April 22, 1963: Lester Pearson becomes new Prime Minister of CanadaFormer P.M. John Diefenbaker outApril 20, 1963: Lascaux closed after 17,000 years
The following events occurred in April 1963:
April 1, 1963 (Monday)
The long-running American TV soap operaGeneral Hospital made its debut on the ABC network.[1] On the same afternoon, the first episode of NBC's hospital soap opera, The Doctors, premiered. General Hospital, set in the fictional town of Port Charles, New York, would begin its 60th year in 2022, while The Doctors, set in the fictional New England town of Madison, would end on December 31, 1982.
The Titan II-Gemini Coordination Committee was established to direct efforts to reduce longitudinal vibration (pogo oscillation) in the Titan II and to improve engine reliability.[2]
Died:Quinim Pholsena, 47, the Foreign Minister of Laos, was assassinated by a soldier assigned to guard him. Quinim and his wife had returned home from a reception with the King, when Lance Corporal Chy Kong fired a machine gun at the couple. Minister Quinim was hit by 18 bullets, after which the guard "finished him off with a shot through the head".[4][5]
April 2, 1963 (Tuesday)
NASA signed an almost half-billion-dollar contract with McDonnell Aircraft Corporation for the Gemini spacecraft, with a cost-plus-fixed-fee estimate of $456,650,062 ($428,780,062 plus fixed fee of $27,870,000). The contract called for 13 flight-rated spacecraft, 12 to be used in space flight, as well as a docking simulator trainer, five boilerplates, and three static articles for vibration and impact ground tests.[2]
The Delaware Supreme Court upheld their state's law, unique in the United States, permitting the flogging of criminals. Although the penalty, dating from colonial days, had not been carried out for several years, a 20-year-old man had been given a probated sentence of 20 lashes for auto theft, then violated the probation.[9]
The cost of making a long-distance telephone call was lowered throughout the continental United States, with a maximum charge of one dollar for three-minute "station-to-station" calls made between 9:00 p.m. and 4:30 a.m.[11] The equivalent 50 years later for a 1963 dollar would be $7.50.[12]
Network Ten, the third television network in Australia, began with the granting of a corporate operating license to United Telecasters Sydney Limited.[13] Broadcasting would begin on ATV-0 in Melbourne on April 1, 1964, and on Channel Ten in Sydney on April 5, 1965.
The Beatles performed at Stowe School in Buckinghamshire, UK, for a fee of £100, having accepted a personal request from schoolboy David Moores, a fellow Liverpudlian (and later chairman of Liverpool F.C.).[14]
The Henry Miller novel Tropic of Cancer went on sale legally in the United Kingdom for the first time, after having been banned for thirty years because it had been deemed obscene.[15]
All 67 people on board Aeroflot Flight 25 were killed, one hour after the Ilyushin-18 plane had taken off from Moscow's Sheremetyevo Airport, bound for Krasnoyarsk.[16]
Died:Gaetano Catanoso, 84, Italian parish priest canonized by Pope Benedict XVI in 2005[17]
April 5, 1963 (Friday)
"The Hotline"
The Soviet Union accepted an American proposal to establish a Moscow–Washington hotline so that the leaders of the two nations could communicate directly with each other in order to avoid war.[18] Originally, the hot line was a teletype system rather than a direct voice line.[19]
Luna 4, the first successful spacecraft of the USSR's "second generation" Luna program, missed the Moon by 8,336.2 kilometres (5,179.9 mi) at 13:25 UT and entered a barycentric Earth orbit.[21]
Died:Sonja McCaskie, 24, British skier and 1960 Olympics competitor[22]
April 6, 1963 (Saturday)
The South African Soccer League, formed in 1961, was banned from further use of public stadiums because its teams included white, black and mixed race players, in violation of the Group Areas Act, and a game at Alberton, a suburb of Johannesburg, was cancelled on the day of the match. Fans climbed the fence surrounding the locked Natalspruit Indian Sports ground and 15,000 people watched the Moroka Swallows defeat Blackpool United, 6–1. Afterwards, the SASL was permanently denied access to playing fields, and disbanded in 1967 after years of financial losses.[23]
Boots Randolph, better-known as an accompanist for many performers in rock, pop, and country music, had his only U.S. hit, reaching #1 on the Billboard chart with "Yakety Sax".
