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Основные профессиональные спортивные лиги в США и Канаде

Основные профессиональные спортивные лиги в США и Канаде традиционно включают четыре лиги: Высшую лигу бейсбола (MLB), Национальную баскетбольную ассоциацию (NBA), Национальную футбольную лигу (NFL) и Национальную хоккейную лигу (NHL). Другие известные лиги включают Высшую лигу футбола (MLS) и Канадскую футбольную лигу (CFL).

MLB, NBA, NFL и NHL обычно называют «Большой четверкой». [1] Каждая из них является самым богатым профессиональным клубным соревнованием в своем виде спорта в мире, и вместе с Английской премьер-лигой они составляют пятерку крупнейших спортивных лиг по доходам в мире. [2]

Каждая из лиг Большой четверки, а также MLS и CFL, в среднем посещает не менее 15 000 болельщиков на игру по состоянию на 2023 год . У NFL самые большие стадионы в среднем в мире, вместимость которых варьируется от чуть менее 60 000 до почти 100 000 зрителей, в то время как стадионы MLB обычно вмещают от 30 000 до 50 000 болельщиков. Места проведения матчей, используемые в основном MLS и CFL, различаются по вместимости больше — от примерно 20 000 до примерно 60 000. [a] Две крытые лиги, NHL и NBA, играют в основном на аренах, вмещающих от 18 000 до 20 000 мест. Существует значительное количество многоцелевых площадок, которые принимают мероприятия как в NFL, так и в MLS (5), [3] CFL и MLS (2), [4] MLB и MLS (1), [5] и NBA и NHL (10). [6] Команды в MLB и NFL больше не делят стадионы, хотя есть частые примеры того, как команды MLB и NFL делили стадионы в прошлом. NFL и MLB также играют ограниченное количество ежегодных игр на стадионах английской Премьер-лиги, [7] а NFL играет ограниченное количество ежегодных игр на стадионах немецкой Бундеслиги , [8] и реже играет игры на стадионах мексиканской Liga MX , [9] бразильской Brasileirão , [10] и испанской La Liga . [11]

В настоящее время в лигах Big Four насчитывается от 30 до 32 команд, большинство из которых сосредоточены в самых густонаселенных мегаполисах США и Канады. В отличие от систем повышения и понижения, используемых в спортивных лигах в различных других регионах мира, североамериканские спортивные лиги являются закрытыми лигами , которые поддерживают одни и те же команды из сезона в сезон. Расширение лиги обычно происходит за счет добавления новых команд, хотя слияния с конкурирующими лигами также имели место.

Бейсбол , американский футбол и хоккей с шайбой имели профессиональные лиги непрерывно на протяжении более 100 лет; ранние лиги, такие как Национальная ассоциация профессиональных бейсболистов , Лига Огайо и Национальная хоккейная ассоциация, сформировали основу современных MLB, NFL и NHL соответственно. Баскетбол был изобретен в 1891 году, а его первая профессиональная лига была сформирована в 1920-х годах. Баскетбольная ассоциация Америки , основанная в 1946 году, сформировала основу NBA в 1949 году и просуществовала более 75 лет.

Футбол впервые стал профессиональным в 1894 году, с прошлыми лигами, базирующимися в США, включая Американскую футбольную лигу (1921–1933) (ASL) и оригинальную Североамериканскую футбольную лигу (1968–1984) (NASL). Высшая футбольная лига (MLS) была основана в 1996 году. [12]

Лиги «Большой четверки»

