities grouped under the Montreal Metropolitan Community to coordinate issues such as land planning, transportation, and economic development.
British Columbia's Lower Mainland is the most populated area in Western Canada. It consists of many mid-sized contiguous urban areas, including Vancouver, North Vancouver (city and district municipality), West Vancouver, Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Surrey, and Coquitlam, among others. The Lower Mainland population is around 2.5 million (as of 2011) and the area has one of the highest growth rates on the continent of up to 9.2 percent from the 2006 census.
The National Capital Region (NCR) is made up of the capital, Ottawa, and neighbouring Gatineau which is located across the Ottawa River. As Ottawa is in Ontario and Gatineau is in Quebec, it is a unique conurbation. Federal government buildings are located in both cities and many workers live in one city and work in the other. The National Capital Region consists of an area of 5,319 square kilometres that straddles the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. The area of the National Capital Region is very similar to that of the Ottawa-Gatineau Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) although the National Capital Region contains a number of small neighbouring communities that are not contained within the CMA. When all the communities are included, the population of the area is about 1,500,000. Ottawa-Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces and is the fourth largest.[24]
The "CDMX" is the most densely populated center in North America. Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City, officially called Valley of Mexico Metropolitan Area (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México), constituted by Mexico City itself composed of 16 Municipalities—and 41 adjacent municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo. However, for normative purposes,[further explanation needed] Greater Mexico City most commonly refers to the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico (Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México) an agglomeration that incorporates 18 additional municipalities. As of 2019 an estimated 27,782,000 people lived in Greater Mexico City, making it the largest metropolitan area in North America. It is surrounded by thin strips of highlands which separate it from other adjacent metropolitan areas, of which the biggest are Puebla, Toluca, and Cuernavaca-Cuautla, and together with which it makes up the Mexico City megalopolis.
The Guadalajara conurbation in the state of Jalisco (colloquially known as the City of Guadalajara, as that is the state capital and most populous of the cities) comprises seven municipalities: Guadalajara, Zapopan, Tlaquepaque, Tonalá, El Salto, Zapotlanejo, and Tlajomulco de Zúñiga. Officially two other cities (Juanacatlán and Ixtlahuacán de los Membrillos) are also considered part of the Metropolitan Area, though they are not contiguous with the other seven. The area had an estimated population of 4 500 000 in 2010, spread over a combined area of 2,734 square kilometres (1,056 sq mi).[25]
The Caribbean area has a conurbation in Puerto Rico consisting of San Juan, Bayamón, Guaynabo, Carolina, Canóvanas, Trujillo Alto, Toa Alta, Toa Baja, Cataño, and Caguas. This area is colloquially known as the "Área Metropolitana", and houses around 1.4 million inhabitants spread over an area of approximately 396.61 square kilometers (153.13 sq mi), making it the largest city in the Caribbean by area.
One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007.[26] Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area, the world's most brightly illuminated urban conurbation and largest urban landmass. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.[citation needed]
Holding a population of 7,427,336 as of 2005, the Combined Statistical Area including Greater Boston consists of Boston proper and a collection of distinct but intertwined cities including Providence, Rhode Island, Worcester, Massachusetts, and Manchester, New Hampshire. Most importantly, the cities that compose the Greater Boston CSA are interlinked by heavy public transportation infrastructure, maintain continuously urban interstices, and hold mutual commuting patterns.
Another conurbation is the combination of the metropolitan areas of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose and several minor urban centers with a combined population of nearly 8 million people, known as the San Francisco Bay Area.[27]
The Greater Los Angeles Area consists of the merging of several distinct central cities and counties, including Los Angeles, Orange County, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Ventura. This area is also often referred to simply as Southern California or colloquially as SoCal (a larger region which includes San Diego). In 2016, Southern California had a population of 23,800,500, making it slightly larger than the New York Tri-State Area, and is projected to remain so due to a faster growth rate. But because Southern California is not yet a recognized Combined Statistical Area by the United States Office of Management and Budget, the New York Tri-State Area officially remains the nation's largest as of now.