In Kenya, a bus returning from an African church meeting in Mitaboni township with 82 people ran off of the edge of a bridge and plunged into the Tiva River. Only the driver and nine other people were able to escape. Police recovered 58 bodies while 14 other people had been trapped in the wreckage under water.[25]
At more than 700 pages, the first full Sunday edition of The New York Times since the end of the printer's strike set a record for the size of a newspaper. The Times edition weighed 7.5 pounds (3.4 kg).[28]
In race to represent the Pontiac–Témiscamingue district of Quebec in Canada's House of Commons, the two candidates, Progressive Conservative Paul Martineau and Liberal Paul-Oliva Goulet both received 6,448 votes. Under the system at the time for breaking a tie, the district's returning officer in charge of counting the votes decided in favor of Martineau.
In the Canadian federal election, the Liberal Party, led by Lester B. Pearson, won 128 of the 265 seats in Canada's House of Commons, while Prime Minister John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservatives lost 21 seats and its control of the House.[30] Pearson would replace Diefenbaker as Prime Minister on April 22.
Sir Winston Churchill, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, became the first person to be made an honorary citizen of the United States by act of the U.S. Congress. President Kennedy signed the legislation for the 88-year-old statesman, whose mother Jennie Jerome Churchill, had been a United States native.[33] The House of Representatives had approved the legislation on March 12 by a 377–21 vote, and the U.S. Senate approved on April 2 by voice vote.[34] Churchill was unable to travel from the UK to the U.S., and his son, Randolph Churchill, accepted in his place in ceremonies that were televised.[35]
Langley Research Center personnel provided assistance to NASA for the Mercury 9 tethered balloon experiment at Cape Canaveral, installing force measuring beams, soldered at four terminals, to which the lead wires were fastened.[20]
Despite his party's loss in the elections for the House of Commons, Canada's Prime Minister Diefenbaker said that he would not resign until the new Parliament was called into session.[36]
April 10, 1963 (Wednesday)
USS Thresher
The U.S. nuclear submarine Thresher sank during sea trials 220 miles (350 km) east of Cape Cod, killing the 112 U.S. Navy personnel and 17 civilians on board.[37] The wreckage of Thresher would be located on October 1, 1964.[38]
An unknown gunman narrowly missed killing former U.S. Army General Edwin A. Walker, who had been working on his taxes at his home in Dallas, Texas.[39] The would-be killer would later be claimed to have been Lee Harvey Oswald, who would allegedly use the same rifle to assassinate U.S. President John F. Kennedy in November.[40]
The owners and passengers of the yacht Cythera became the first modern victims of piracy (under Australian law) when their boat was stolen by two crew members. The yacht was salvaged over a month later, and the incident would result in various legal complications, including prosecution of the pirates under an act of 1858.[41]
Frol Kozlov, the 54-year-old Second Secretary of the Soviet Communist Party and Deputy Prime Minister, considered the likely successor to Nikita Khrushchev, had a stroke and was forced to retire. Kozlov would die on January 30, 1965.[42]
April 11, 1963 (Thursday)
Christopher C. Kraft, Jr., John D. Hodge, and William L. Davidson of Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC)'s Flight Operations Division met at Langley with a large contingent of that Center's research staff to discuss LaRC's proposed Manned Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL). Langley spokesmen briefed their Houston visitors on the philosophy and proposed program phases leading to an operational MORL. Kraft and his colleagues then emphasized the need for careful study of operational problems involved with the MORL, as well as those associated with the smaller crew ferry and logistics supply vehicles. Specifically, they cited crew selection and training requirements, the need for a continuous recovery capability, communications requirements, and handling procedures for scientific data.[43]
Pope John XXIII issued his final encyclical, Pacem in terris, entitled On Establishing Universal Peace in Truth, Justice, Charity and Liberty,[44] the first papal encyclical addressed to "all men of good will", rather than to Roman Catholics only.
Mohamed Khemisti, the 33-year-old Minister of Foreign Affairs of Algeria, was mortally wounded by a gunman who shot him outside the National Assembly.[46]
The U.S. Chief of Naval Operations went before the press corps at the Pentagon to announce that the nuclear submarine USS Thresher had been lost with all hands.