Высшая лига бейсбола

Высшая лига бейсбола — высший уровень игры в бейсбол в Соединенных Штатах и ​​Канаде. [13] и старейшая из основных американских лиг. Она состоит из Национальной лиги (основана в 1876 году) и Американской лиги (основана в 1901 году). С созданием Американской лиги в 1901 году также появилась торговая марка «Высшая лига бейсбола». Сотрудничество между двумя лигами началось в 1903 году, поскольку два чемпиона лиги начали играть в « Мировой серии ». Однако в 1904 году Мировая серия не проводилась, поскольку один из чемпионов лиги отказался играть. В межсезонье владельцы каждой лиги проголосовали за то, чтобы чемпионы лиги автоматически играли друг с другом в Мировой серии, и прошло 90 лет, пока еще одна Мировая серия не была сыграна в 1994 году из-за остановки работы. Две лиги объединились на организационном уровне в 2000 году с ликвидацией отдельных офисов лиги; С 1920 года у них был один комиссар. В настоящее время в состав лиги входят 30 команд, 29 из которых находятся в США, а 1 — в Канаде. Бейсбол, традиционно называемый « Национальным развлечением », был первым профессиональным командным видом спорта в США [14] [15] [16] MLB неизменно привлекает наибольшее количество зрителей среди всех спортивных лиг мира. [17] [18]

Национальная баскетбольная ассоциация

Джош Мартин из Bleacher Report описал Национальную баскетбольную ассоциацию как «лучшую баскетбольную лигу в мире» в рейтинге международных лиг 2012 года [19] , и это самая молодая из основных американских лиг. Она была основана в 1949 году в результате слияния Баскетбольной ассоциации Америки (BAA) и Национальной баскетбольной лиги (NBL) [20], хотя позже она приняла дату основания BAA в 1946 году как свою собственную. [21] Четыре команды из конкурирующей Американской баскетбольной ассоциации присоединились к НБА в результате слияния ABA и NBA в 1976 году. В настоящее время в ней насчитывается 30 команд, 29 в Соединенных Штатах и ​​1 в Канаде. За НБА следят зрители как внутри страны, так и за рубежом, и по состоянию на 2022 год она была самой популярной лигой из НФЛ, НБА, НХЛ и MLB во всем мире по трафику на ПК. [22] В то время как НБА является самой просматриваемой баскетбольной лигой в Канаде, Canada Basketball признает Канадскую элитную баскетбольную лигу как первую профессиональную лигу страны. [23]

Национальная футбольная лига

Национальная футбольная лига — профессиональная лига американского футбола , основанная в 1920 году как объединение различных команд из региональных лиг, таких как Ohio League , New York Pro Football League и Chicago Circuit в качестве преемника Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit . В течение своих первых двух сезонов, 1920 и 1921 годов, она была известна как «Американская профессиональная футбольная ассоциация» (APFA), прежде чем в 1922 году сменила название на нынешнее. В 1949 году НФЛ частично поглотила All-America Football Conference и объединилась с Американской футбольной лигой в 1970 году. В ее состав входят 32 команды, все из которых находятся в Соединенных Штатах. По состоянию на 2015 год игры НФЛ имеют самую большую посещаемость за игру среди внутренних профессиональных лиг в мире [24] и являются самой популярной лигой в США с точки зрения телевизионных рейтингов и мерчандайзинга. [ необходима цитата ] Его финальная игра, Суперкубок , является самым просматриваемым ежегодным событием на американском телевидении, а Суперкубок XLIX является самой просматриваемой программой в истории американского телевидения. [25] НФЛ — единственная лига из «Большой четверки», не имеющая команды в Канаде, где Канадская футбольная лига ( см. § Канадская футбольная лига ) является высшей профессиональной лигой в похожем виде спортаканадском футболе .

Национальная хоккейная лига

Национальная хоккейная лига широко признана ведущей профессиональной хоккейной лигой в мире [26] и является единственной лигой «Большой четверки», основанной в Канаде. Она была образована в 1917 году как преемница Канадской национальной хоккейной ассоциации (основанной в 1909 году), взяв в себя все команды NHA, кроме одной. НХЛ частично поглотила конкурирующую Всемирную хоккейную ассоциацию в 1979 году. Существует 32 команды, 25 из которых находятся в США, а 7 — в Канаде. Самая популярная спортивная лига в Канаде, широко распространенная на севере и северо-востоке США, НХЛ в последние десятилетия расширялась на запад и юг, пытаясь завоевать большее национальное признание в Соединенных Штатах, в таких городах, как Денвер , Сан-Хосе , Даллас , Майами , Нэшвилл , Финикс , Роли , Тампа , Лас-Вегас и Сиэтл с переменным успехом. В НХЛ больше канадских команд (семь), чем в MLB, NBA и MLS вместе взятых (пять).

