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Почтовый опрос австралийского закона о браке

Почтовое исследование австралийского закона о браке — это национальное исследование, проводимое австралийским правительством с целью оценить поддержку легализации однополых браков в Австралии . Опрос проводился по почте с 12 сентября по 7 ноября 2017 года. В отличие от голосования на выборах и референдумах , которое является обязательным в Австралии, ответы на опрос были добровольными.

Результаты опроса были опубликованы 15 ноября 2017 года. В ходе опроса было получено 7 817 247 (61,6%) ответов «Да» и 4 873 987 (38,4%) ответов «Нет». Еще 36 686 (0,3%) ответов были неясными, а общая явка составила 12 727 920 (79,5%). [2]

Форма опроса, инструкции и конверт с оплаченным ответом были разосланы Австралийским статистическим бюро (ABS) каждому человеку, включенному в федеральный список избирателей , с вопросом: «Следует ли изменить закон, чтобы разрешить однополым парам вступать в брак?» ?" ABS установило процедуры, обеспечивающие возможность участия австралийцев, имеющих на это право и не имеющих доступа к почте. [3]

Перед опросом правительство Либерально-национальной коалиции пообещало содействовать законопроекту частного члена о легализации однополых браков в парламенте в случае положительного результата. Если бы опрос дал отрицательный результат большинства, правительство заявило бы, что не допустит парламентских дебатов или голосования по легализации однополых браков.

Закон о внесении поправок в брак (определение и религиозные свободы) 2017 года , который легализовал однополые браки, был обсужден и принят парламентом после публикации результатов опроса. [4] Коалиционное правительство позволило своим парламентариям провести сознательный голосование по законопроекту. Оппозиционная австралийская Лейбористская партия поддержала этот закон, но в исключительных случаях также предоставила своим парламентариям право голоса совести.

Многие сторонники однополых браков критиковали почтовый опрос, рассматривая его как дорогостоящую тактику проволочек и ненужное препятствие для сознательного голосования по однополым бракам в парламенте . [5] Исследование было предметом двух юридических проблем, ставящих под сомнение полномочия ABS проводить исследование и право правительства финансировать расходы на исследование из средств, предусмотренных законом для «срочных» и «непредвиденных» обстоятельств. Оба судебных иска провалились, и Высокий суд Австралии признал опрос законным.

Фон

История

Брак в Австралии является конституционной провинцией федерального парламента. Его первоначальное юридическое определение было установлено общим правом как «союз мужчины и женщины, исключающий всех остальных, добровольно заключенный на всю жизнь». [6] Это определение было кодифицировано Законом о внесении поправок в Закон о браке 2004 года , который дословно включил его в Закон о браке 1961 года . [7]

На момент проведения опроса однополые союзы в Австралии рассматривались как союзы де-факто в соответствии с федеральным законом. Эти союзы предоставляют парам большинство, хотя и не все, законных прав в браке, хотя эти права может быть трудно отстаивать, и они не всегда признаются на практике. [8] [9] Помимо юридических аспектов, фактические отношения не имеют такого же символического значения, как брак. [10] Перед федеральными выборами в июле 2016 года коалиционное правительство под руководством Малкольма Тернбулла пообещало провести общенациональное голосование по однополым бракам в форме обязательного плебисцита . [11] Оппозиция этой идее была сосредоточена на ее критике как дорогостоящей тактике отсрочки и на том, что это обязанность парламента, а не вопрос, связанный с Конституцией Австралии . [12]

Хотя коалиция получила 76 из 150 мест в нижней палате на выборах 2016 года и сумела сформировать правительство большинства с перевесом в одно место, ей не удалось принять необходимый закон для (обязательного присутствия) референдума/плебисцита. Закон был принят Палатой представителей 20 октября 2016 года 76–67 голосами, но был отклонен Сенатом 7 ноября 2016 года 33–29 голосами. [13] [14] Идея почтового плебисцита была первоначально предложена депутатом- либералом Уорреном Энтшем , а затем поддержана министрами правительства Питером Даттоном и Матиасом Корманном . [15] Даттон отметил, что для проведения голосования по почте не потребуется законодательство. [16] В середине июля сотрудник генерального прокурора Джордж Брэндис выступил с идеей проведения опроса как альтернативного способа выполнения обязательств правительства. [17] В августе 2017 года, после попытки пяти депутатов от Либеральной партии изменить партийную политику и обеспечить свободное голосование в парламенте по законодательству об однополых браках, [18] правительство объявило, что предложит провести добровольный почтовый опрос, состоялось позже в том же году. [19] В нем говорилось, что голосование по почте будет проводиться только в том случае, если (обязательный) закон о референдуме/плебисците правительства снова будет отклонен Сенатом. Это произошло 9 августа 2017 года, когда инициированное правительством предложение в Сенате по обсуждению законопроекта о плебисците (однополые браки) 2016 года было равно 31–31; в результате движение отвергается. [20]