An example of a conurbation is seen in Greater Houston. Centered in Houston, the area is continuously urbanized from the coastal areas of Galveston extending through the northern side of the metro area, including The Woodlands, Conroe, and Spring, and going up to Huntsville. The suburbs of Fort Bend County, Texas extend through the cities of the Galveston Bay Area and beyond. It has a population of 7,197,883.[28]
The traditionally separate metropolitan areas of Baltimore and Washington, D.C. have shared suburbs and a continuous urbanization between the two central cities (Baltimore–Washington metropolitan area).
The largest conurbation between the United States and Mexico is San Diego–Tijuana. It includes the two countries' busiest border crossing and a shared economy.[29]
Three large cities—Dallas, Fort Worth, and Arlington—make up this area. Each city is linked by bordering city limits or suburbs. The area is also known as the Dallas–Fort Worth "metroplex", so called because it has more than one principal anchor city of nearly equal size or importance, and is included in the emerging megalopolis known as the Texas Triangle. According to Texas Monthly, the term is a portmanteau of the terms "metropolitan" and "complex"[30] and was created by a local advertising agency, TracyLocke.[30] The North Texas Commission trademarked the term "Dallas/Fort Worth Metroplex" in 1972 as a replacement for the previously ubiquitous term "North Texas".[31] Urban areas with smaller secondary anchor cities (including Mexico City, New York City, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago, and Phoenix) are not considered to be conurbations.
The major U.S. city of Detroit lies immediately across the Detroit River from Windsor, Ontario in Canada. In many respects—economically, historically, culturally, socially, and geographically—Windsor is more a part of Metro Detroit than of Ontario. The two cities and their surrounding suburbs are commonly referred to collectively as the Detroit–Windsor area. The Detroit-Windsor border is the largest commercial border crossing in North America and the busiest between the two countries.[32]
The entire tri-county area also known as the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West Palm Beach metropolitan area is now continuously urbanized along a roughly 100 miles (161 km) length of the Florida east coast as well as extending inland and continuing south of Miami as far as Florida City. Although this is generally all referred to as a single metropolitan area, not a conurbation, it is sometimes broken up into the Miami, Fort Lauderdale, and West Palm Beach metros.
Minneapolis–Saint Paul is the most populous urban area in the state of Minnesota, and is composed of 182 cities and townships built around the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix rivers. The area is also nicknamed the Twin Cities for its two largest cities, Minneapolis, with the highest population and Saint Paul, the state capital.
The Quad Cities is a metropolitan area located along the border of Illinois and Iowa. Straddling the Mississippi River as it flows west, the area once known as the "Tri Cities" consists of a handful of larger cities and smaller municipalities that have grown together. The largest cities include Rock Island, Moline, and East Moline in Illinois as well as Davenport and Bettendorf in Iowa.
Hartford is the capital city of Connecticut and fourth largest by population. Together, with Waterbury, New Haven, Bridgeport, and Stamford, these five cities form a conurbation, as people continue moving into the suburbs of these cities from rural areas, and the Boston and New York City metropolitan areas. Majority of Connecticut's growth in the last decade was centered in and around these five cities. Combined, the population exceeds 1 million.
Phoenix is the capital and most populous city in Arizona. It is the center of The Valley of the Sun which is recognized by the United States Census Bureau as Chandler, Mesa, and Phoenix in the MSA. Other communities in the metropolitan area include Scottsdale, Glendale, Tempe, Gilbert, and Peoria.
