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Граница Канады и США

Граница Канады и США является самой длинной международной границей в мире. [a] Длина границы (включая границы на побережьях Великих озер , Атлантического и Тихого океана) составляет 8891 км (5525 миль). Сухопутная граница состоит из двух участков: граница Канады с прилегающими Соединенными Штатами на юге и с американским штатом Аляска на западе. Двунациональная Международная пограничная комиссия занимается вопросами обозначения и поддержания границы, а Международная совместная комиссия занимается вопросами, касающимися пограничных вод. Агентствами, ответственными за облегчение законного пересечения международной границы, являются Агентство пограничной службы Канады (CBSA) и Таможенная и пограничная служба США (CBP).

История

18-ый век

45 -я параллель (отмечена красным) была установлена ​​​​как граница между провинцией Квебек и Соединенными Штатами в соответствии с Парижским договором.

Парижский мирный договор 1783 года положил конец американской войне за независимость между Великобританией и Соединенными Штатами. Во второй статье Договора стороны согласовали все границы Соединенных Штатов, включая, помимо прочего, границу на севере вдоль территории, которая тогда была Британской Северной Америкой . Согласованная граница включала линию от северо-западного угла Новой Шотландии до самого северо-западного истока реки Коннектикут и проходила вниз вдоль середины реки до 45-й параллели северной широты .

Параллель была установлена ​​в 1760-х годах как граница между провинциями Квебек и Нью-Йорк (включая то, что позже стало штатом Вермонт ). Он был обследован и отмечен Джоном Коллинзом и Томасом Валентайном с 1771 по 1773 год. [1]

Река Святого Лаврентия и Великие озера стали границей дальше на запад, между Соединенными Штатами и территорией, которая сейчас является Онтарио . К северо-западу от озера Верхнее граница проходила по рекам до Лесного озера . Было решено, что от самой северо-западной точки Лесного озера граница будет идти прямо на запад до тех пор, пока не встретится с рекой Миссисипи . Фактически, эта линия никогда не встречается с рекой, поскольку исток реки находится южнее.

Договор Джея (1794 г.)

Договор Джея 1794 года (вступил в силу в 1796 году) создал Международную пограничную комиссию , которой было поручено обследование и картографирование границы. Он также предусматривал вывод британских военных и администрации из Детройта , а также других пограничных застав на стороне США. Договор Джея был заменен Гентским договором (вступившим в силу в 1815 году), заключившим войну 1812 года , который включал довоенные границы.

19 век

Подписание Гентского договора в 1814 году, положившего конец войне 1812 года и вернувшего границу в довоенное состояние. Последующие договоры привели к демилитаризации границы и разрешению большинства пограничных споров.

Подписанный в декабре 1814 года Гентский договор положил конец войне 1812 года, вернув границы Британской Северной Америки и Соединенных Штатов в то состояние, в котором они были до войны. В последующие десятилетия Соединенные Штаты и Великобритания заключили несколько договоров, которые урегулировали основные пограничные споры между ними, позволив демилитаризовать границу . Договор Раша -Багота 1817 года предусматривал план демилитаризации двух воюющих сторон в войне 1812 года, а также излагал предварительные принципы проведения границы между Британской Северной Америкой и Соединенными Штатами.

Лондонская конвенция (1818 г.)

The Treaty of 1818 saw expansion of both British North America and the US, where the boundary extended westward along the 49th parallel, from the Northwest Angle at Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. The treaty extinguished British claims to the south of that line up to the Red River Valley, which was part of Rupert's Land. The treaty also extinguished U.S. claims to land north of that line in the watershed of the Missouri River, which was part of the Louisiana Purchase. This amounted to three small areas, consisting of the northern part of the drainages of the Milk River (today in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan), the Poplar River (Saskatchewan), and Big Muddy Creek (Saskatchewan).[citation needed] Along the 49th parallel, the border vista is theoretically straight, but in practice follows the 19th-century surveyed border markers and varies by several hundred feet in spots.[2]

Webster–Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Disputed territory between British North America and Maine marked in pink. The dispute was settled in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty in 1842. The green line on the map marks the final border.

Disputes over the interpretation of the border treaties and mistakes in surveying required additional negotiations, which resulted in the Webster–Ashburton Treaty of 1842. The treaty resolved the Aroostook War, a dispute over the boundary between Maine, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada. The treaty redefined the border between New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York on the one hand, and the Province of Canada on the other, resolving the Indian Stream dispute and the Fort Blunder dilemma at the outlet to Lake Champlain.