После получения результатов в Сенате правительство поручило австралийскому статистику (главе Австралийского статистического бюро ) начать процесс изучения взглядов на однополые браки среди всех австралийцев, включенных в список избирателей. [21] Правительство утверждало, что это предложение не требует законодательного одобрения парламента, утверждая, что положения Закона об ассигнованиях и закона, регулирующего Австралийское статистическое бюро (ABS), позволяют ему использовать ABS для такой цели. [22] Правительство утверждало, что это похоже на процесс, в ходе которого « Боже, храни королеву» был заменен на Advance Australia Fair в качестве национального гимна Австралии. [23] Правительство объявило, что ABS будет оказывать помощь в виде сотрудников, прикомандированных из Австралийской избирательной комиссии (AEC), организации, ответственной за выборы в Австралии и управляющей списком избирателей . [24] Стоимость обследования для австралийских налогоплательщиков прогнозировалась в 122 миллиона долларов, однако общая потраченная сумма в итоге составила 80,5 миллиона долларов. [1] [19] Эти расходы, а также идея о том, что дебаты активизируют идеологических экстремистов и что обычные избирательные правила не будут применяться, подверглись критике в парламенте. [25] К 7 сентября, когда были рассмотрены жалобы в высоком суде против опроса , ABS уже потратило 14,1 миллиона долларов на почтовый опрос: 8 миллионов долларов на рекламу опроса, 5,3 миллиона долларов на расходы на печать, и 600 000 долларов для персонала. [26]

AEC сообщила, что 10 августа было завершено около 68 000 транзакций регистрации по сравнению со средним показателем 4 000 в день. [27] В период с 8 по 14 августа зарегистрировалось более 16 000 человек, и более 200 000 обновили свои данные. [28] К 20 августа зарегистрировалось более 36 000 человек, и более 434 000 обновили данные о регистрации. [29] К 22 августа зарегистрировалось более 54 000 человек. [30] К 25 августа список достиг рекордного уровня: в списке было более 16 миллионов австралийцев (еще 90 000 человек присоединились, а еще 165 000 транзакций еще предстоит обработать). [31] 65 000 из этих новых избирателей находятся в возрасте от 18 до 24 лет. [32] Благодаря 933 592 транзакциям по регистрации, завершенным AEC в конце обработки, в список было добавлено более 98 000 человек, и общее количество австралийцев право на участие в опросе составило 16 005 998 человек. [33] Однако после того, как результаты опроса были опубликованы, ABS обнаружило, что на самом деле 16 006 180 опросов были разосланы австралийцам, имеющим на это право. [34]

Справочный комитет Сената по финансам и государственному управлению 14 августа [35] начал общественное расследование механизмов проведения почтового опроса [35] на основании представленных материалов и доказательств, представленных ABS на слушаниях 17 августа. Дальнейшие слушания с участием ABS, AEC, Почты Австралии, Министерства финансов и Министерства социальных служб состоялись 7 и 15 сентября 2017 года. Комитет представил окончательный отчет 13 февраля 2018 года. В отчете рекомендовалось не проводить опрос снова использовался в вопросах прав человека, призвал правительство продолжать финансировать организации психического здоровья и ЛГБТИК-организации, чтобы смягчить последствия почтового опроса, и рекомендовал Австралийской избирательной комиссии активизировать усилия по регистрации избирателей и обучению в отдаленных общинах, а также работать с пиком коренных народов. органов для достижения более широкого участия. [36] [35]

Ключевые даты

Ключевыми датами исследования были: [37] [38]

Результаты опроса (включая уровень участия) были опубликованы на национальном уровне, на уровне штата и территории , а также на уровне избирателей . [3]

Юридические проблемы

В Высокий суд Австралии было подано два судебных иска, оспаривающих законность опроса , как на основании незаконного финансирования из установленных законом фондов, так и на основании незаконной деятельности ABS. Первым выступили защитники однополых браков Шелли Арджент (национальный представитель организации « Родители и друзья лесбиянок и геев ») и Фелисити Марлоу (член организации «Радужные семьи») вместе с независимым депутатом Эндрю Уилки . Они объявили, что 9 августа 2017 года оспорят результаты почтового опроса в Высоком суде и потребуют временного запрета. [39] [40] Вторым вызовом выступила австралийский сенатор от партии «Равенство в браке» и «Зеленые» Джанет Райс . [41] [42]

Дополнительная жалоба была подана 17-летним мальчиком в Австралийскую комиссию по правам человека в августе 2017 года на том основании, что правила не давали временно зачисленным 16- и 17-летним австралийцам права участвовать в опросе. . [43] [44] Жалоба могла привести к возбуждению дела в федеральном суде с аргументацией в защиту права около 50 000 австралийцев в возрасте 16 и 17 лет, включенных в список избирателей, голосовать, однако 22 сентября мальчик отказался от своей жалобы после поправки зеленых . Закон о брачном законодательстве (дополнительные гарантии) 2017 года был отклонен парламентом ранее в этом месяце. [45] Юрисконсульт мальчика сообщил, что отклоненная поправка значительно усложнит оспаривание жалобы на дискриминацию по возрасту, поскольку парламент рассмотрел и отклонил распространение права голоса на зачисленных 16- и 17-летних детей. [45]

