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Первое лейбористское правительство Новой Зеландии

Первое лейбористское правительство Новой Зеландии было правительством Новой Зеландии с 1935 по 1949 год. Ответственное за реализацию широкого спектра прогрессивных социальных реформ [1] во время своего пребывания у власти, оно задавало тон экономической и социальной политики Новой Зеландии до 1980-х годов, создавая государство всеобщего благосостояния , систему кейнсианского экономического управления и высокий уровень государственного вмешательства. Правительство пришло к власти к концу и в результате Великой депрессии 1930-х годов, а также управляло страной в течение Второй мировой войны .

Политический манифест, напечатанный Лейбористской партией перед ее выборами в 1938 году

Важные политики

Промышленный

Иностранные дела и военные

В 1930-х годах Лейбористская партия поддерживала Лигу Наций (предшественника Организации Объединенных Наций), считая Лигу лучшим способом предотвратить еще одну крупную войну. Однако Лига оказалась неэффективной и не смогла предотвратить японское вторжение в Маньчжурию или итальянское вторжение в Абиссинию . При Лейбористской партии представитель Новой Зеландии в Лиге решительно выступал против умиротворения агрессоров, особенно итальянского вторжения в Абиссинию и немецкой оккупации Чехословакии . Когда началась Вторая мировая война , Новая Зеландия немедленно объявила войну Германии, а Сэвидж заявил, что «куда идет Британия, туда и идем мы». Во время войны была введена воинская повинность . Это заставило некоторых обвинить Лейбористскую партию в лицемерии, поскольку она решительно выступала против воинской повинности в Первую мировую войну . Правительство утверждало, что в то время как Первая мировая война была ненужной империалистической стычкой, Вторая мировая война была справедливой войной против фашистских агрессоров. После войны Фрейзер занялся созданием Организации Объединенных Наций и был особенно обеспокоен тем, чтобы малые страны не были маргинализированы великими державами. Воинская повинность в мирное время была введена в 1949 году, что оказалось непопулярным решением. [10]

Экономический

Здоровье

Благосостояние

Образование

"These books and the work of the Branch became internationally famous for high standards of scholarship, humanity, editing, and presentation; and advisors from the Branch subsequently helped other countries set up their schemes of educational publications".[5]

Constitutional

Māori

Formation

The immediate context of the 1935 election was the Great Depression which had started in 1929 and affected New Zealand as badly as most other Western countries. Following the 1931 election the Reform and United (also known as Liberal) parties had formed a coalition to deal with it. The Labour Party formed the opposition, arguing that the only way out of the depression was socialism. The coalition government instead supported the economic orthodoxy which was that a balanced budget was of paramount importance and that state spending had to be cut to offset the decline in taxation revenue. They also believed that to provide the unemployed with money without making them work was morally wrong, and so put thousands of unemployed to work on often-pointless 'relief work'. Labour argued that the government needed to increase spending and create real jobs.

By 1935 – after the election had been delayed a year because of the depression – many voters who would not otherwise have trusted Labour were disillusioned with the economic orthodoxy and prepared to try something new. Labour was helped by a change of leadership in 1933, after leader Harry Holland died and was replaced by Michael Joseph Savage, who did not seem to be a frightening communist but rather a kindly uncle figure. Labour achieved an overwhelming victory, taking 53 out of 80 seats. A further two were won by the Māori Ratana movement, which formed an alliance with Labour. Despite the size of its victory, Labour won only 46.1% of the popular vote; the government vote was split between Reform and United, and both parties lost votes on the right to the Democrats and the Country Party.

Carl Berendsen, the head of the Prime Minister's Department later said that the first cabinet consisted of a trio of able men (Savage, Fraser and Nash), a witty and worthy toiler (Semple) and a gaggle of non-entities. Six of the ministers were born in New Zealand, five in Australia, and one each in England and Scotland. More than half of Labour's caucus were new to Parliament.[40] Berendsen wrote that Nash was a poor administrator and organiser, he:

could not bear to make a decision. Papers piled up in his office. They stayed there for days and weeks, or months or years, and sometime forever. ... (and he) devoted a great deal of time and care to "going over these papers" .... He even carried these heirlooms with him to Washington. This habit of holding papers caused serious dislocation of public business.[41]

The 1938 election

The government increased in popularity during its first term, as people felt the benefits of its policies and of economic recovery. It cannot realistically be credited with ending the Depression in New Zealand, as most economic indicators were showing signs of improvement before the 1935 election[citation needed]. However government policies such as an increase in pay for relief workers, job creation and generous education policies did bring major benefits to many. Labour's share of the popular vote increased by nearly 10%, but it did not gain any new seats. While in 1935 the anti-Labour vote had been split between two major and two minor parties, by 1938 the United and Reform parties had merged into the New Zealand National Party, which was able to achieve 40.3% of the popular vote and win 25 seats. The Country and Democrat parties' share of the vote collapsed, with the Country Party losing both its seats. From this point on, New Zealand politics would be dominated by the Labour and National parties.

The 1943 election

The 1943 election was held during World War II, and had been postponed by about two years due to the war. Conscription was a minor issue in the election; although both major parties supported it, some saw Labour as hypocrites as they had strongly opposed conscription during World War I. The issue may have lost Labour some support on the left, to the Democratic Labour Party, which had been formed by dissident Labour MP John A. Lee following his expulsion from the Labour Party. However the new party received only 4.3% of the vote and won no seats. Labour was given significant help by the votes of New Zealand soldiers overseas, who turned an apparent election-night victory for National into one for Labour; Fraser quipped that it was not only North Africa that the Second Division had saved. The election was also notable for the defeat of Māori statesman Āpirana Ngata, by the Labour-Ratana candidate Tiaka Omana. Labour was to hold the four Māori electorates until 1996.