The part of the 45th parallel that separates Quebec from the U.S. states of Vermont and New York had first been surveyed from 1771 to 1773 after it had been declared the boundary between New York (including what later became Vermont) and Quebec. It was surveyed again after the War of 1812. The U.S. federal government began to construct fortifications just south of the border at Rouses Point, New York, on Lake Champlain. After a significant portion of the construction was completed, measurements revealed that at that point, the actual 45th parallel was three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km) south of the surveyed line. The fort, which became known as "Fort Blunder", was in Canada, which created a dilemma for the U.S. that was not resolved until a provision of the treaty left the border on the meandering line as surveyed. The border along the Boundary Waters in present-day Ontario and Minnesota between Lake Superior and the Northwest Angle was also redefined.[3][4]

Oregon Treaty (1846)

Map of the disputed Oregon Country, with the American and British claims marked. The dispute was settled in the Oregon Treaty, placing the boundary along the 49th parallel.

An 1844 boundary dispute during the Presidency of James K. Polk led to a call for the northern boundary of the U.S. west of the Rockies to be 54°40′N related to the southern boundary of Russia's Alaska Territory. However, Great Britain wanted a border that followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. The dispute was resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846, which established the 49th parallel as the boundary through the Rockies.[5][6]

Boundary surveys (mid–19th century)

The Northwest Boundary Survey (1857–1861) laid out the land boundary. However, the water boundary was not settled for some time. After the Pig War in 1859, arbitration in 1872 established the border between the Gulf Islands and the San Juan Islands.

The International Boundary Survey (or, the "Northern Boundary Survey" in the US) began in 1872.[7] Its mandate was to establish the border as agreed to in the Treaty of 1818. Archibald Campbell led the way for the United States, while Donald Cameron, supported by chief astronomer Samuel Anderson, headed the British team. This survey focused on the border from the Lake of the Woods to the summit of the Rocky Mountains.[8]

20th century

An International Boundary Commission reference monument at the Pigeon River

In 1903, following a dispute that arose because of the Klondike Gold Rush, a joint United Kingdom–Canada–U.S. tribunal established the boundary of southeast Alaska.[9]

On April 11, 1908, the United Kingdom and the United States agreed, under Article IV of the Treaty of 1908 "concerning the boundary between the United States and the Dominion of Canada from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean", to survey and delimit the boundary between Canada and the U.S. through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, in accordance with modern surveying techniques, and thus accomplished several changes to the border.[10][11] In 1925, the International Boundary Commission's temporary mission became permanent for maintaining the survey and mapping of the border; maintaining boundary monuments and buoys; and keeping the border clear of brush and vegetation for 6 m (20 ft). This "border vista" extends for 3 m (9.8 ft) on each side of the line.[12]

In 1909, under the Boundary Waters Treaty, the International Joint Commission was established for Canada and the U.S. to investigate and approve projects that affect the waters and waterways along the border.

21st century

As a result of the 2001 September 11 attacks, the Canada–U.S. border was shut without any warning, and no goods or people were allowed to cross. In the wake of the impromptu border closure, procedures were jointly developed to ensure that commercial traffic could cross the border even if people were restricted from crossing. These procedures were later used for a border closure caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020.[13]

2020–2021 closure

The Poker Creek–Little Gold Creek Border Crossing at the Alaska–Yukon border closed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada and the United States, the governments of Canada and the United States agreed to close the border to "non-essential" travel on March 21, 2020, for an initial period of 30 days.[14] The closure has been extended 15 times since then; it expired on July 21, 2021. However, in mid-June 2021, the Canadian government announced it will ease some entry requirements for fully vaccinated Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and foreign nationals starting on July 5, 2021.[15][16][17][18][19][20] In mid-July, the Canadian government announced that fully vaccinated American citizens and permanent residents can visit Canada starting August 9, 2021. The American government reopened its land border to fully vaccinated Canadian citizens effective November 8, 2021. Provided that COVID cases remain stable and/or decline, fully vaccinated international visitors can enter Canada starting September 7.[21] The 2020–21 closure was reportedly the first blanket, long-term closure of the border since the War of 1812.[22]

Essential travel, as defined by Canadian and US regulations, includes travel for employment or education purposes.[23] "Non-essential" travel to Canada, includes travel "for an optional or discretionary purpose, such as tourism, recreation or entertainment."[24] The U.S. Department of Homeland Security issued defined non-essential travel to include "tourism purposes (e.g., sightseeing, recreation, gambling, or attending cultural events)" and gave an extensive, non-exhaustive definition of what sorts of travel qualify as essential.[25]

Business advocacy groups, noting the substantial economic impact of the closure on both sides of the border, called for more nuanced restrictions in place of the blanket ban on non-essential travel.[26] The Northern Border Caucus, a group in the US Congress composed of members from border communities, made similar suggestions to the governments of both countries.[27] Beyond the closure itself, US President Donald Trump also initially suggested the idea of deploying United States military personnel near the border with Canada in connection with the pandemic. He later abandoned the idea following vocal opposition from Canadian officials.[28][29]

