Tupi–Guarani languages

Subfamily of the Tupian languages, indigenous to South America

Tupi–Guarani (/tuːˈpiː ɡwɑˈrɑːni/ /ɡwɑˈɾɑ-/; Tupi-Guarani: [tuˈpi ɡwaɾaˈni];pronunciation^ⓘ) is the most widely distributed subfamily of the Tupian languages of South America. It consists of about fifty languages, including Guarani and Old Tupi. The most widely spoken in modern times by far is Guarani, which is one of the two official languages of Paraguay.

The words petunia, jaguar, piranha, ipecac, tapioca, jacaranda, anhinga, carioca, and capoeira are of Tupi–Guarani origin.^{[citation needed]}

Classification

Rodrigues & Cabral (2012) propose eight branches of Tupí–Guaraní:

• Tupí–Guaraní
  • Guaraní (Group I)
  • Guarayu (Group II): Guarayu, Pauserna**, Sirionó (dialects: Yuqui, Jorá**)
  • Tupí (Group III): Old Tupi (lingua franca dialect: Tupí Austral), Tupinambá (dialects: Nheengatu, a.k.a. Língua Geral as lingua franca, and Potiguára), Cocama–Omagua*, Tupinikin**
  • Tenetehara (Group IV): Akwáwa (dialects: Asuriní, Suruí do Pará, Parakanã), Avá-Canoeiro, Tapirapé, Tenetehára (dialects: Guajajara, Tembé), Turiwára
  • Kawahíb (Group VI): Apiacá, Kawahíb (numerous varieties; incl. Piripkúra, Diahói?), Kayabí, Karipúna, ?Uru-Pa-In
  • Kamayurá (Group VII)
  • Xingu (Group VIIIa): Anambé (of Cairarí), Amanayé, Xingú Asuriní, Araweté, Aurá, Ararandewara
  • Northern Tupi–Guaraní (Group VIIIb): Anambé of Ehrenreich, Emerillon, Guajá, Wayampi, Zo'é, Takunyapé, Urubú–Kaapor, Wayampipukú

*Cabral argues that Kokama/Omagua is a mixed language, and so not directly classifiable, though most of its basic vocabulary is Tupi–Guarani.

**Not listed in Rodrigues & Cabral (2012)

Karipuna language (Amapá) may be spurious.

Sound changes from Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) defining each of the 8 Tupi-Guarani groups as listed by Rodrigues & Cabral (2002):^[1]

Michael, et al. (2015)

Michael, et al. (2015) propose the following classification for the Tupi–Guarani languages.

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Kamaiurá (600 speakers)
  • Nuclear Tupí-Guaraní
    • Northern
      • Guajá (280 speakers)
      • Ka'ápor (800 speakers)
      • Avá-Canoeiro (14 speakers)
    • Central
      • • Anambé, Araweté (Anambé 6 speakers, Araweté 280 speakers)
        • Xingú Asurini (120 speakers)
      • • Tocantins Asuriní, Parakanã (700-1,500 speakers)
        • Tapirapé (560 speakers)
    • Peripheral
      • Wayampi, Emerillon (Wayampi 1,200 speakers, Emerillon 400 speakers)
      • Kayabí, Parintintin (Kayabí 1,000 speakers, Kagwahiva 870 speakers)
      • Diasporic
        • Tembé (13,000 speakers)
        • • Tupi
            • Omagua, Kokama (Omagua 10 speakers, Cocama 250 speakers)
            • Tupinambá (Nheengatu 19,000 speakers)
          • Southern
            • Sirionó, Yuki (500 speakers)
            • Guarayu, Pauserna † (Guarayu 5,900 speakers)
            • Guaranian
              • Aché (910 speakers)
              • Mbyá
              • Paraguay Guaraní (4.85 million speakers)
              • • Xetá †, Kaiowá, Ñandeva (Kaiwá 18,000 speakers, Ava Guarani 16,000 speakers)
                • Tapiete, Chiriguano (Chiriguano 51,000 speakers)

O'Hagan et al. (2014,^[2][3] 2019) proposes that Proto-Tupi-Guarani was spoken in the region of the lower Tocantins and Xingu Rivers, just to the south of Marajó Island in eastern Pará State, Brazil. Proto-Omagua-Kokama then expanded up the Amazon River, Proto-Tupinambá expanded south along the Atlantic coast, and the Southern branch expanded up along the Tocantins/Araguaia River towards the Paraná River basin.

Jolkesky (2016)

Below is an internal classification of Tupi-Guarani by Jolkesky (2016), which is largely based on Michael, et al. (2015):^[4]

(† = extinct)