Решение Высокого суда

Высокий суд вынес свои постановления по обоим делам 7 сентября 2017 года. Суд определил, что опрос был законным, и разрешил провести его в соответствии с графиком. [46] [47] Претендентам было приказано оплатить расходы. [48] ​​Высокий суд единогласно вынес обоснование 28 сентября 2017 года, установив, что 295 миллионов долларов были ассигнованы парламентом и что вопрос о том, были ли эти расходы непредвиденными, является вопросом для удовлетворения министра, и ни в одном из его решений не было никакой юридической ошибки. рассуждение или его вывод. Собираемая информация представляла собой «статистическую информацию» по вопросам, предусмотренным Положением о переписи и статистике 2016 года (Cth). Поскольку суд рассмотрел и отклонил основания заявления, не было необходимости решать вопрос о правоспособности истцов. [49] [50]

Процесс опроса

Опрос проводился на добровольной основе, без каких-либо требований со стороны австралийца, имеющего право на участие в опросе, отправлять форму опроса по почте. Это привело к обеспокоенности по поводу потенциально низкой явки/уровня ответов избирателей и перспективы того, что коренные австралийцы в отдаленных общинах не смогут пройти опрос. [51] [52] Была выражена обеспокоенность по поводу: избирателей, чьи адреса не были видны в списках избирателей (известных как молчаливые избиратели); [53] лишение избирательных прав в отдаленных общинах; [54] Австралийцы за рубежом; [55] заключенные; [56] не говорящие по-английски; [57] и молодежь. [58] [59] Ранняя критика также высказывалась по вопросам конфиденциальности, включая недавние проблемы переписи населения 2016 года . [60] ABS сообщило, что ответы на опрос будут анонимными и защищены положениями о секретности Закона о переписи и статистике 1905 года. [61] Перед началом опроса бывший комиссар по конфиденциальности Малкольм Кромптон независимо рассмотрел подходы ABS к конфиденциальности и меры по смягчению последствий и объявил он был вполне удовлетворен. [62] ABS также работал над решением проблем с помощью специальных стратегий, таких как безбумажные варианты (телефония и онлайн-формы) и пункты приема и приема форм в отдаленных и столичных городах. [63] Кроме того, бюро отметило, что австралийцы также могут уполномочить «доверенное лицо» завершить опрос от их имени. [3] Хотя любое лицо могло быть назначено «доверенным лицом», главный министр АКТ Эндрю Барр предложил выполнять эту роль любому гражданину. [64] [65] Аудиторы и внешние наблюдатели были созданы для обеспечения целостности процесса, хотя на наблюдателей распространяется пожизненное соглашение о конфиденциальности . [66] Отчет о качестве и добросовестности был опубликован АБС одновременно с публикацией результатов опроса. [3] В течение периода опроса ABS связалась с онлайн-продавцами и попросила их удалить рекламу людей, предлагающих продать свой почтовый опрос или ответ. АБС сообщило, что такое действие, скорее всего, будет представлять собой правонарушение в соответствии с Законом о переписи и статистике 1905 года, Уголовным кодексом Содружества и законодательством о гарантиях проведения обследований, принятым парламентом. [67] [68] Агентство цифровой трансформациипомогал АБС с безбумажными вариантами опроса, хотя из-за сжатых сроков проведения опроса сотрудники анонимно выразили обеспокоенность тем, что обычные процессы не были завершены, такие как достаточное пользовательское тестирование . [69] AWS была привлечена к участию в тендере для оказания помощи в обеспечении безопасности онлайн-опроса. [70] Была открыта справочная телефонная линия, на которую с 14 августа 2017 г. по 7 ноября 2017 г. поступило 206 828 звонков. [71]

В отличие от выборов или референдумов , не существовало автоматических специальных правил, касающихся требований к рекламе или запрещенного контента для опросов, подобных тем, которые содержатся в Законе о выборах . [72] Следовательно, правительство и оппозиция начали переговоры о принятии законодательства, призванного воспроизвести эти типы правил, а также разработать меры по предотвращению очернения, запугивания или угроз причинения вреда на основе сексуальной ориентации, гендерной идентичности, интерсекс-статус или религиозные убеждения кого-либо в период опроса. [73] 13 сентября правительство внесло в Сенат законопроект «Обследование брачного законодательства (дополнительные гарантии) 2017 года» . [74] Законопроект был принят Сенатом после того, как поправка, внесенная лидером зеленых Ричардом Ди Натале, разрешающая 16- и 17-летним детям право участвовать в опросе, была отклонена. Законопроект немедленно был рассмотрен и принят Палатой представителей . [74] Законопроект получил королевское одобрение 13 сентября и вступил в силу на следующий день. [74] [75] Срок действия положений Закона автоматически истек 15 ноября 2017 года. [75] Ни кампания «Да», ни кампания «Нет» не получила государственного финансирования в ходе опроса, как это было предусмотрено для плебисцита с обязательным присутствием. [76] Премьер-министр Тернбулл также исключил запрет на иностранные пожертвования для исследования. [77]

Всем австралийцам, чьи имена включены в список избирателей или которые подали заявку на включение в список до 24 августа 2017 года, была отправлена ​​​​форма опроса, а зарегистрированные австралийцы, живущие за границей, а также лица, относящиеся к определенным особым категориям, имели право пройти опрос с использованием безбумажных методов. [78] [79] AEC сделал заявление о том, что предварительно зачисленным 16- и 17-летним подросткам не будет вывешиваться форма опроса [80] , а позже правительство издало исправленное указание австралийскому статистику, разъясняющее это. . [81] Это указание стало предметом жалобы 17-летнего мальчика в Комиссию по правам человека, которая позже была отозвана. [82] [45]