Security

Law enforcement approach

Международную границу обычно называют «самой длинной незащищенной границей в мире», хотя это верно только в военном смысле, поскольку на ней присутствуют гражданские правоохранительные органы. Пересечение границы вне пограничного контроля является незаконным, поскольку любой, кто пересекает границу, должен быть проверен в соответствии с иммиграционным [30] [31] и таможенным законодательством. [32] [33] Относительно низкий уровень мер безопасности контрастирует с границей между США и Мексикой (которая составляет одну треть длины границы между Канадой и США), которая активно патрулируется Таможенной и пограничной службой США. Сотрудники охраны по предотвращению нелегальной миграции и наркоторговли .

Округа США (или их эквиваленты), имеющие сухопутную или водную границу с Канадой
  Сухопутная граница
  Только водная граница

Части Международной границы пересекают гористую местность или густо засаженные деревьями районы, но значительные ее части также пересекают отдаленные сельскохозяйственные угодья прерий, Великие озера и реку Святого Лаврентия, в дополнение к морским компонентам границы в Атлантическом , Тихом и Северном Ледовитом океанах. Граница также проходит через центр нации Аквесасне и даже разделяет некоторые здания, расположенные в общинах Новой Англии и Квебека.

Служба таможенного и пограничного контроля США (CBP) определяет основные проблемы на границе как внутренний и международный терроризм; контрабанда наркотиков и контрабанда продукции (например, табака ) для уклонения от таможенных пошлин; и нелегальная иммиграция. [34] В отчете Счетной палаты правительства США за июнь 2019 года выявлена ​​конкретная нехватка кадров и ресурсов, с которой сталкивается CBP на северной границе, что отрицательно влияет на правоприменительные действия; Пограничный патруль США «выявил недостаточное количество агентов, которые ограничивали патрульные миссии вдоль северной границы», в то время как Воздушные и морские операции CBP «выявили недостаточное количество агентов вдоль северной границы, что ограничивало количество и частоту воздушных и морских миссий. " [34]

На границе Канады и США расположено восемь секторов пограничного патруля США , каждый из которых охватывает определенную «зону ответственности»; сектора (с запада на восток) базируются в Блейне, штат Вашингтон ; Спокан, Вашингтон ; Гавр, Монтана ; Гранд-Форкс, Северная Дакота ; Детройт, Мичиган ; Буффало, Нью-Йорк ; Суонтон, Вермонт ; и Хоултон, штат Мэн . [34]

Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, security along the border was dramatically tightened by the two countries in both populated and rural areas. Both nations are also actively involved in detailed and extensive tactical and strategic intelligence sharing.

In December 2010, Canada and the United States were negotiating an agreement titled "Beyond the Border: A Shared Vision for Perimeter Security and Competitiveness" which would give the U.S. more influence over Canada's border security and immigration controls, and more information would be shared by Canada with the U.S.[35][needs update]

Security measures

Canadian border crossing sign with lights to alert those crossing to report to customs remotely. Remote customs exists in areas where staffed border crossings are unavailable.

Residents of both nations who own property adjacent to the border are forbidden to build within the 6-metre-wide (20 ft) boundary vista without permission from the International Boundary Commission. They are required to report such construction to their respective governments.

All persons crossing the border are required to report to the customs agency of the country they have entered. Where necessary, fences or vehicle blockades are used. In remote areas, where staffed border crossings are not available, there are hidden sensors on roads, trails, railways, and wooded areas, which are located near crossing points.[36] There is no border zone;[37] the U.S. Customs and Border Protection routinely sets up checkpoints as far as 100 miles (160 km) into U.S. territory.[38][39]

In August 2020, the United States constructed 3.8 km (2.4 mi) of short cable fencing along the border between Abbotsford, British Columbia, and Whatcom County, Washington.[40]

Identification

Canada Border Services Agency and U.S. Customs and Border Protection agents reviewing identification. Valid identification is required for crossing the border.

Prior to 2007, American and Canadian citizens were only required to produce a birth certificate and driver's license/government-issued identification card when crossing the Canada–United States border.[41]

However, in late 2006, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) announced the final rule of the Western Hemisphere Travel Initiative (WHTI), which pertained to new identification requirements for travelers entering the United States. This rule, which marked the first phase of the initiative, was implemented on January 23, 2007, specifying six forms of identification acceptable for crossing the U.S. border (depending on mode):[42][43]

The requirement of a passport or an enhanced form of identification to enter the United States by air went into effect in January 2007; and went into effect for those entering the U.S. by land and sea in January 2008.[41] Although the new requirements for land and sea entry went into legal effect in January 2008, its enforcement did not begin until June 2009.[41] Since June 2009, every traveller arriving via a land or sea port-of-entry (including ferries) has been required to present one of the above forms of identification in order to enter the United States.