The Soviet nuclear powered submarine K-33 collided with the Finnish merchant vessel M/S Finnclipper in the Danish Straits. Although severely damaged, both vessels made it to port.
Divers discovered the wreckage of the Dutch ship Vergulde Draeck almost 307 years after it sank off the coast of Australia. The vessel, carrying 193 people, had gone down on April 28, 1656, with 118 drowning. Three centuries later, a group of skindivers found the wreck 7 miles (11 km) from Ledge Point, Western Australia.[48]
A White House press release announced that First Lady Jackie Kennedy was pregnant and that her baby would be delivered by Caesarean section in September. Mrs. Kennedy, who had a history of miscarriages, had delayed announcement of her pregnancy. She had been delivered of stillborn children in 1955 and 1956, and had two living children, Caroline (b. 1957) and John Jr. (b. 1960).[52] The child, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, would be born prematurely on August 7, and would survive for only two days.
The Manned Spacecraft Center published a detailed flight plan for May's Mercury 9 mission. Due to the extended duration of the flight, an 8-hour sleep period was scheduled with a 2-hour option for when the astronaut would begin his rest period. In addition to the general guidelines, the astronaut had a minute-to-minute schedule of tasks to accomplish.[20]
An unidentified 58-year-old man, with lung cancer, was admitted to the University of Mississippi hospital. On June 11, 1963, he would become the first person to receive a lung transplant.[53]
Died: "Colossus", the largest snake ever kept in captivity, at the Highland Park Zoo in Pittsburgh. A reticulated Python, she measured 28 1⁄2 feet long (8.68 meters) and at one time weighed 320 pounds (145 kg).[54][55]
NFL players Paul Hornung of the Green Bay Packers and Alex Karras of the Detroit Lions were ordered suspended indefinitely by Commissioner Pete Rozelle for betting on league games. Five other Lions players (John Gordy, Gary Lowe, Joe Schmidt, Wayne Walker and Sam Williams) were fined $2,000 each for betting on the Packers to win the 1962 NFL Championship Game.[57] Hornung and Karras would be reinstated by Rozelle eleven months later after being barred from playing during the 1963 NFL season.[58]
Representatives of Egypt, Syria and Iraq signed a declaration in Cairo to merge their three nations into a new United Arab Republic. Egypt and Syria had been merged as the United Arab Republic from 1958 to 1961 before Syria withdrew, and Egypt and retained the UAR name.[59] Demonstrations followed in Jordan, where citizens of the Kingdom wanted to join the federation, which was never ratified.[60]
Yetta Grotofent, 42, tightrope walker who had been part of The Flying Wallendas high wire act under the stage name "Miss Rietta". The sister-in-law of Karl Wallenda fell 65 feet (20 m) to her death while performing at the Shrine Circus in the Civic Auditorium in Omaha, Nebraska. Two other members of the circus troupe had been killed after falling from the high wire in Detroit on January 30, 1962.[63]
Under pressure from the United States, South Korea's President Park Chung Hee returned to his pledge to return to civilian rule, and announced that multiparty elections for the presidency and the National Assembly would take place before the end of the year. Park had promised a return to democracy in 1963 when he had taken power in a coup on August 12, 1961, but on March 16, 1963, proposed to extend military rule for another four years. The voting (in which Park would be elected president) would be held on October 15.[64]
A new dam was inaugurated on the Chubut River 120 kilometres (75 mi) west of Trelew, Argentina, removing the risk of flooding in the Lower Chubut Valley.