Denver is the capital and most populous city in Colorado, as well as the most populous municipality in the Front Range Urban Corridor. This conurbation encompasses 18 counties in Colorado and Wyoming and had an estimated population of 4,976,781 in 2018, an increase of 14.84% since the 2010 United States Census.[33]
Albury and Wodonga are cross border cities which are geographically separated by the Murray River. Albury on the north of the river is part of New South Wales, while Wodonga on the south bank is in Victoria. In the early 1970s Albury-Wodonga was selected as the primary focus of the Whitlam government's scheme to arrest the uncontrolled growth of Australia's large metropolitan areas (in particular Sydney and Melbourne) by encouraging decentralisation.[34] The two cities combine to form an urban area with an estimated population of 93,603.[35]
A cross border built-up area comprising the nation's capital Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory and the city of Queanbeyan in New South Wales, which is considered by the Australian Bureau of Statistics to have a single labour market.[36]
This conurbation in New South Wales extends from Newcastle and surrounding satellite towns of the Hunter Valley through the Central Coast. It is broken up only by waterways and national parks, through to the greater Sydney metropolitan area and the Wollongong urban area. The total length from the top to the bottom of the conurbation is around 270 km with a population of just over 6 million people.[37]
Transport is linked throughout the region by motorways, the M1, M2, M4, M5, M7, M8, M15 and M31. An extensive public transport network allows for commuting for work or services across and between multiple distinct but joined centres, with NSW TrainLink's intercity network serving Sydney, the Central Coast, Newcastle, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.
Plans for making Wollongong, Sydney and Newcastle a single city have been around since the 1960s. A report titled The Committee for Sydney contains a chapter called The Sandstone Mega-Region, Uniting Newcastle, the Central Coast, Sydney, Wollongong (since all of the cities are in a geological region called the Sydney Basin, which is made up of Sydney sandstone). The report says that the link would benefit the "six cities" within the region, which are: Illawarra and Wollongong, the Western City (Greater Western Sydney), the Central City (Parramatta), the Eastern City (Sydney central business district, eastern suburbs, and Northern Sydney), the Central Coast (Gosford) and Newcastle (including Lake Macquarie).[38]
The Perth Metropolitan Region, and Peel regions form a continuous urban area in Western Australia more than 130 km (80 miles) long, on a north–south axis. It is sometimes known as Greater Perth and has a population of more than 2.3 million (2023).[39] Introduction of the Mandurah railway line in 2007 made it possible for commuters to travel the 70 km (43.5 mi) from Mandurah to Perth in 51 minutes.
A built-up area 200 kilometres long[40] which is centred on Brisbane, includes the local government areas (LGAs) of Gold Coast, Ipswich, Logan City, Moreton Bay, Redland City, Sunshine Coast, Noosa Shire, and Tweed Heads, New South Wales. This area is served by a single public transport network, Translink.
Broader definitions of South East Queensland are also used, including the separate built-up area of Toowoomba (140 kilometres; 87 miles west of Brisbane), which is not part of the Translink network. Expansive definitions of South East Queensland give it a population of more than 3.4 million people (2014),[41] covers 22,420 square kilometres (8,660 sq mi), incorporates ten LGAs, and extends 240 kilometres (150 mi) from Noosa in the north to the Gold Coast (some sources include Tweed Heads).
The Greater Darwin metropolitan area is a built-up urban area in the Northern Territory that spans across two cities: Darwin (the capital of the Northern Territory) and Palmerston (Darwin's satellite city). It lies within three local government areas: the City of Darwin, Litchfield Municipality and the City of Palmerston.
In 2010 Auckland became a unitary authority encompassing seven former city and district councils including Auckland City, Manukau City, North Shore City and Waitakere City as well as a number of smaller towns, rural area and the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. Auckland Council is the largest council in Australasia and the region has a population of 1,529,300, being almost 33% of the total population of New Zealand. The entire urban area rather than the constituent administrative city was often referred to as "Auckland" by New Zealanders long before formal recognition.
The Wellington Metropolitan Area compromises the four cities of Wellington City, Porirua and the cities of Lower Hutt and Upper Hutt, together known as Hutt Valley. The Wellington Metropolitan Area is the second largest urban population in New Zealand with a population of 440,900 as of the 2023 census (or 550,500 if the Wairarapa region is included), followed by Christchurch City at 396,200.[42]
The entire Rio–São Paulo area is also sometimes considered a conurbation, and plans are in the works to connect the cities with a high-speed rail. However the government of Brazil does not consider this area a single unit for statistical purposes, and population data may not be reliable.
...what military force would relish tackling Johannesburg, Ekurhuleni (the East Rand) and Tshwane (greater Pretoria), which will by 2015 be a single polycentric urban region...
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