A plaque attached to the rail of a bridge on the Maine and New Brunswick border crossing.

Conversely in order to cross into Canada, a traveler must also carry identification, as well as a valid visa (if necessary) when crossing the border.[45] Forms of identification include a valid passport, a Canadian Emergency Travel Document, an enhanced driver's license issued by a Canadian province or territory, or an enhanced identification/photo card issued by a Canadian province or territory.[45] Several other documents may be used by Canadians to identify their citizenship at the border, although use of such documents requires it to be supported with additional photo identification.[45]

American and Canadian citizens who are members of a trusted traveler program such as FAST or NEXUS, may present their FAST or NEXUS card as an alternate form of identification when crossing the international boundary by land or sea, or when arriving by air from only Canada or the United States.[45] Although permanent residents of Canada and the United States are eligible for FAST or NEXUS, they are required to travel with a passport and proof of permanent residency upon arrival at the Canadian border.[45] American permanent residents who are NEXUS members also require Electronic Travel Authorization when crossing the Canadian border.[45]

Security issues

Smuggling

A United States Border Patrol agent tracking someone in harsh winter conditions on the northern border

Smuggling of alcoholic beverages ("rum running") was widespread during the 1920s, when Prohibition was in effect nationally in the United States and parts of Canada.

In more recent years, Canadian officials have brought attention to drug, cigarette, and firearms smuggling from the United States, while U.S. officials have made complaints of drug smuggling via Canada. In July 2005, law enforcement personnel arrested three men who had built a 110-metre (360 ft) tunnel under the border between British Columbia and Washington, intended for the use of smuggling marijuana, the first such tunnel known on this border.[46] From 2007 to 2010, 147 people were arrested for smuggling marijuana on the property of a bed-and-breakfast in Blaine, Washington, but agents estimate that they caught only about 5% of smugglers.[47]

Because of its location, Cornwall, Ontario, experiences ongoing smuggling—mostly of tobacco and firearms from the United States. The neighboring Mohawk territory of Akwesasne straddles the Ontario–Quebec–New York borders, where its First Nations sovereignty prevents Ontario Provincial Police, Sûreté du Québec, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canada Border Services Agency, Canadian Coast Guard, United States Border Patrol, United States Coast Guard, and New York State Police from exercising jurisdiction over exchanges taking place within the territory.[48][49]

2009 border occupation

In May 2009, the Mohawk people of Akwesasne occupied the area around the Canada Border Services Agency port of entry building to protest the Canadian government's decision to arm its border agents while operating on Mohawk territory. The north span of the Seaway International Bridge and the CBSA inspection facilities were closed. During this occupation, the Canadian flag was replaced with the flag of the Mohawk people. Although U.S. Customs remained opened to southbound traffic, northbound traffic was blocked on the U.S. side by both American and Canadian officials. The Canadian border at this crossing remained closed for six weeks. On July 13, 2009, the CBSA opened a temporary inspection station at the north end of the north span of the bridge in the city of Cornwall, allowing traffic to once again flow in both directions.[50]

The Mohawk people of Akwesasne have staged ongoing protests at this border. In 2014 they objected to a process that made their crossing more tedious, believing it violated their treaty rights of free passage. When traveling from the U.S. to Cornwall Island, they must first cross a second bridge into Canada, for inspection at the new Canadian border station. Discussions between inter-governmental agencies were being pursued on the feasibility of relocating the Canadian border inspection facilities on the U.S. side of the border.[51]

2017 border crossing crisis

Members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police waiting for migrants to cross at Roxham Road in August 2017

In August 2017, the border between Quebec and New York saw an influx of up to 500 irregular crossings each day, by individuals seeking asylum in Canada.[52] As a result, Canada increased border security and immigration staffing in the area, reiterating the fact that crossing the border irregularly had no effect on one's asylum status.[53][54]

From the beginning of January 2017 up until the end of March 2018, the RCMP intercepted 25,645 people crossing the border into Canada from an unauthorized point of entry. Public Safety Canada estimates another 2,500 came across in April 2018 for a total of just over 28,000.[55]

Border lengths and regions

Canadian and American boundary markers

The length of the terrestrial boundary is 8,891 km (5,525 mi), of which 6,416 km (3,987 mi) is against the contiguous 48 states, and 2,475 km (1,538 mi) against Alaska.[56] Eight out of thirteen provinces and territories of Canada and thirteen out of fifty U.S. states are located along this international boundary.