April 20, 1963 (Saturday)
The caves at Lascaux were closed to the general public after fifteen years, in order to protect cave paintings dating from more than 17,000 years ago. The paintings had been rediscovered on September 12, 1940, in the caverns in southwestern France. After the complex was opened to the public in 1948, the works began to erode from carbonic acid produced by the exhalations of the visitors. The Department of Dordogne would create a replica of the paintings in another cave hall, opened as "Lascaux II" in 1983.[65]
The final water condensate tank was installed in Mercury spacecraft 20 for the Mercury 9 mission. The system had a 4-pound (1.8 kg), built-in tank, a 3.6-pound (1.6 kg) auxiliary tank located under the couch head, and six 1-pound (0.45 kg) auxiliary plastic containers. The total capacity for condensate water storage was 13.6 pounds (6.2 kg). In operation, the astronaut hand-pumped the fluid to the 3.6-pound tank to avoid spilling moisture inside the cabin during weightlessness.[20]
In Montreal, the terrorist campaign of the Front de libération du Québec claimed its first fatality. William Vincent O'Neill, a 65-year-old night watchman and janitor, died in the explosion of a bomb at a Canadian Army recruitment center. O'Neill, who was planning to retire at the end of May, had been scheduled to start his shift at midnight, but had arrived at 11:30 to allow a co-worker to go home, and was killed when the bomb exploded at 11:45 p.m.[66][67]
Italy created its first space agency, the Istituto Nazionale per le Richerche Spaziali (IRS) (National Institute for Space Research).[68]
Died:Julián Grimau, 41, Spanish Communist leader, was executed by a firing squad despite pleas to Spanish dictator Francisco Franco for clemency.[69][70][71]
Bendix Corporation completed the design and fabrication of an air lock for the Mercury spacecraft. This component was designed to collect micrometeorites during orbital flight. The air lock could accommodate a variety of experiments, such as ejecting objects into space and into reentry trajectories, and exposing objects to a space environment for observation and retrieval for later study. Because of the modular construction, the air lock could be adapted to the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft.[20]
President Kennedy started the one-year countdown for the opening of the 1964 New York World's Fair by keying "1964" on a touch-tone telephone in the Oval Office, starting "a contraption which will count off the seconds until the opening". Kennedy then spoke over the line to a crowd of about 1,000 people at Flushing Meadow Park, and said "Three hundred sixty-six days from today, I plan to attend your opening".[76] President Kennedy would be killed, however, exactly five months before the Fair's opening on April 22, 1964.
Mercury spacecraft No. 20 was moved from Hangar S at Cape Canaveral to Complex 14 and mated to Atlas launch vehicle 130-D in preparation for the Mercury 9 mission. The first simulated flight test was begun immediately.[20] Afterward, a prelaunch electrical mate and abort test and a joint flight compatibility test were made.[20]
Cuba released its last American prisoners, 27 men who had been incarcerated by the Castro government. Twenty-one were flown from Havana to Miami after New York lawyer James Donovan had negotiated their freedom. Another six elected to go to other nations rather than returning to the U.S.[77]
Ludwig Erhard was chosen as the successor for retiring West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, despite Adenauer's recommendations that the Christian Democratic Party and the Christian Socialist Union Bundestag members choose another person. Erhard, who had been the nation's Economic Minister since 1950, was approved by a vote of 159 to 47.[80]
Died:Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, 78, second and longest-serving President of Israel since 1952. Speaker Kadish Luz became acting president until Zalman Shazar was selected by the Knesset.
Died:Leonid Lukov, 53, Soviet film director and screenwriter[84]
April 25, 1963 (Thursday)
The United States removed the last of its Jupiter missiles from Turkey, completing an agreement that had been reached with the Soviet Union after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.[85]
Born:Jet Li, Chinese film actor, film producer, martial artist and wushu champion; as Li Lianjie in Beijing
April 27, 1963 (Saturday)
Bob Hayes became the first person to run the 100-meter dash in less than ten seconds, in 9.9 seconds at a meet in Los Angeles. However, the accomplishment could not be recognized as a world record because the wind was faster than 5 meters per second (18 km/h or 11.2 mph); the barrier would be broken on October 14, 1968, by Jim Hines at 9.95 seconds.[87]
Final design review of complex 14 modifications and activation of facilities was held under the aegis of the USAF Space Systems Division (SSD) in Los Angeles, to begin January 1, 1964, with an estimated 10 months required to prepare complex 14 for Project Gemini Atlas-Agena launches.[2]
The U.S. Marine Corps lost its first aircraft to enemy action in Vietnam, when Viet Cong ground fire shot down a UH-34D transport helicopter near Do Xa, South Vietnam.
