The Republican Party, led by Kevin McCarthy, won control of the House, defeating Nancy Pelosi and the Democratic Party, which had held a majority in the House since 2019, as a result of the 2018 elections.[1][2] Although most observers and pundits predicted large Republican gains,[3][4][5] they instead narrowly won 4 seats over the 218 seats needed for a majority,[6] as Democrats won several upsets in districts considered Republican-leaning or won by Donald Trump in the 2020 U.S. presidential election, such as Washington's 3rd congressional district. Republicans also won some upsets in districts that Joe Biden won by double-digits, including New York's 4th congressional district.[7][8] Observers attributed Democrats' surprise over-performance to, among other factors,[9] the issue of abortion in the United States after Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization,[10] and the underperformance of multiple statewide and congressional Republican candidates who held extreme views,[11][12][13] including refusal to accept the party's 2020 electoral loss.[14][15] On the other hand, Democrats' political prospects were weighed down by the 2021–2022 inflation spike, which Republicans blamed on President Biden and the Democratic-controlled Congress.[16] The elections marked the first time since 1875 that Democrats won all districts along the Pacific Ocean.[17] This was the first time since 2004 that Republicans gained House seats in consecutive elections.
Gerrymandering during the 2020 U.S. redistricting cycle had a significant impact on the 2022 election results. Republicans made gains as a result of gerrymandering in Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and Texas, while Democrats made gains as a result of gerrymandering in Maryland, Illinois and New Mexico. Defensive gerrymanders helped both parties hold competitive seats in various states,[18] while Republican gains in New York and Democratic gains in North Carolina and Ohio were made possible because their state supreme courts overturned gerrymanders passed by their state legislatures.[1][19][20][21]
The narrow margin by which Republicans won their House majority resulted in historic legislative difficulties in the 118th Congress. Due to a number of Republican holdouts affiliated with the conservative House Freedom Caucus, McCarthy was not elected Speaker of the House until the 15th round of voting, thus marking the first time since 1923 that a speaker was not elected in the first round.[22] This was the smallest Republican majority since 2000.
As the usage of mail-in voting has increased in U.S. elections, particularly since the COVID-19 pandemic, the results in some congressional races were not known immediately following the election, which was more competitive and closer than expected,[23] as a widely predicted red wave election did not materialize.[24] Instead, Democrats lost fewer seats than expected at less than 10 and fewer than the average (25) for the president's party since the end of World War II.[25][26] Several tossup or lean Republican races were won by Democrats, including upsets in Colorado's 8th, North Carolina's 13th, and Washington's 3rd congressional districts;[27][28][29] the Washington 3rd's seat was particularly notable because the Cook Political Report had labeled the district as lean Republican and FiveThirtyEight had Marie Gluesenkamp Perez's chance of winning at 2-in-100.[30][31] Democrats also narrowly missed a further upset for the Colorado's 3rd seat held by Republican Lauren Boebert; it was so close that it needed a recount.[32]
Democrats performed better than expected in states like Ohio and Pennsylvania,[33] benefitting from a coattail effect,[34][35] and performed well in Colorado and New England but suffered substantial losses in New York.[1] In Florida and New York, Republicans achieved state-specific red waves,[36][37][38] and red states became redder.[39]Gerrymandering during the 2020 U.S. redistricting cycle gave each party advantages in various states; due to advantageous maps, Republicans performed well or made gains in Florida, Georgia, Texas, and Tennessee, and Democrats made gains in Illinois and New Mexico.[1][19] As of November 10, 14 seats were flipped, with Republicans gaining 11 of them for a net gain of 8 seats; Republicans needed to maintain a net gain of at least 5 seats to regain the House.[1] Republicans won the popular vote by a 3 percent margin and would have won it even if Democrats had contested more seats than they did, which may have cost them about 1–2 percent in the final popular vote margin.[19] According to Harry Enten of CNN, the final popular vote margin was the second-closest midterm margin for a U.S. House election in the last 70 years.[40]
The unprecedented degree of Republican underperformance during the election defied election analysts' predictions of heavy gains, given that while a majority of voters trusted Democrats on abortion, they were disappointed with the performance of Joe Biden and Democrats on issues facing the country, such as the economy and inflation, crime, and immigration.[3][4][5] This has been variously attributed by political commentators to the issue of abortion after Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization overturned Roe v. Wade in June 2022;[10] candidate quality among Republicans who held extremist or unpopular views,[11][12][13] such as denial of the 2020 U.S. presidential election results;[14] and youth turnout, among others.[9] According to Ron Brownstein of CNN in 2023, exit polls showed that House Democrats won independent voters by 2 percentage points, making it the first time the party holding the White House did so in a midterm election since at least 1982.[41]
Biden described the results as a "strong night" for Democrats,[42] and he urged for cooperation in Congress.[43] Senator Lindsey Graham commented: "It's certainly not a red wave, that's for darn sure. But it is clear that we will take back the House."[44] On November 9, when the results for the House were still uncertain, the Republican House leader Kevin McCarthy launched his bid to succeed long-time House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.[43] In a letter asking for support among Republicans, he wrote: "I trust you know that earning the majority is only the beginning. Now, we will be measured by what we do with our majority. Now the real work begins."[43]
Control of the House would not be known until November 16, when it became clear that the Republican Party had won a majority of the House after Mike Garcia was projected to win reelection in California's 27th congressional district, giving Republicans a total of at least 218 seats;[45] their majority was to be narrow.[46] The size of the majority remained in doubt with several races still to be called more than one week after Election Day.[47] On November 17, after Republicans were projected to win back the House, Pelosi announced that she would not seek reelection as Speaker of the House,[48] and Hakeem Jeffries was later selected as the Democratic nominee by acclamation.[49] On November 15, McCarthy won an internal Republican caucus poll as the party's nominee for Speaker of the House;[45] as several members of the Republican caucus did not vote for him and had expressed opposition to his speakership, it cast doubt on how the 2023 U.S. speaker election, which began on January 3, would unfold.[50][51] McCarthy's speaker bid was the first of a party leader since 1923 that did not succeed on the first ballot.