Yukon

The Canadian territory of Yukon shares its entire western border with the U.S. state of Alaska, beginning at the Beaufort Sea at 69°39′N 141°00′W / 69.650°N 141.000°W / 69.650; -141.000 and proceeds southwards along the 141st meridian west. At 60°18′N, the border proceeds away from the 141st meridian west in a southeastward direction, following the St. Elias Mountains. South of the 60th parallel north, the border continues into British Columbia.[57]

British Columbia

0 Avenue on the Canadian side and the border marker

British Columbia has two international borders with the United States: with the state of Alaska along BC's northwest, and with the contiguous United States along the southern edge of the province, including (west to east) Washington, Idaho, and Montana.[58]

BC's Alaskan border, continuing from Yukon's, proceeds through the Saint Elias Mountains, followed by Mount Fairweather at 58°54′N 137°31′W / 58.900°N 137.517°W / 58.900; -137.517, where the border heads northwestward towards the Coast Mountains.[58] At 59°48′N 135°28′W / 59.800°N 135.467°W / 59.800; -135.467, the border begins a general southeastward direction along the Coast Mountains. The border eventually reaches the Portland Canal and follows it outward to the Dixon Entrance, which takes the border down and out into the Pacific Ocean, terminating it upon reaching international waters.

BC's border along the contiguous U.S. begins southwest of Vancouver Island and northwest of the Olympic Peninsula, at the terminus of international waters in the Pacific Ocean.[58] It follows the Strait of Juan de Fuca eastward, turning northeastward to enter Haro Strait. The border follows the strait in a northward direction, but turns sharply eastward through Boundary Pass, separating the Canadian Gulf Islands from the American San Juan Islands. Upon reaching the Strait of Georgia, the border turns due north and then towards the northwest, bisecting the strait until the 49th parallel north. After making a sharp turn eastbound, the border follows this parallel across the Tsawwassen Peninsula, separating Point Roberts, Washington, from Delta, British Columbia, and continues into Alberta.

Prairies

Boundary markers and a 25 foot (7.6 m) swath cut into the forest marking the Alberta-Montana border.

The entire Canada–U.S. border in the provinces of both Alberta and Saskatchewan lies along the 49th parallel north.[59][60] Both provinces share borders with the state of Montana, while, farther east, Saskatchewan also shares a border with North Dakota.[60]

Along with the U.S. states of North Dakota and Minnesota (west to east), nearly the entire Canada–U.S. border in Manitoba lies along the 49th parallel north.[61] At the province's eastern end, however, the border briefly enters the Lake of the Woods, turning north at 48°59′N 95°09′W / 48.983°N 95.150°W / 48.983; -95.150 where it continues into land along the western end of Minnesota's Northwest Angle, the only part of the United States besides the state of Alaska that is north of the 49th parallel. The border reaches Ontario at 49°23′N 95°09′W / 49.383°N 95.150°W / 49.383; -95.150.

Ontario

The Horseshoe Falls and the Niagara River marks the Ontario-New York border. Lakes and waterways make up most of Ontario's borders with the United States.

The province of Ontario shares its border (west to east) with the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. The largest provincial international border, most of the border is a water boundary. It begins at the north-westernmost point of Minnesota's Northwest Angle (49°23′N 95°09′W / 49.383°N 95.150°W / 49.383; -95.150). From here, it proceeds eastward through the Angle Inlet into the Lake of the Woods, turning southward at 49°19′N 94°48′W / 49.317°N 94.800°W / 49.317; -94.800 where it continues into the Rainy River.[62] The border follows the River to Rainy Lake, then subsequently through various smaller lakes, including Namakan Lake, Lac la Croix, and Sea Gull Lake. The border then crosses the Height of Land Portage over the divide between the Hudson Bay drainage basin, and that of the Great Lakes. The boundary then follows the Pigeon River, which leads it out into Lake Superior. The border continues through Lake Superior and Whitefish Bay, into the St. Mary's River then the North Channel. At 45°59′N 83°26′W / 45.983°N 83.433°W / 45.983; -83.433, the border turns southward into the False Detour Channel, from which it reaches Lake Huron. Through the Lake, the border heads southward until reaching the St. Clair River, leading it to Lake St. Clair. The border proceeds through Lake St. Clair, reaching the Detroit River, which leads it to Lake Erie. From Lake Erie the border is led into the Niagara River, which takes it into Lake Ontario. From here, the boundary heads northwestward until it reaches 43°27′N 79°12′W / 43.450°N 79.200°W / 43.450; -79.200, where it makes a sharp turn towards the northeast. The border then reaches the St. Lawrence River, proceeding through it until finally, at 45°00′N 74°40′W / 45.000°N 74.667°W / 45.000; -74.667, the border splits from the river and continues into Quebec.[62]