С 12 сентября в течение почти двух недель было отправлено более 16 миллионов писем (все они были доставлены к 25 сентября), а пакеты молчаливых избирателей были разосланы АИК и доставлены к концу сентября. [83] [84] После того, как несколько респондентов, ответивших «Да», разместили изображения своих заполненных форм в социальных сетях, ABS предупредило участников не фотографировать штрих-коды своих форм, чтобы предотвратить любое мошенническое поведение. Кроме того, формы опроса могут быть признаны недействительными, если участник перефразирует вопрос или штрих-код будет скрыт или удален. [85] АБС опубликовало несколько примеров того, что представляет собой действительный и недействительный ответ (например, пометка обоих полей «Да» и «Нет» или зачеркивание одного из слов в форме). [86] ABS посоветовало австралийцам, получившим дополнительные формы опроса, адресованные предыдущему жильцу, который не смог обновить свои избирательные данные, написать на лицевой стороне конверта «вернуть отправителю» и отправить его обратно. [87] В Австралии запрещено открывать почту, адресованную другому лицу. [88] В том редком случае, когда от одного человека было получено несколько ответов, ABS отметило, что только последний действительный ответ может быть засчитан. [89] 25 сентября АСБ подтвердило, что все формы опроса были разосланы по почте имеющим право избирателям, и описало процесс отправки дополнительных форм людям, которые не получили, потеряли или испортили свои формы. [90] ABS также подтвердил, что изменение мнения не является веской причиной для запроса новой формы. [91] Кампании «Да» и «Нет» предоставили 60 наблюдателей для процесса подсчета ДГРСИВ, [92] которые изучили 606 991 результат опроса. В ходе опроса АБС было сообщено о проблемах с менее чем 500 формами опроса. [93]

Еженедельная оценка ответов

28 сентября ABS объявило, что будет еженедельно публиковать национальные оценки общего количества полученных ответов на опросы, начиная с 3 октября 2017 года и заканчивая 7 ноября. Основным исходным материалом для первых трех еженедельных оценок, выпущенных только на национальном уровне, была оценка Почтой Австралии количества контейнеров с отсортированными конвертами, а не подсчет отдельных бланков. Корректировки были внесены с учетом таких факторов, как ответы, полученные по другим каналам, а также с учетом поврежденных или недействительных форм. По сравнению с четвертой оценкой, опубликованной 24 октября 2017 года, ABS изменило метод оценки и теперь использует количество обработанных форм. Это привело к увеличению предполагаемой явки до 74,5% населения, что на 7,0% больше, чем на предыдущей неделе, несмотря на то, что за этот период было получено только 300 000 новых ответов, или 1,9% от общего числа. [94]

Вопрос

Пример изображения формы опроса

В форме опроса респондентам задавался вопрос: «Следует ли изменить закон, чтобы разрешить однополым парам вступать в брак?». В опросе предлагалось два ответа, состоящие из одного слова: «да» или «нет». [3]

Предложенное законодательство

Правительство не опубликовало законопроект о легализации однополых браков до проведения опроса, что привело к неопределенности относительно того, какую форму примет закон в случае положительного вердикта. [96] В тексте проекта закона об однополых браках от начала 2017 года, обнародованном Генпрокуратурой , предлагалось внести изменения в определение понятия «брак» и заменить термины «мужчина» и «женщина» на гендерно-нейтральная фраза «два человека». [97] Предложенная формулировка «два человека» [98] отличалась от формулировки вопроса опроса, в которой прямо говорилось о «однополых парах». [99] [100]

Сенатор -либерал Дин Смит , который разработал законопроект об однополых браках в августе 2017 года, утверждал, что его законопроект обеспечивает «справедливый баланс» в защите прав однополых пар и религиозных свобод празднующих . [101] Законопроект позволяет нынешним гражданским деятелям становиться религиозными деятелями и отказываться от заключения однополых браков, а также включает в себя части Закона о дискриминации по признаку пола , позволяющие религиозным организациям отказываться от своих услуг по однополым бракам. [102] Законопроект Смита был официально поддержан парламентским собранием Лейбористской партии 17 октября 2017 года. [103] Однако консервативные депутаты в правительстве в ответ предположили, что в случае положительного голосования к законопроекту может потребоваться до 100 поправок. [101]

Конкурирующий законопроект был опубликован 13 ноября сенатором-либералом Джеймсом Патерсоном , консервативным сторонником однополых браков. [104] Законопроект содержал различные меры защиты, позволяющие отказываться от однополых браков всем, кто придерживается религиозных или «сознательных убеждений» против однополых браков, включая частных поставщиков услуг, таких как флористы и пекари. [105] [106] Премьер-министр Тернбулл негативно отреагировал на законопроект Патерсона, заявив, что правительство «не одобрит» поддержку законопроекта, который дискриминирует однополые свадьбы, и что у законопроекта «практически нет шансов пройти через парламент». [107] Сенатор Патерсон отказался от него через несколько часов после того, как был опубликован голос «за». [108]

Поддержка и противодействие

Позиции партии на парламентском голосовании

Каждая из политических партий, представленных в австралийском парламенте, придерживалась официальной позиции по однополым бракам и по существу опроса. Австралийская Лейбористская партия формально поддержала легализацию однополых браков, хотя и предложила своим депутатам провести голосование по совести по закону об однополых браках до 2019 года . закону, хотя у партии не было официальной позиции по данному вопросу, следовательно, депутаты (включая членов кабинета министров) могли свободно проводить кампанию за любую сторону. [110] [111] Все политики имели право использовать свои предвыборные бюджеты на печать и коммуникации в предвыборной кампании. [112]

Кампания «Да»

Митинг кампании «Да» в Мельбурне в августе 2017 года.