Federal
The 2022 election results are compared below to the 2020 election. The table does not include blank and over or under votes, both of which were included in the official results.
Per state
Maps
House seats by party holding majority in state
Popular vote by states
Net changes to U.S. House seats after the 2022 elections +1 Dem House seat +2 Dem House seats +1 Rep House seat +2 Rep House seats +3–4 Rep House seats Republicans lost 1 seat due to reapportionment
District results by vote share
Retirements
In total, 49 representatives and one non-voting delegate (30 Democrats and 20 Republicans) retired, 17 of whom (nine Democrats and eight Republicans) sought other offices.[52]
Three seats were left vacant on the day of the general election due to resignations or death in 2022, two of which were not filled until the next Congress.
Democrats
Two Democrats resigned before the end of their terms.
Indiana 2: Jackie Walorski died August 3. A special election to fill the remainder of her term was held concurrently with the general election for the next full term.[105]
Incumbents defeated
Fourteen incumbents lost renomination in the primary elections and nine incumbents lost reelection in the general elections.
In primary elections
Democrats
Six Democrats, three of whom were freshmen, lost renomination.
The 2020 United States census determined how many of the 435 congressional districts each state receives for the 2020 redistricting cycle. Due to population shifts, California, Illinois, Michigan, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia each lost one seat. Conversely, Colorado, Florida, Montana, North Carolina, and Oregon each gained one seat; and Texas gained two seats.[129]
Seats with multiple incumbents running
The following districts had multiple incumbent representatives running, a product of multiple districts merging in redistricting.
Of the 435 districts created in the 2020 redistricting, eighteen had no incumbent representative.
Vulnerable seats
This is a list of House seats where the winner of the 2020 presidential election and the incumbent in the district were from different parties. The results for the 2020 elections accounted for redistricting and was representative of the new district boundaries.[139]
Democratic
This is a list of districts that voted for Trump in 2020 but had a Democratic incumbent:
In February 2022, The Guardian reported that "America is poised to have a staggeringly low number of competitive seats in the US House, an alarming trend that makes it harder to govern and exacerbates political polarization." The 2020 redistricting cycle resulted in 94% of the U.S. House running in relatively safe seats, often due to gerrymandering.[140][141]
Special elections
There were nine special elections in 2022 to the 117th United States Congress, listed here by date and district.
Voter demographics
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
California lost its 53rd district following the 2020 census.
Colorado
Colorado gained its 8th district following the 2020 census.
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Florida gained its 28th district following the 2020 census.
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Illinois lost its 18th district following the 2020 census.
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Michigan lost its 14th district following the 2020 census.
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Montana regained its 2nd district following the 2020 census.
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
New York lost its 27th district following the 2020 census.
North Carolina
North Carolina gained its 14th district following the 2020 census.
North Dakota
Ohio
Ohio lost its 16th district following the 2020 census.
Oklahoma
Oregon
Oregon gained its 6th district following the 2020 census.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania lost its 18th district following the 2020 census.
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Texas gained its 37th and 38th districts following the 2020 census.
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
West Virginia lost its 3rd district following the 2020 census.
^This seat was the tipping point seat for a Republican majority.
^Under California's "jungle primary" system, the general election was between two Democrats.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao apDeclared candidates may seek election from other district, subject to redistricting. Some districts may have no incumbents, while others may have multiple incumbents due to redistricting.
^Overby died on October 5, 2022, but remained on the general election ballot.
^Van Drew was elected as a Democrat in 2018 and switched to the Republican Party in January 2020, having announced the switch in December 2019.
^Due to redistricting, Mondaire Jones decided to move to NY-10, which is not connected by territory to NY-17.
^Madden remained the Republican nominee despite the Vermont Republican Party disavowing his campaign.[184]
^Sablan was first elected as an Independent. He became a Democrat in October 2021.
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