Oolong

Oolong (UK: /ˈuːlɒŋ/, US: /-lɔːŋ/; Chinese: 烏龍茶 (wūlóngchá, "dark dragon" tea) is a traditional semi-oxidized Chinese tea (Camellia sinensis) produced through a process that includes withering the leaves under strong sun and allowing some oxidation to occur before curling and twisting.^[1] Most oolong teas, especially those of fine quality, involve unique tea plant cultivars that are exclusively used for particular varieties. The degree of oxidation, which is controlled by the length of time between picking and final drying, can range from 8% to 85%^[2] depending on the variety and production style. Oolong is especially popular in southeastern China and among ethnic Chinese in Southeast Asia,^[3] as is the Fujian preparation process known as the gongfu tea ceremony.

Different styles of oolong tea can vary widely in flavor. They can be sweet and fruity with honey aromas, woody and thick with roasted aromas, or green and fresh with complex aromas, all depending on the horticulture and style of production.^[1] Several types of oolong tea, including those produced in the Wuyi Mountains, Nanping of northern Fujian, such as Da Hong Pao, are among the most famous Chinese teas. Different varieties of oolong are processed differently, but the leaves are usually formed into one of two distinct styles. Some are rolled into long curly leaves, while others are "wrap-curled" into small beads, each with a tail. The former style is the more traditional.

The Chinese term wulong (oolong) was first used to describe a tea in the 1857 text Miscellaneous Notes on Fujian by Shi Hongbao. In Taiwanese Chinese, oolong teas are also known as qingcha (Chinese: 青茶; pinyin: qīngchá) or "dark green teas" since early 2000. The term "blue tea" (French: thé bleu) in French is synonymous with the term oolong.^[4] Oolong teas share some characteristics with both green and black teas – they have light flavour notes but are often more complex in taste than green teas, and not as strong as black teas.^[5]

The manufacturing of oolong tea involves repeating stages to achieve the desired amount of bruising and browning of leaves. Withering, rolling, shaping, and firing are similar to the process for black tea, but much more attention to timing and temperature is necessary.^[6]

Possible origins

The exact origin of the term is impossible to state with certainty. There are three widely espoused explanations of the origin of the Chinese name.^[7] According to the "tribute tea" theory, oolong tea came directly from Dragon-Phoenix Tea Cake tribute tea. The term oolong tea replaced the old term when loose tea came into fashion. Since it was dark, long, and curly, it was called Black Dragon tea.

A tale tells of a man named Wu Liang (later corrupted to Wu Long, or Oolong) who discovered oolong tea by accident when he was distracted by a deer after a hard day's tea-picking, and by the time he remembered to return to the tea it had already started to oxidize.^[8]

Varieties

Fujian

Tea production in Fujian is concentrated in two regions: the Wuyi Mountains and Anxi County, Quanzhou. Both are major historical centers of oolong tea production in China.

Wuyi Mountains

The most famous and expensive oolong teas are made here, and the production is still usually accredited as being organic. Some of the better known cliff teas are:

Da Hong Pao ("Big Red Robe"): a highly prized tea and a Si Da Ming Cong tea. This tea is also one of the two oolong varieties classed as a famous Chinese tea.
Shui Jin Gui ("Golden Water Turtle"): a Si Da Ming Cong tea.
Tieluohan ("Iron Arhat"): a Si Da Ming Cong tea.
Bai Jiguan ("White Cockscomb"): a Si Da Ming Cong tea. A light tea with light, yellowish leaves.
Rougui ("Cassia"): a dark tea with a spicy aroma.
Shui Xian ("Narcissus"): a very dark tea. Much of it is grown elsewhere in Fujian.

Anxi

Tieguanyin ("Iron Goddess of Mercy"): one of the Ten Famous Chinese Teas.
Huangjin Gui ("Golden Cassia" or "Golden Osmanthus"): similar to Tieguanyin, with a very fragrant flavor.

Guangdong

Single Bush Dancong (单枞) ("Phoenix oolong")

Dancong tea [zh; ko] refers to a family of strip-style oolong teas from Guangdong Province. They are noted for their ability to naturally imitate the flavors and fragrances of various flowers and fruits, such as orange blossom, orchid, grapefruit, almond, ginger flower, etc.