Кампания в поддержку голосования в пользу однополых браков в опросе получила поддержку со стороны Лейбористской партии, [122] кампании «Либералы за да» [123] и четырех второстепенных политических партий, представленных в федеральном парламенте, а также известных лоббистских групп, включая австралийскую Брачное равенство и GetUp! . [124] [125]

Кампания «Нет»

Кампания, пропагандирующая голосование против изменения законов о браке в опросе, была поддержана Национальными партиями [110] и тремя второстепенными партиями, представленными в федеральном парламенте. Несколько групп, выступающих против однополых браков, в том числе Австралийское христианское лобби и Брачный альянс , сформировали Коалицию за брак для координации кампании «Нет». [126] [127] [128]

Нейтральный

Либеральная партия Австралии не заняла ни одной позиции в опросе. [110]

Общественное мнение

Опросы общественного мнения в Австралии, проводившиеся в течение нескольких лет в преддверии опроса, показали, что уверенное большинство австралийцев поддерживают однополые браки. [129] [130] [131] [132] Опрос Guardian Essential , проведенный непосредственно перед объявлением о почтовом опросе, показал, что 43% одобряют голосование по почте и 38% не одобряют, [133] тогда как неделю спустя 39% одобрили почтовый опрос и 47% его не одобрили. [134] Существовало небольшое движение бойкота, хотя большинство активистов кампании за однополые браки, которые были против общенационального голосования по однополым бракам, призывали принять участие в почтовом опросе. [135] Некоторые неофициальные ответы на опрос были задуманы как протестное голосование. [136]

Намерения голосования

Likelihood of voting in the survey

Activities during the campaign

Advocacy by territory and local governments

A Canberra bus with rainbow wrap advertising as support from the ACT Government for the city's LGBTIQ community during the survey period.[174]
Sydney Town Hall illuminated in pride colours and flying a rainbow flag in support of the "Yes" vote.

The Government of the Australian Capital Territory and several local governments such as the City of Sydney took official positions supporting the "Yes" campaign.[175][176] Public servants in the ACT were warned against campaigning in the survey while in official uniform.[177][178] The move to offer official support was criticised by the Liberal Party opposition in the ACT, and similar criticisms lead to the City of Darebin backing down on plans to restrict "No" campaigners from using council facilities.[179][180]

Debate over freedom of religion

Several figures and institutions supporting a "No" vote raised the issue of religious freedom during the survey period. Former Prime Minister John Howard rejected the assurances of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and requested that the government explicitly detail proposed religious freedom provisions to potentially be included in same-sex marriage legislation.[181][182][183] Likewise several leaders in the Catholic Church raised freedom of religion concerns, citing the case of a Tasmanian archbishop, who was requested to appear at an anti-discrimination commission after having disseminated material supporting a Christian view of marriage.[184] The veracity of the concerns over religious freedom was disputed heavily in the community. Some groups, such as the National Catholic Education Commission said they were unsure if Catholic schools could continue to teach the Catholic view of marriage in the event same-sex marriage was legalised, however academics Marion Maddox and Carol Johnson challenged this by arguing that religious organisations would continue to be able to access exemptions from anti-discrimination laws and, consequently, remain free to refuse same-sex marriage if it is eventually introduced.[185][186] The divisions extended to the governing Liberal Party, whose president rejected claims that religious freedom could be under threat, in direct contradiction to the party's vice-president, who said that same-sex marriage would have consequences for freedom of speech, religion and association.[187][188]

Both Prime Minister Turnbull and Bill Shorten, leader of the Opposition, spoke in favour of religious freedom protections, with Turnbull stating he was an even "stronger believer" in freedom of religion than same-sex marriage.[189] Shorten said the Labor Party would "make sure that concerns about religious freedom are met with and dealt with and are treated with respect".[190] The prospect of additional religious freedom exemptions being added to existing Australian anti-discrimination law troubled some "Yes" advocates, who feared such provisions could allow service providers to discriminate on any basis, not just limited to couples' sex. Tiernan Brady described the campaign for religious freedom exemptions as "a blatant attempt to unravel existing anti-discrimination laws which serve everyone in Australia well, not just LGBTI people".[191]

In response to a Newspoll question on the subject; "Do you think parliament should provide guarantees in law for freedom of conscience, belief and religion if it legislates for same-sex marriage?", 62% responded Yes, 18% responded No and 20% said they were "uncommitted".[170] A poll conducted by Galaxy later in the survey found 78% of respondents said Yes in response to the question; "If the majority vote 'yes' in the postal survey, should same-sex couples be treated the same under the law compared with other couples?"[192]

An inquiry into religious freedoms, headed by Philip Ruddock, was announced in November 2017. This has been interpreted as a way to allow the speedy passage of the Dean Smith bill and postpone discussions of religious freedom.[193] It completed a report on 18 May 2018,[194] which was not publicly released until 13 December 2018,[195] although the recommendations were leaked to Fairfax Media in October 2018.[196] The government responded by proposing a religious discrimination act.[195]

Advertising and media

A shop wall in Redfern, New South Wales, with the signage "Yes" painted in the colours of the LGBT flag, designed to demonstrate the support for the survey.