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Kamayura: Kamayura
  • Kaapor-Ava
    • Ava-Canoeiro: Ava-Canoeiro
    • Kaapor: Anambe †; Aura; Guaja; Takuñape †; Urubu-Kaapor
  • Akwawa-Arawete
    • Akwawa-Tapirape
      • Akwawa: Asurini do Tocantins; Parakanã; Surui (Tupi-Guarani)
      • Tapirape: Tapirape
    • Arawete-Asurini
      • Arawete: Amanaye †; Anambe; Ararandewara †; Arawete
      • Asurini do Xingu: Asurini do Xingu
  • Nuclear Tupi-Guarani
    • Tenetehara: Guajajara; Tembe; Turiwara †
    • Kawahib-Kayabi
      • Apiaka: Apiaka
      • Juma: Juma
      • Kayabi: Kayabi
      • Kawahib: Amondawa; Karipuna (Tupi); Parintintin; Piripkura; Tukumanfed †; Uruewauwau; Wirafed
    • Diasporic Tupi-Guarani
      • Guarani-Guarayu-Siriono
        • Guarayu: Guarayu; Pauserna
        • Siriono: Siriono; Jora †; Yuki
        • Guarani
          • Ache: Ache
          • Guarani: Guarani, Classical †; Chiriguano; Chiripa
          • Central: Guarani Paraguaio
          • Western: Guarani Boliviano; Tapiete
          • Eastern: Kayowa; Mbya; Ñandeva; Pai Tavytera; Sheta
      • Tupinamba-Kokama
        • Kokama-Omagua: Kokama; Kokamilla; Omagua
        • Tupi: Tupi †; Tupi Austral †
        • Tupinamba: Nhengatu; Tupinamba †
        • Wayampi: Emerillon; Wayampi; Zo'e

Ferraz and Reichert (2021)

The following is an approximation of the results of a computational phylogenetic study of the Tupí-Guaraní languages by Ferraz and Reichert (2021).^[5][6]

• Tupí-Guaraní
  • Guajá–Tenetehara
    • Guajá; Tembé, Guajajara
  • Guaraní
    • Warazu
    • Xetá
    • Guayaki; Tapiete, Chiriguano
    • Guaraní; Kaiowá, Mbyá
    • Guarayo; Sirionó, Yuki
  • Tupi
    • Tupinambá; Nheengatu, Ka'apor (Urubu-Kaapor)
  • Northern
    • Kamayura; Anambé, Araweté
    • Avá–Wayampí?
      • Avá-Canoeiro
      • Wayampí Jarí; Emerillon, Wayampí
  • Central
    • Asurini Xingu
    • Akwawa–Tapirapé
      • Apiaká; Suruí; Tapirapé; Parakanã, Asurini
    • Kawahib
      • Kayabi
      • Parintintin, Tenharim
      • Amondava, Urueuwauwau

Varieties

Below is a list of Tupi–Guarani language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.^[7]

Proto-language

Schleicher (1998)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Schleicher (1998):^[8]

Lemle (1971)

The following reconstructions of Proto-Tupi-Guarani are from Lemle (1971):^[9]

See also

• Urubú–Kaapor Sign Language

References

1. Rodrigues, A. D.; Cabral, A. S. A. C. Revendo a classificação interna da família Tupí-Guaraní. In: CABRAL, A. S. A. C., RODRIGUES, A. D. (Orgs.). Línguas indígenas brasileiras: fonologia, gramática e história. Tomo I. Belém: UFPA/EDUFPA, p. 327-337, 2002.
2. O'Hagan, Zachary (with Keith Bartolomei, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Emily Clem, Erin Donnelly and Lev Michael). 2014. A Computational-phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní and its Geographical Spread Archived 2015-05-03 at the Wayback Machine. Language Variation and Change, October 20, Chicago.
3. O’Hagan, Zachary; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia; Michael, Lev (2019). "Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní Homeland". LIAMES: Línguas Indígenas Americanas. 19: e019018. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791. ISSN 2177-7160.
4. Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas Archived 2021-04-18 at the Wayback Machine. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Brasília.
5. Ferraz Gerardi, Fabrício; Reichert, Stanislav (2021). "The Tupí-Guaraní language family". Diachronica. 38 (2). John Benjamins Publishing Company: 151–188. doi:10.1075/dia.18032.fer. ISSN 0176-4225. S2CID 228872841.
6. Ferraz Gerardi, F., & Reichert, S. (2020). CLDF dataset derived from Gerardi and Reichert's "The Tupí-Guaraní Language Family: A Phylogenetic Classification" from 2020 (v1.0.1) [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.4094642
7. Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
8. Schleicher, Charles Owen. 1998. Comparative And Internal Reconstruction of the Tupi-Guarani Language Family. Doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin – Madison.
9. Lemle, Miriam. 1971. Internal classification of the Tupi-Guarani linguistic family. In David Bendor-Samuel (ed.), Tupi studies I, 107–129. Norman: Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma.

Bibliography

• Michael, Lev, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Keith Bartolomei, Erin Donnelly, Vivian Wauters, Sérgio Meira, Zachary O'Hagan. 2015. A Bayesian Phylogenetic Classification of Tupí-Guaraní. LIAMES 15(2):193–221.
• O'Hagan, Zachary, Natalia Chousou-Polydouri, Lev Michael. 2019. Phylogenetic classification supports a Northeastern Amazonian Proto-Tupí-Guaraní homeland. LIAMES, Campinas, SP, v. 19, 1–29, e019018, 2019. doi:10.20396/liames.v19i0.8655791.
• Michael, Lev; Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia (2020). "Computational phylogenetics and the classification of South American languages" (PDF). Language and Linguistics Compass. 13 (12). doi:10.1111/lnc3.12358. S2CID 210985305.

Further reading

• Gerardi, Fabrício Ferraz; Reichert, Stanislav. "The Tupí-Guaraní language family: A phylogenetic classification". In: Diachronica. Available online: 1 February 2021. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1075/dia.18032.fer]

External links

• Swadesh lists of Tupi–Guarani basic vocabulary words (from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)
• Publications by Lev Michael