The 1946 election

By 1946 the National Party had gained in strength and credibility. However its support was strongest in rural areas, and in previous elections it had benefited from the country quota, which organised New Zealand electorates so that rural electorates had fewer voters, and therefore rural votes were worth more. In 1945 the government had abolished the quota, which may have cost National the election. Labour gained nearly 4% of the popular vote, but lost three seats, reducing its majority to four. Since the seats it held included the four Māori electorates, the government was said by its opponents to rely on a 'Māori mandate'. It was insinuated that Labour would need to pass unwise pro-Māori policies to stay in power.

Defeat

By 1949 the government had been in power for 14 years, six of them in wartime. It seemed increasingly worn out and uncertain. The three referendums held in 1949 (in addition to the usual referendum on alcohol licensing, which was held in conjunction with every election), were symptomatic of this. Meanwhile, National had announced that it would not repeal any of Labour's welfare state policies, which endeared it to many who had supported and benefitted from these policies but were tired of the government. National won 51.9% of the popular vote and 46 of out the 80 seats in parliament. Labour would be out of power for another eight years, and would not be in government for more than a single term until 1987.

Election results

Prime ministers

The government was led by Michael Joseph Savage until his death in 1940. He was succeeded by Peter Fraser, who was Prime Minister for the rest of the government's term. Wilson gives the dates of office-holding as 6 December 1935 to 1 April 1940 for the Savage Ministry (although Savage died on 27 March), and 1 April 1940 to 13 December 1949 for the Fraser Ministry.

Cabinet Ministers

War cabinet

The following is a list of ministers from the "War cabinet" (16 July 1940 – 21 August 1945) and "War administration" (30 June 1942 – 2 October 1942). The other members were the Prime Minister, Minister of Defence, Minister of Finance and Minister of Transport (see above).[42]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "View All Items". fau.digital.flvc.org. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  2. ^ a b c "Labour History Project". Archived from the original on 2 June 2010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y The Quest for Security in New Zealand: 1840–1966 by William Ball Sutch
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad The Oxford History of New Zealand, edited by Geoffrey W. Rice
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au Poverty and Progress in New Zealand: A Re-assessment by William Ball Sutch
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bassett (1998)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Frank Holmes (2004). "IPS Policy Paper : Number 19 : The Quest for Security and Welfare in New Zealand 1938 – 1956" (PDF). Ips.ac.nz. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  8. ^ a b c Sites of gender: women, men and modernity in Southern Dunedin, 1890–1939 by Barbara Lesley Brookes, Annabel Cooper and Robin Law
  9. ^ a b "CONTROL OF WORKING CONDITIONS – Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand". Teara.govt.nz. 23 April 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Brooking (2004)
  11. ^ New Zealand Official Yearbook 1959
  12. ^ New Zealand. Dept. of Labour and Employment, New Zealand. Dept. of Labour – 1967
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h Sinclair (1959)
  14. ^ a b c Chambers (2013)
  15. ^ The Oxford Illustrated History of New Zealand, edited by Geoffrey W. Rice
  16. ^ "Sharemilking Agreements Act 1937" (PDF). Austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  17. ^ a b Walter Nash by Keith Sinclair
  18. ^ Ip, Manying (8 February 2005). "Chinese – Later settlement". Te Ara. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  19. ^ a b Francis Sydney Maclean (1966). "Social Security Health Benefits". In McLintock, A. H. (ed.). An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Mein Smith (2012)
  21. ^ "Children's health – Children and adolescents, 1930–1960 | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  22. ^ "Ministerial Taskforce on Sport, Fitness & Leisure: History of Recreation and Sport". Recreationaccess.org.nz. 2 February 2001. Archived from the original on 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  23. ^ a b c http://www.health.govt.nz/publication/guidelines-drinking-water-quality-management-new-zealand Information found in article entitled "Summary Of Drinking Water Legislation (pdf, 137 KB)"
  24. ^ Pragmatism and Progress: Social Security in the Seventies by Brian Easton
  25. ^ a b "Welfare benefits trends in New Zealand" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  26. ^ a b c d e f "Maintaining Sole Parent Families in New Zealand: An Historical Review – Ministry of Social Development". Msd.govt.nz. 10 June 1998. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  27. ^ The Welfare State in New Zealand by J.B. Conliffe
  28. ^ "Children and adolescents, 1930–1960 – Children and adolescents, 1930–1960 | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  29. ^ [1] Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Foundations of the Welfare State by Pat Thane
  31. ^ New Zealand official yearbook 1958
  32. ^ New Zealand geographer: Volume 43, Issue 3 by New Zealand Geographical Society, 1987
  33. ^ [2] Archived 20 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ^ a b c "Education – Children and adolescents, 1930–1960 | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". Nzhistory.net.nz. 22 June 1943. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  35. ^ Going to school in Oceania by Craig Campbell and Geoffrey Sherington
  36. ^ Ian A. McLaren (1 January 1974). Education in a Small Democracy – New Zealand. p. 22. ISBN 9780710077981. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  37. ^ Michael Kuhn (2007). New Society Models for a New Millennium: The Learning Society in Europe and ... p. 388. ISBN 9780820474991. Retrieved 13 November 2015.
  38. ^ "Political Disabilities Removal Act, 1936". New Zealand Law online. 1936.
  39. ^ "Statutes Amendment Act, 1936". New Zealand Law online. 1936.
  40. ^ Bassett (2000), pp. 136–140
  41. ^ Berendsen (2009), p. 145
  42. ^ Wilson 1985, p. 84-5.

References

Further reading