Quebec

The province of Quebec borders (west to east) the U.S. states of New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, beginning where the Ontario-New York border ends in the St. Lawrence River at the 45th parallel north.[63] This border heads inland towards the east, remaining on or near the parallel. At 45°00′N 71°30′W / 45.000°N 71.500°W / 45.000; -71.500, the border begins to follow various natural features of the Appalachian Mountains, continuing to do so until 46°25′N 70°03′W / 46.417°N 70.050°W / 46.417; -70.050, where it heads north, then northeastward at 46°41′N 69°59′W / 46.683°N 69.983°W / 46.683; -69.983. Finally, at 47°27′N 69°13′W / 47.450°N 69.217°W / 47.450; -69.217, the border heads toward Beau Lake, going through it and continuing into New Brunswick.

New Brunswick

The entire border of New Brunswick is shared with the U.S. state of Maine, beginning at the southern tip of Beau Lake at 47°18′N 69°03′W / 47.300°N 69.050°W / 47.300; -69.050, subsequently proceeding to the Saint John River.[64] The border moves through the River until 47°04′N 67°47′W / 47.067°N 67.783°W / 47.067; -67.783, where it splits from the river and heads southward into the Chiputneticook Lakes at 45°56′N 67°47′W / 45.933°N 67.783°W / 45.933; -67.783, which subsequently leads the border to the St. Croix River. The border proceeds through the St. Croix to Passamaquoddy Bay, which then leads it to Grand Manan Island into the middle of the Bay of Fundy. Here, the border turns towards the south and terminates upon reaching international waters.

Crossings and border straddling

Airports

Entrance to a U.S. pre-clearance area at Vancouver International Airport. Pre-clearance areas are situated in several Canadian airports to help expedite the customs process.

The U.S. maintains pre-clearance facilities (i.e. immigration offices) at eight Canadian airports with international air service to the United States: Calgary; Edmonton; Halifax Stanfield; Montreal–Trudeau; Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier; Toronto Island Airport (Billy Bishop Airport), Toronto–Pearson, Vancouver; and Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson. These procedures expedite travel by allowing flights originating in Canada to land at a U.S. airport without being processed as an international arrival. Canada does not maintain equivalent personnel at U.S. airports due to the sheer number of Canada-bound flights from numerous U.S. departure locations.

Cross-border airports

One curiosity on the Canada–U.S. border is the presence of six airports and eleven seaplane bases whose runways straddle the borderline. Such airports were built prior to the U.S. entry into World War II as a way to legally transfer U.S.-built aircraft, such as the Lockheed Hudson, to Canada under the provisions of the Lend-Lease Act. In the interest of maintaining neutrality, U.S. military pilots were forbidden to deliver combat aircraft to Canada. As result, the aircraft were flown to the border, where they landed, then were towed on their wheels over the border by tractors or horses overnight. The next day, the planes were crewed by RCAF pilots and flown to other locations, typically airbases in Eastern Canada and Newfoundland, from where they were flown to the United Kingdom and deployed in the Battle of Britain.[65]

Ramp facilities at Piney Pinecreek Border Airport. The left-hand building and ramp are north of the border in Canada; those on the right are in the United States.

Piney Pinecreek Border Airport is located in Piney, Manitoba, and Pinecreek, Minnesota. The northwest–southeast-oriented runway straddles the border, and there are two ramps: one in the U.S. and one in Canada. The airport is owned by the Minnesota Department of Transportation.[66]

International Peace Garden Airport is located in Boissevain, Manitoba, and Dunseith, North Dakota, adjacent to the International Peace Garden. The runway is entirely within North Dakota, but a ramp extends across the border to allow aircraft to access Canadian customs. While not jointly owned, it is operated as an international facility for customs clearance as part of the Peace Garden.

Аэропорт Пограничной станции Коронак/Скоби (или аэропорт Ист-Поплар) расположен в Коронахе, Саскачеван , и Скоби, штат Монтана . Аэропорт находится в совместной собственности правительств Канады и США, а его взлетно-посадочная полоса с востока на запад расположена точно на границе.

Международный аэропорт Куттс/Росс расположен в Альберте и Монтане. Как и Коронак/Скоби, взлетно-посадочная полоса с востока на запад расположена точно на границе. Аэропорт полностью принадлежит отделу аэронавтики Министерства транспорта штата Монтана (DOT).