Advertising by both sides was extensive for much of the survey period. The first television ad for the "No" campaign, revealed shortly after the campaign began, featured three women and focused on the Safe Schools education program.[197] The "Yes" campaign promptly aired a rebuttal by Dr. Kerryn Phelps.[198] A "No" supporter funded the skywritten message "Vote No" over Sydney in September, which was defended by Turnbull as an expression of free speech.[199]In Melbourne, a giant "NO" was written in the sky in response to the survey.[200]

Subsequent "Yes" ads focused heavily on a concerted "get out the vote" effort, and featured high-profile figures such as Ian Thorpe and others posting their surveys, as well as a themed ad screened during the finale of popular television show The Bachelor.[201][202] The "Yes" campaign were also responsible for a widespread SMS message to many Australian mobile phones which lead to some complaints over how people's numbers were obtained, however the campaign advised the numbers were generated through random dialling technology previously used in elections.[203]

Both of the "No" campaign's next most prominent advertisements concentrated mostly on the notion of gender theory in school curriculum, one such ad focusing on the book The Gender Fairy and featuring two of the mothers from the original advertisement.[204][205] The other advertisement included archive footage of one of the founders of the Safe Schools program and included material alleged to have been available for viewing by year seven students which was subsequently deemed inappropriate for unrestricted viewing by the Australian Commercial Television Code of Practice.[206][207] As of mid-September, prominent "No" campaigner Lyle Shelton was mentioned across news outlets more times than the leading three "Yes" campaigners, Alex Greenwich, Tiernan Brady and Sally Rugg, combined.[208]

Rainbow flag-patterned stickers on mail boxes asking for no anti-equality or hate mail. Similar stickers were promoted as a way to show support for same-sex marriage and reduce the amount of unwanted materials received.[209]

Legislation in effect for the duration of the survey made it illegal to vilify, intimidate, threaten or harm "on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, intersex status or religion", with a fine of up to $12,600 for breaches.[210] Furthermore, all campaign material was required to be properly authorised.[211] By 26 September, marketing services group Ebiquity estimated that the lead "No" group (Coalition for Marriage) had spent about $3,975,872 on advertising, a figure higher than their estimate for the two lead "Yes" groups (Australian Marriage Equality and the Equality Campaign), about $2,920,740.[212] Two donations of note were made in the course of the survey; $1 million was personally donated by Qantas CEO Alan Joyce to the "Yes" campaign, and $1 million was donated by the Anglican Diocese of Sydney to the "No" campaign.[213][214] Former Prime Minister Tony Abbott said in November that the "No" campaign had 20,000 donors who donated around $6 million to the campaign.[215]

At the 2017 NRL Grand Final, American rapper Macklemore was booked to perform several songs, including "Same Love".[216] The song topped the Australian charts in 2013, and was regarded as an anthem for same-sex marriage advocates during the campaign in Macklemore's home state of Washington. In the days leading up to the grand final, the single returned to the top of the Australian iTunes charts.[217] Several prominent conservative politicians voiced strong opposition to the scheduled performance of "Same Love", given its high-profile support for the "Yes" campaign during the voting period of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey.[218][219] Macklemore acknowledged the controversy several days before the final, but vowed to "go harder" as a result.[220]

A nationwide study of lesbian, gay, and bisexual mental health found that increased exposure to negative, anti-LGBT media messages during the postal survey was related to increased levels of depressions, anxiety, and stress.[221]

Discussion of impact on children

The rights and welfare of children, particularly as it related to same-sex parenting, was occasionally discussed publicly through the survey. Organisations such as the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference, the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Australian National Imams Council all advocated strongly for nuclear family structures during the survey.[184][222][223] A fact check article published in The Conversation, which was based on a review of the literature on outcomes for children of same-sex parents, showed equal or better outcomes for children raised by parents of the same gender.[224] Likewise, a review published late in the survey period by the Medical Journal of Australia agreed with The Conversation's findings, but noted that the effects of being exposed to stigma and discrimination could lead to poorer public health outcomes for the children in same-sex parented families.[225]

Counselling for those impacted and mental health

A number of helplines, counselling services and mental health strategies were made available to LGBTIQ people by several organisations, including the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.[226] Similar services were available for Defence,[227] Victorian local councils[228] and health services such as Alfred Health.[229] State governments in Western Australia, Victoria and Queensland all allocated additional funds, ranging from $60,000 to $500,000, to LGBTIQ mental health services.[230][231][232]

Other groups, such as Slater and Gordon, the Australian Psychological Society and Minus 18 unveiled material and mechanisms designed to offer support and relief for those affected by the debate, such as parents of young children and LGBTIQ teenagers who experienced difficulties dealing with the public discussion.[233][234][235]