The term dancong originally meant phoenix teas all picked from one tree. In recent times, though, it has become a generic term for all Phoenix Mountain oolongs. True dancongs are still produced, but are not common outside China.

Taiwan

Tea cultivation in Taiwan began in the 18th century. Since then, many of the teas which are grown in Fujian province have also been grown in Taiwan.^[9] Since the 1970s, the tea industry in Taiwan has expanded at a rapid rate, in line with the rest of the economy. Due to high domestic demand and a strong tea culture, most Taiwanese tea is bought and consumed in Taiwan.

As the weather in Taiwan is highly variable, tea quality may differ from season to season. Although the island is not particularly large, it is geographically varied, with high, steep mountains rising abruptly from low-lying coastal plains. The different weather patterns, temperatures, altitudes, and soil ultimately result in differences in the appearance, aroma, and flavour of the tea grown in Taiwan. In some mountainous areas, teas have been cultivated at ever higher elevations to produce a unique, sweet taste that fetches a premium price.^[9]

Dong Ding ("Frozen Summit" or "Ice Peak"): Named after the mountain in Nantou County, Central Taiwan, where it is grown. This is a tightly rolled tea with a light, distinctive fragrance.
Dongfang meiren ("Oriental Beauty"): This type of tea exhibits very potent aromatics because of increased levels of terpenes. This is due to the processing of the leaf as well as the tea plants being attacked by the Jassid or Leaf Hopper before picking. The tea is picked in summer at lower elevations because this is the environment most likely to attract these types of insects.
Alishan oolong: Grown in the Alishan area of Chiayi County, this tea has large rolled leaves that have a purple-green appearance when dry. It is grown at an elevation of 1,000 to 1,400 m (3,300 to 4,600 ft). There is only a short period during the growing season when the sun is strong, which results in a sweeter and less astringent brew. It produces golden yellow tea with a unique fruity aroma.^[10]
Lishan (梨山) oolong: Grown near Lishan mountain in the north-central region of Taiwan, this tea is very similar in appearance to Alishan teas. It is grown at an elevation above 1,600 m (5,200 ft), with Dayuling, and Fushou being the well known regions and teas along Lishan.^[11]
Baozhong: the least oxidized of the oolong teas from Taiwan,^[12] with unrolled leaves of a light green to brown color. Originally grown in Fujian, it is now also widely cultivated and produced in Pinglin Township near Taipei.
Ruan zhi: a light variety of oolong tea. The tea is also known as Qingxin and as # 17. It originates from Anxi in Fujian province.
Jin Xuan: a variety of oolong tea developed in 1980. The tea is also known as "Milk Oolong" (Nai Xiang) because of its creamy, smooth, and easy taste. Traditional milk oolong tea does not contain milk. It originates from Taiwan.
Black Oolong: may refer to a dark roasted oolong. This will have a roasted flavor similar to dark roast coffee.
High-mountain or gaoshan: refers to several varieties of oolong tea grown in the mountains of central Taiwan. Includes varieties such as Alishan, Wu She, Li Shan and Yu Shan.^[13]
Tieguanyin: Muzha Tea Co. brought the tea from Anxi County and developed Taiwan's own variation of the popular tea on the hills of Muzha area near Taipei. While the techniques they used were similar to Anxi tieguanyin, the tastes have evolved during over a century of development.
Sijichun Oolong: Also known as Four Seasons Oolong Tea, a beloved and popular choice in Taiwan. Originating in Maokong, Mucha, Taipei, this tea is renowned for its year-round harvest, allowing it to be cultivated across Taiwan.^[14]

Other varieties

Darjeeling oolong: Darjeeling tea made according to Chinese methods.
Assam smoked oolong: Assam's tea made according to Chinese methods, and smoked over open fire.
Vietnamese oolong.
Apart from varieties based on origin of cultivation, new age specialty tea companies have started offering infused oolong teas.^[15]

Preparation

Recommended brewing techniques for oolong tea vary widely. One common method is to use a small steeping vessel, such as a gaiwan or Yixing clay teapot, with a higher than usual leaf to water ratio.^[16] Such vessels are used in the gongfu method of tea preparation, which involves multiple short steepings.^[17]

For a single infusion, 1- to 5-minute steepings are recommended, depending on personal preference.^[18] The recommended water temperature ranges from 80–95 °C (180–205 °F).^[18]^[16]

Caffeine

Oolong contains caffeine,^[19] although the caffeine content in tea will vary based on terroir, when the leaf is plucked, and the production processes.