Международный аэропорт Дель Бонита/Уэтстоун , расположенный в Дель Бонита, Альберта , и Дель Бонита, Монтана , имеет взлетно-посадочную полосу с востока на запад, расположенную точно на границе, как и в Куттс/Росс. Аэропорт официально принадлежит штату Монтана и находится в ведении Департамента аэронавтики штата, поэтому ему присвоен только идентификатор США . Объект предназначен как для широкой публики (максимум 15 пассажиров на самолет), так и для американских военных . [66]

Государственный аэропорт Эйви Филд расположен в Вашингтоне и Британской Колумбии. Частный аэродром находится в основном в США, но несколько сотен футов взлетно-посадочной полосы с севера на юг простираются до Канады. Таким образом, доступны как канадские, так и американские таможни. Ему присвоен американский идентификатор, но он не имеет канадского.

На некоторых базах гидросамолетов есть водные взлетно-посадочные полосы, пересекающие границу, хотя степень их пересечения может быть трудно определить. Однако все наземные объекты баз находятся на территории одной или другой страны, что приводит к множеству ситуаций, когда две базы гидросамолетов могут находиться в одном и том же водоеме. На границе существуют следующие объекты гидросамолетов:

Сухопутные пограничные переходы

Амбассадорский мост — подвесной мост , соединяющий Детройт, штат Мичиган , с Виндзором, Онтарио . Мост является самым загруженным международным переходом в Северной Америке с точки зрения объема торговли, через него проходит более четверти всей товарной торговли между Канадой и США.

Currently there are 119 legal land border crossings between the United States and Canada, 26 of which take place at a bridge or tunnel. Only 2 of the 119 crossings are one-way: the Churubusco–Franklin Centre Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only the United States; and the Four Falls Border Crossing, where travelers may enter only Canada.

There are six roads that have unstaffed road crossings, and do not have border inspection services in one or both directions, where travelers are legally allowed to cross the border. Those that cross are required to report to customs, which are stationed farther within.

Trail crossings

The Fourth Connecticut Lake Trail (New Hampshire/Quebec) crosses several times while following the border vista before heading back to the United States.

The Pacific Crest Trail crosses into E. C. Manning Provincial Park in the remote North Cascades mountains. Hikers can only legally cross into Canada from the US and not vice-versa, requiring an advance permit.[68]

Rail crossings

There are 39 railroads that cross the U.S.–Canada border, nine of which are no longer in use. Eleven of these railroads cross the border at a bridge or tunnel.

Only three international rail lines currently carry passengers between the U.S. and Canada. At Vancouver's Pacific Central Station, passengers are required to pass through U.S. partial pre-clearance and pass their baggage through an X-ray machine before being allowed to board the Seattle-bound Amtrak Cascades train, which makes no further stops before crossing the border at Blaine, Washington, where the train stops for another CBP inspection.[69] Pre-clearance facilities are not available for the popular Adirondack (New York City to Montreal) or Maple Leaf (New York City to Toronto) trains, since these lines have stops between Montreal or Toronto and the border. Instead, passengers must clear customs at a stop located at the actual border.

Seaports

A ferry departing Wolfe Island, Ontario for Cape Vincent, New York

There are 13 international ferry crossings operating between the U.S. and Canada. Two of them carry passengers only and one carries only rail cars. Four of the ferries operate only on a seasonal basis.

Аналогично механизмам предварительной таможенной очистки в канадских аэропортах, в крупных канадских морских портах существуют механизмы , которые обрабатывают прямые импортные поставки в США в опломбированном виде. Вдоль восточного побережья действуют паромные перевозки между провинцией Нью-Брансуик и штатом Мэн, а на на западном побережье они действуют между Британской Колумбией и штатами Вашингтон и Аляска. Есть также несколько паромных сообщений по Великим озерам, курсирующим между провинцией Онтарио и штатами Мичиган, Нью-Йорк и Огайо. Паромное сообщение между штатом Мэн и Новой Шотландией прекратило свою работу в 2009 году и возобновило работу снова в 2014 году.

На острове Харт на реке Святого Лаврентия в замке Болдт есть пункт пограничного контроля, не имеющий конкретного местоположения на канадской стороне. [ нужна цитата ] Таким образом, канадцы должны предъявить удостоверение личности, чтобы приземлиться на острове.

Трансграничные здания

Библиотека Haskell расположена на международной границе, граница отмечена черной линией на полу читального зала.

Линейный дом – это здание, расположенное так, что через него проходит международная граница. Вдоль границы США и Канады есть несколько таких зданий:

Граница штата Мэн и Нью-Брансуика разделяет загородный клуб Aroostook Valley . [74]

Пограничные подразделения

Практические эксклавы

To be a true international exclave, all potential paths of travel from the exclave to the home country must cross over only the territory of a different country or countries. Like exclaves, practical exclaves are not contiguous with the land of the home country and have land access only through another country or countries. Unlike exclaves, they are not entirely surrounded by foreign territory. Hence, they are exclaves for practical purposes, without meeting the strict definition.