The survey period was associated with increases in the number of LGBTIQ people requesting assistance for mental health issues. Reach Out Australia, which lead the pro-same-sex marriage campaign by five mental health services, reported increases (variously at) 20,[236] 30[237] and 40[238][239] per cent in clients during the survey period and crisis support service Lifeline noted a spike in calls about the impact of the survey.[240] Mental health surveys conducted during this period showed that increased exposure to the 'no' campaign was related to increased levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among same-sex attracted Australians.[221] Shorten wrote to Turnbull about increasing the funding for mental health services during the survey from the federal budget, but did not receive a response.[241]

Vandalism and abuse

The survey was accompanied by a variety of acts of vandalism and abuse by both parties. In September, a banner reading "Burn Churches, Not Queers" was unfurled at a Coalition for Marriage meeting,[242] and in October several churches in Victoria and New South Wales were graffitied with messages criticising "No" voters.[243][244][245] Similarly, a passenger train on the Sydney Trains network was vandalised with messages encouraging "No" votes, including foul language and the Nazi swastika.[246] The ABC created a digital news service designed to track incidents of violence and abuse throughout the survey, with both "Yes" and "No" voters/organisations being targeted on occasions.[247]

Result

National result

State and territory breakdown

The Australian Capital Territory recorded the strongest "Yes" vote at 74% while New South Wales had the lowest level of support at 57.8%.[248] All other jurisdictions had above 60% support, with Victoria the leading state on 64.9% support.[248]

Electorate breakdown

Demographic factors

Australia's 150 electorates plotted between survey responses and selected demographic characteristics (derived from 2016 Australian census)

A majority of survey participants returned affirmative responses in 133 electorates. The 17 electorates with majority negative responses were predominantly in Western Sydney (12 electorates), as well as rural Queensland (three electorates) and outer suburban Melbourne (two electorates). Defying a national trend, in New South Wales, country participants were more likely to vote yes than their city counterparts.[249]

Most electorates either swung heavily in favour or against same sex marriage. There were only 25 electorates in which the result was between 45 and 55 per cent. In contrast, 41 electorates at the 2016 Australian federal election had two party preferred results within the same degree of margin (±5 per cent). At the 2013 election, 49 electorates were as approximately close.[250]

The heavy concentration of negative responses in working-class, multicultural Western Sydney led to speculation about the underlying economic and demographic factors leading to the result. The Guardian noted that the portion of persons holding religious beliefs in an electorate was one of the strongest factors, calculating a −0.8 correlation between religion and responding affirmatively. Islam, followed by Oriental Orthodox and Catholicism were the strongest predictors of negative responses. Affirmative responses were correlated to income and education, and to a lesser extent, being born in Australia.[251]

There was a higher percentage of responses to the survey from 18 and 19-year olds than any other age group under 45, despite concerns during the survey period that this group would be disenfranchised.[252]

Aftermath

Marriage Amendment Act

Several hours after the results of the survey were released, Senator Dean Smith introduced the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill 2017 into the Australian Senate.[253] The bill amended the definition of "marriage" in the Marriage Act to recognise a "union of 2 people",[254] which would enable same-sex marriage.[253] The bill drafted by Liberal Senator James Paterson, which would have extended further protections and exemptions for people opposed to same-sex marriage was dropped, with the Senator and several conservative MPs instead deciding to offer amendments to the Smith bill during parliamentary debate.[255] There was some unresolved disagreement by politicians who advocated for a "No" result as to whether further religious protections should be added to the Smith bill as an amendment at this time or whether a later bill for this purpose should be considered.[256]

The bill passed the Senate by 43 votes to 12 on 29 November 2017, with none of the amendments providing further protections and exemptions being accepted.[257] Openly gay MP and same-sex marriage advocate Tim Wilson proposed in Parliament to his partner, Ryan Bolger, who was in the public gallery.[258] Bolger accepted Wilson's proposal. It was the first known engagement on the floor of the House of Representatives.[258] The bill passed the House of Representatives without amendment on 7 December 2017.[4] It received royal assent on 8 December 2017 and came into effect the following day.[259] Existing same-sex marriages performed outside Australia were recognized from 9 December, while new marriages required one month's notice, and so began from 9 January 2018.[260][261] Several couples successfully applied for an exemption from the notice period,[262] and the first legal same-sex wedding under Australian law was held on 15 December 2017, with further weddings occurring the following day.[263][264]

Democratic representation

The survey revealed differences between the views of some MPs and the majority of their constituents on this issue. Several Labor MPs in Western Sydney electorates recommitted to voting in favour of same-sex marriage legislation, despite majority "No" votes among their constituents. Labor Senator Sam Dastyari acknowledged this issue, noting there was a "huge disconnect" of views on same-sex marriage within traditionally Labor-held seats in Western Sydney.[265][266] Similarly, several Liberal MPs and Senators said they would vote "No" irrespective of the result in their electorate or state.[267][268][269]

Reactions

Alex Greenwich of the "Yes" campaign stated the survey results represented a level of "unprecedented support and momentum [that] has exceeded the expectations, not just of this campaign, but any campaign in our history".[270] Spokesperson for the "No" campaign and the Coalition for Marriage, Lyle Shelton said it was a disappointing result, but he accepted and respected the verdict of the people. Tony Abbott said the Parliament should "respect the result".[271]