NASA Headquarters approved rescheduling of the Gemini flight program due to late delivery of the spacecraft systems. In the revised program, Gemini 1 was still set for December 1963 as an uncrewed mission but would be orbital rather than suborbital to flight-qualify the Titan II GLV subsystems and demonstrate the compatibility of the launch vehicle and spacecraft. Gemini 2, originally a crewed orbital flight, was set for July 1964 as an uncrewed suborbital flight to test spacecraft reentry under maximum heating-rate reentry conditions. Gemini 3, formerly planned as an orbital rendezvous mission, became the first crewed flight, a short-duration (probably three-orbit) systems evaluation flight scheduled for October 1964. Subsequent flights were to follow at three-month intervals, ending in January 1967. Gemini 4 would be a seven-day mission using a rendezvous pod. Gemini 6 was to be a 14-day long-duration mission with rendezvous with the Agena D target vehicle. Water landing by parachute was planned for the first six flights and land landing by paraglider from flight 7 on.[2]
Five Latin American nations— Mexico, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador— announced their agreement to a proposal by Mexican President Adolfo López Mateos to prohibit the placement of nuclear weapons in their territory.[89]
Andrew Loog Oldham, 19, signed a contract with The Rolling Stones, becoming their manager. Oldham had seen the band in concert the previous day at the Crawdaddy Club in London.
April 30, 1963 (Tuesday)
Gordon Cooper wearing Mercury spacesuit in February 1963
NASA announced a number of improvements to the Mercury pressure suit for the upcoming Mercury 9 flight. These included a mechanical seal for the helmet, new gloves with an improved inner-liner and link netting between the inner and outer fabrics at the wrist, and an increased mobility torso section. The boots were integrated with the suit to provide additional comfort for the longer mission, to reduce weight, and to provide an easier and shorter donning time. Another change relocated the life vest from the center of the chest to a pocket on the lower left leg. This modification removed the bulkiness from the front of the suit and provided for more comfort during the flight.[20]
New Hampshire became the first of the United States to legalize a state lottery in the 20th century. The first drawing in the New Hampshire Sweepstakes would take place on March 12, 1964.[90]
^Reagan, Leslie J.; et al. (2007). Medicine's Moving Pictures: Medicine, Health, and Bodies in American Film and Television. University of Rochester Press. p. 104.
^ a b c d e f g This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 28 March 2023.
^"On Her Majesty's Secret Service". The Books. Ian Fleming Publications. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
^"Laos Official Killed By Guard At Home". Miami News. April 2, 1963. p. 2A.
^Dommen, Arthur J. (2002). The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Indiana University Press. p. 491.
^"Rebellion Ended, Argentina Says". Miami News. April 3, 1963. p. 1.
^"From dusk to dawn". 17 June 2011 – via blogspot.com.
^Greene, Nick. "Luna 4 Information". Space/astronomy. About.com. Archived from the original on May 22, 2009.
^"Flogging Sentences Upheld In Delaware"[permanent dead link], Miami News, April 3, 1963, p1
^Roger S. Powers, Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage (Taylor & Francis, 2012) p45
^AWA Group gets TV licence Daily Mirror 5 April 1963 page 1
^Keith Badman (October 2001). The Beatles: off the record. The dream is over. Omnibus. p. 501. ISBN 9780711988026.
^"'Tropic of Cancer' on Sale in Britain", Miami News, April 5, 1963, p3A
^AviationSafety.net
^Andreas Resch (2000). I beati di Giovanni Paolo II: 1996-2000 (in Italian). Libreria editrice vaticana. p. 72. ISBN 978-88-209-7593-7.
^"Soviets OK 'Hot Line' Link to US". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 6, 1963. p. 1.
^Jessup, John E., ed. (1998). "'Hot Line'". An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 288.
^ a b c d e f g h This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART III (B) Operational Phase of Project Mercury June 1962 through June 12, 1963". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
^"Lunik IV Skirts Moon, To Ring Sun". Miami News. April 6, 1963. p. 1.
^"Headless Body of Ex-Skier Found", Miami News, April 6, 1963, p1; "Blonde Ski Star Was Tortrued Before Killing", Miami News, April 7, 1963, p1
^David Goldblatt, The Ball is Round: A Global History of Soccer (Penguin, 2008)
^Chong, Denise (1998). The girl in the picture: the Kim Phuc story. Toronto: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-86817-9. OL 6877456M. Archived from the original on September 13, 2023. Retrieved September 9, 2023.