The term pene-exclave, also known as a "functional" or "practical" exclave,[75]: 31  was defined by G. W. S. Robinson (1959) as "parts of the territory of one country that can be approached conveniently — in particular by wheeled traffic — only through the territory of another country."[76]: 283  Thus, a pene-exclave has land borders with other territory but is not completely surrounded by the other's land or territorial waters.[77]: 60  Catudal (1974) and Vinokurov (2007)[75]: 31–33  provide examples to further elaborate, including Point Roberts, Washington: "Although physical connections by water with Point Roberts are entirely within the sovereignty of the United States, land access is only possible through Canada."[78]: 113  Practical exclaves can exhibit continuity of state territory across territorial waters but, nevertheless, a discontinuity on land, such as in the case of Point Roberts.[75]: 47 

Practical exclaves of Canada

Campobello Island is a practical exclave of Canada, with land access to the mainland being only to Maine

The Quebec western portion of the Akwesasne reserve is a practical exclave of Canada because of the St. Lawrence River to the north, the St. Regis River to the east, New York State, U.S. to the south. To travel by land to elsewhere in Canada, one must drive through New York State.

Campobello Island is another practical exclave located at the entrance to Passamaquoddy Bay, adjacent to the entrance to Cobscook Bay, and within the Bay of Fundy. The island is part of Charlotte County, New Brunswick, but is actually physically connected by the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Bridge with Lubec, Maine, the easternmost tip of the continental United States.

Premier, British Columbia is an abandoned mining site accessible only through Hyder, Alaska.

Practical exclaves of the United States

The U.S. portion of this lake peninsula has a land border with Canada, making land access to it possible only through Canada. Image by U.S. Geological Survey.[79] 48°59′54″N 99°52′44″W / 48.99833°N 99.87889°W / 48.99833; -99.87889

Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state bounded by the Bering Sea; the Arctic and Pacific oceans; and Canada's British Columbia and Yukon Territory. Additionally, because of the terrain, several municipalities in southeast Alaska (the "Panhandle") are inaccessible by road, except via Canada. Specifically, the town of Hyder, Alaska, is accessible only through Stewart, British Columbia, or by floatplane. Moreover, Haines and Skagway are accessible by road only through Canada, although there are car ferries which connect them to other Alaskan places.

Point Roberts, Washington is bounded by British Columbia, the Strait of Georgia, and Boundary Bay.

In Minnesota, Elm Point, two small pieces of land to its west (Buffalo Bay Point), and the Northwest Angle are bounded by the province of Manitoba and Lake of the Woods.

In Vermont, the Alburgh Tongue, as well as Province Point, which is the small end of a peninsula east of Alburgh, are bounded by Quebec and Lake Champlain.[c]

Split features

Between Quebec and Vermont, Province Island is a piece of land that primarily lies in Canada, though a small portion of the island is situated in the U.S. state, lying south of the 45th parallel with a border vista marking the international boundary.

Canusa Street in Beebe Plain, VT is the only portion of the Canada–United States border split down the middle of a street.

Between North Dakota and Manitoba, the international border splits a peninsula within a lake on the border of Rolette County, North Dakota, and the Wakopa Wildlife Management Area, MB.[80] Likewise, Lake Metigoshe, lying in the Township of Roland, borders the municipality of Winchester, Manitoba. The border splits a shoreline, putting Canadian cabins on one side and the beach and boat docks for those cabins on the U.S. side, while land access is only through Canada.[81]

Remaining boundary disputes

Map of Alaska and the Beaufort Sea. The cross-hatched region marks the disputed maritime boundary between Canada and the U.S.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Longest by total length – the Kazakhstan-Russia border is the world's longest continuous land border.
  2. ^ Water runway only; land runway does not cross border.
  3. ^ However, this peninsula and the island to its south are connected by road bridges directly to the United States mainland (as well as by a freight [and former passenger] rail line), such that it is possible to make a through journey in and out of the Alburgh Tongue without entering Canada. This is not true of the other practical exclaves listed here.

References

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  79. ^ "USGS The National Map: Orthoimagery. Data refreshed October 2017". United States Geological Survey (U.S. Department of the Interior). Retrieved September 15, 2018.
  80. ^ Hutchinson Township. North Dakota: Geo. A. Ogle & Co. 1910. p. 69. Retrieved June 19, 2017. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) Note: This lake is located in the former Hutchinson Township in Rolette County on the property shown in this 1910 atlas as owned by A. O. Osthus. The lake otherwise appears to be unnamed.
  81. ^ Laychuk, Riley (July 13, 2016). "Manitoba boaters stunned by new cross-border rule". CBC News. Retrieved June 3, 2017. In fact, some of the boat docks for Canadian cabins sit on the U.S. side of the border.

Further reading

External links

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