Speaking immediately after the survey results were released, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull called the outcome "overwhelming" and recommitted to passing same-sex marriage legislation in the Parliament before Christmas.[272] Opposition Leader Bill Shorten shared that commitment and called on conservative MPs in the government to respect the will of the people and not attempt any delaying tactics in the parliament.[273] The verdict announcement was watched and celebrated by tens of thousands of "Yes" supporters in capital cities. In Melbourne, several thousand people gathered outside the State Library of Victoria to watch the results before celebrations began in Melbourne's Lygon Street that evening.[274] The huge "Yes" vote in Victoria prompted Premier Daniel Andrews to label the result reflective of Victoria's reputation as "the most progressive state" in the nation.[275] A large crowd also descended on Prince Alfred Park in Sydney for the announcement, which included high-profile figures Magda Szubanski and Ian Thorpe in attendance.[276] Reflecting on the atmosphere in Sydney, local newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald claimed the results reflected "a momentous civil rights milestone" for Australia.[276] Smaller crowds also gathered in several locations in Canberra, Adelaide and Perth to celebrate the result.[277][278][279] In Canberra (capital city of the Australian Capital Territory, the jurisdiction with the highest "Yes" vote in the country), the results were celebrated festively into the night, as thousands of people forced the closure of Lonsdale Street in the city. Labor Party Senator Penny Wong's appearance onstage at the event "drew thunderous applause from a crowd of thousands".[280]

The results were welcomed by many representatives of Australia's business community. Among the highest profile of them was Qantas CEO Alan Joyce, who called it "an amazing outcome and we should all be very proud of this amazing country", an observation shared by leaders of corporate bodies Telstra and ANZ Bank.[281] Businesses related to the wedding industry, such as florists, bakers and others were poised to reap the benefit of what some projected to be a multi-billion dollar boost to the industry over the following 12 months.[282] The social media coverage of the results announcement was so immense that, with more than 4000 tweets sent every second during the peak of the day, the survey results trend was more than 10 times as popular as Australia's "race that stops the nation", the Melbourne Cup.[283]

In celebration of the "Yes" vote, a Sydney-based visual artist painted a large, "light-hearted mural"[284] on the wall of the Botany View Hotel, Newtown, depicting Tony Abbott with his hand down the pants of Cardinal George Pell.[285] The mural was later defaced and painted over in black paint. The visual artist said he planned to leave the defaced mural as it was, stating "when you're making public art, the reaction is important, the reaction is needed".[286]

Archbishop Denis Hart of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Melbourne issued a statement on behalf of the Australian Catholic Bishops' Conference, saying the results did not change the church's understandings of marriage and noting the 4.8 million Australians who voted "No" should have their concerns recognised by "putting in place strong conscience and religious freedom protections".[287] These sentiments were shared by the leaders of the Anglican Church of Australia.[288] Reflecting on the heavily concentrated "No" vote prominent in Western Sydney electorates, Keysar Trad, former president of the Australian Federation of Islamic Councils, labelled it "heartening" and praised the role of faith leaders in both the Muslim and Christian communities in the region.[289] Being born overseas has been noted to correlate with a "No" response and religious belief to correlate even more strongly.[290] Social progressives received criticism for allegedly ignoring the "No" vote among Islamic communities, though a Guardian blog argued that religion was connected with the "No" vote.[291][292]

World leaders to congratulate Australia for the result included Nicola Sturgeon (First Minister of Scotland), Justin Trudeau (Prime Minister of Canada) and Theresa May (Prime Minister of the United Kingdom).[293][294]

The survey ran more than $40 million under its projected budget of $122 million.[295] Greens leader Richard Di Natale wrote to the Prime Minister requesting that some of the unused funds be redirected to mental health and other support services for LGBT Australians hurt by the campaign.[239] The survey added $26.3 million in revenue to Australia Post.[296]

Mental health impact

A 2019 University of Sydney study found that the same-sex marriage debate led to elevated psychological distress for lesbian, gay, and bisexual people during the survey period, including increased levels of depression, anxiety and stress.[297][298] The research also found that same-sex attracted Australians benefitted from public displays of support from family and friends, which increased their resilience during the process.[298] Another 2019 study conducted for the Australia Institute similarly found that "the marriage equality debate represented an acute external minority stress event that had measurable negative impacts on mental health of LGBTIQ people and their allies".[299]

See also

Other same-sex marriage referendums

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Among respondents who voted already.
  2. ^ Among all respondents, whether they had voted already or not.
  3. ^ a b c Among respondents who have not yet voted.
  4. ^ 21% of respondents refused to answer the question or declared no intention to vote.
  5. ^ The Yes figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted yes (64.3%) and people who say they still intend to vote yes (6%). The No figure is a combination of people who say they have already voted no (15.5%) and people who say they still intend to vote no (5.7%). An additional 5.7% say that they do not intend to vote and 2.8% say they have not received a survey form.
  6. ^ 17% of respondents said they had not voted and 4% were "uncommitted"
  7. ^ 14% of respondents said they had not voted.
  8. ^ The undecided number included 5% who say they "may or may not" participate and 2% who are "uncommitted".
  9. ^ The poll asked respondents if they were "very likely, somewhat likely, somewhat unlikely or very unlikely" to participate in the survey, and did not give an option of being undecided.
  10. ^ The undecided number included 9% who say they "may or may not" participate and 3% who are "uncommitted".
  11. ^ The political party of the electorate's member at the time.

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Further reading

External links