^"72 Africans Die In Crash of Bus", UPI report in Shreveport (LA) Times, April 9, 1963, p. 4
^"Canada Vote Sparks Crisis". Milwaukee Sentinel. April 10, 1963. p. 2.
^"BITS OF DEBRIS SIGHTED; SUB GIVEN UP, 129 DEAD". Miami News. April 11, 1963. p. 1 – via Google News.[permanent dead link]
^Bartholomew, Charles A.; Milwee, William I. (2009). Mud, Muscle, and Miracles: Marine Salvage in the United States Navy. Government Printing Office. pp. 374–376.
^"Assassin Fires at Ex-Gen. Walker". Miami News. April 11, 1963. p. 2A.
^Hollington, Kris (2008). Wolves, Jackals, and Foxes: The Assassins Who Changed History. Macmillan. p. 80.
^Bluth, Christoph (1992). Soviet Strategic Arms Policy before SALT. Cambridge University Press. p. 150.
^ This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Brooks, Courtney G.; Ertel, Ivan D.; Newkirk, Roland W. "PART I: Early Space Station Activities -January 1963 to July 1965.". SKYLAB: A CHRONOLOGY. NASA Special Publication-4011. NASA. p. 24. Retrieved 14 March 2023.
^Sacco, Ugo Colombo (1999). John Paul II and World Politics: 20 Years of a Search for a New Approach, 1978-1998. Peeters Publishers. p. 6.
^Sullivan, Kevin (2011). The WWE Championship: A Look Back at the Rich History of the WWE Championship. Simon and Schuster. p. 297.
^"Algeria Minister Fights For Life". Miami News. April 12, 1963. p. 1.
^"Pirates Win In A Balk, 12-4". Pittsburgh Press. April 14, 1963. p. 4-1.
^McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
^"Baby Talk In White House...". Miami News. April 12, 1963. p. 1.
^Cooper, David K. C.; et al. (1996). The Transplantation and Replacement of Thoracic Organs: The Present Status of Biological and Mechanical Replacement of the Heart and Lungs. Springer. p. 431.
^"World-Noted Resident Of Local Zoo Is Dead- Colossus, 28 Feet, Believed Longest Python; Weighed Nearly 300 Pounds". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 15, 1963. p. 1.
^King, Martin Luther Jr. (1990). Washington, James M. (ed.). A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and Speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. HarperCollins. p. 289.
^"2 Pro Grid Stars Suspended in Bets". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. April 18, 1963. p. 1.
^Carter, Bill (April 12, 2010). "Conan O'Brien Will Do a Late-Night Show on TBS". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
^"Death Takes An Encore In The Big Top...". Miami News. April 19, 1963. p. 8C.
^Jinwung Kim, A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict (Indiana University Press, 2012) p435
^Facaros, Dana; Pauls, Michael (2007). Cardogan Guides: Dordogne and the Lot. New Holland Publishers. pp. 118–119.
^"FLQ's Terrorists Blamed For Bomb Death". Montreal Gazette. April 22, 1963. p. 1.
^Horn, Bernd (2011). From Cold War to New Millennium: The History of The Royal Canadian Regiment, 1953–2008. Dundurn. pp. 92–93.
^De Maria, Michelangelo; Orlando, Lucia (2008). Italy in Space: In Search of a Strategy, 1957-1975. Editions Beauchesne. p. 85.
^"Spain Kills Top Red Despite K's Plea". Miami News. April 20, 1963. p. 1.
^B. Turner (7 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2005: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 1644. ISBN 978-0-230-27133-3.
^Kenneth K. Mwenda, Public International Law and the Regulation of Diplomatic Immunity in the Fight Against Corruption (Pretoria Law University Press, 2011) p129
^Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich Prokhorov (1973). Great Soviet Encyclopedia. Macmillan. p. 174.
^Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation Among Democracies: The European Influence on U.S. Foreign Policy (Princeton University Press, 1997) p175
^Dinshaw Mistry, Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control (University of Washington Press, 2005) p111
^Matthews, Peter, ed. (2012). "Even Time". Historical Dictionary of Track and Field. Scarecrow Press. pp. 77–78.
^Italian interior ministry, Historical Archive of Elections (in Italian)
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J. "PART II (A) Development and Qualification January 1963 through December 1963". Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4002. NASA. Retrieved 28 March 2023.