Teaghrelins

Some semi-oxidized oolong teas contain acylated flavonoid tetraglycosides, named teaghrelins due to their ability to bind to ghrelin receptors. Teaghrelins were isolated from Chin-shin oolong tea^[20] and Shy‐jih‐chuen oolong tea^[21] and recently from other oolong tea varieties.

References

^ a b Zhongguo Chajing pp. 222–234, 271–282, 419–412,^{[clarification needed]} chief editor: Chen Zhongmao, publisher: Shanghai Wenhua Chubanshe (Shanghai Cultural Publishers) 1991.
^ 施海根，中國名茶圖譜、烏龍茶黑茶及壓製茶花茶特種茶卷 p2，上海文化出版社 2007 ISBN 7-80740-130-3
^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilization in China, vol. 6, Cambridge University Press, 2000, part V, (f) Tea Processing and Use, pp. 535–550 "Origin and processing of oolong tea".
^ van Driem 2019, p. 129.
^ Smith, Krisi (2016). World Atlas of Tea. Great Britain: Mitchell Beazley. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-78472-124-4.
^ Donaldson, Babette (1 January 2014). The Everything Healthy Tea Book: Discover the Healing Benefits of Tea. F+W Media. ISBN 9781440574597.
^ Goodness, Richard (1 June 2006). "The Basics of Brewing Oolong". TeaMuse.
^ Fergus Ray-Murray, "Oolong (Wu Long) Tea"., oolong.co.uk
^ a b Guang Chung Lee (2006). "The Varieties of Formosa Oolong". Art of Tea. Issue 1. Archived from the original on 5 March 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
^ "Oolong tea". theteacup.co.uk. Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 22 October 2006.
^ "梨山茶區". jpstea.com.tw. Retrieved 28 January 2021.
^ Mary Lou Heiss, Robert J. Heiss (2007). The story of tea : a cultural history and drinking guide. Berkeley, Calif.: Ten Speed Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781580087452.
^ "Exploring Alishan tea and other Taiwan high mountain gao shan teas". The Tea Detective.
^ ABoxTik (11 September 2023). "【Taiwan Tea Ranking 2023】Top 10 Best Tea". aboxtik.com. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
^ "Oolong Teas". Teamonk. Archived from the original on 29 December 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
^ a b Liz Clayton (2011). "Tea Technique: Steeping Oolong". Serious Eats. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ Heiss & Heiss 2012, p. 308.
^ a b Emily Han (2014). "How To Brew Oolong Tea". The Kitchn. Retrieved 10 August 2019.
^ Metropulos, Megan; Ware, Megan (6 September 2017). "What are the health benefits of oolong tea?". Medical News Today. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
^ Lo, Yuan-Hao; Chen, Ying-Jie; Chang, Chi-I; Lin, Yi-Wen; Chen, Chung-Yu; Lee, Maw-Rong; Lee, Viola S. Y.; Tzen, Jason T. C. (2014). "Teaghrelins, Unique Acylated Flavonoid Tetraglycosides in Chin-Shin Oolong Tea, Are Putative Oral Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (22): 5085–5091. doi:10.1021/jf501425m. PMID 24832927.
^ Li, Yue-Chiun; Wu, Chieh-Ju; Lin, Yi-Chiao; Wu, Ruo-Hsuan; Chen, Wen-Ying; Kuo, Ping-Chung; Tzen, Jason T. C. (2019). "Identification of two teaghrelins in Shy-jih-chuen oolong tea". Journal of Food Biochemistry. 43 (4): e12810. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12810. PMID 31353599. S2CID 104458999.