Другие известные профессиональные лиги

Высшая футбольная лига

Major League Soccer (MLS) — высшая мужская профессиональная футбольная лига в США. По состоянию на сезон лиги 2024 года в MLS насчитывается 29 команд, 26 из которых находятся в США, а 3 — в Канаде, а ещё одна американская команда, San Diego FC , должна начать играть в 2025 году. Лига начала играть в 1996 году, её создание было требованием ФИФА для предоставления Соединенным Штатам права на проведение чемпионата мира 1994 года . MLS была первой крупной футбольной лигой первого дивизиона на открытом воздухе в США с тех пор, как Североамериканская футбольная лига (NASL) действовала с 1968 по 1984 год. Популярность MLS возросла после принятия Правила назначенного игрока в 2007 году, которое позволило MLS подписать контракты с такими звёздами, как Дэвид Бекхэм , Тьерри Анри и Лионель Месси . [ необходима цитата ] В 2017 году MLS сообщила о средней посещаемости 22 112 человек за игру, а общая посещаемость превысила 8,2 миллиона человек, что побило предыдущие рекорды посещаемости MLS, [27] [ нерелевантная цитата ] в то время как в 2018 году футбольный клуб Atlanta United FC побил несколько рекордов посещаемости отдельных игр, с числом зрителей более 70 000 человек, одним из самых высоких показателей посещаемости команд в мире. [ необходима цитата ]

С общей посещаемостью около 11 миллионов и средней более 22 000, MLS имеет пятую и третью по величине, общую и среднюю посещаемость соответственно, среди спортивных лиг в США и Канаде ( см. § Посещаемость ), имела седьмую по величине посещаемость среди мировых профессиональных футбольных лиг. [28] Канадская футбольная ассоциация не санкционирует MLS как лигу первого дивизиона, вместо этого этот титул принадлежит Канадской премьер-лиге (CPL). Тем не менее, MLS, как правило, признается как имеющая более высокое качество игры, чем CPL, значительно большее освещение в СМИ и экономический успех, и имеет команды, базирующиеся в трех крупнейших мегаполисах Канады, которые вместе доминировали в чемпионате Канады , многолиговом соревновании на выбывание, которое технически определяет национальных чемпионов Канады. [29]

MLS уникальна среди основных спортивных лиг США и Канады тем, что команды принимают участие в нескольких отдельных турнирах за пределами регулярного сезона и сезона плей-офф MLS: Открытый кубок США по футболу , трансграничный Кубок лиг и Кубок Кампеонеса , а также континентальный Кубок чемпионов КОНКАКАФ и клубный чемпионат мира ФИФА .

Канадская футбольная лига

Канадская футбольная лига — высший уровень игры в канадском футболе . Лига была организована в 1956 году как кооперативное соглашение между двумя региональными лигами, Межпровинциальным союзом регби (который датируется 1907 годом) и Западным межпровинциальным союзом футбола (который был основан в 1936 году), и стала независимой от Канадского союза регби [b] в 1958 году. В настоящее время лига состоит из девяти команд, все из которых базируются в Канаде. Кубок Грея вручается чемпиону ежегодно в ноябре и является самым посещаемым спортивным мероприятием в стране. Старейшие из существующих команд, Hamilton Tiger-Cats и Toronto Argonauts , ведут свое происхождение с конца 1860-х и начала 1870-х годов, что ставит их в один ряд с старейшими профессиональными спортивными командами любого вида, все еще существующими на континенте. [ необходима цитата ] С 1993 по 1995 год CFL пыталась расшириться в США в города без команд NFL, но все клубы закрылись, в то время как структура управления Baltimore Stallions была перемещена в перезапущенную франшизу Montreal Alouettes . К 2009 году CFL стала второй по популярности лигой в Канаде после NHL. [30] Исследование 2023 года показывает, что интерес к CFL упал за предыдущие 10 лет. [31]

CFL занимает третье место по средней посещаемости среди лиг в США и Канаде после NFL и MLB. По состоянию на 2023 год средняя посещаемость CFL составляла 22 393. [32]

Черты этих высших лиг

Обзор

Основные профессиональные спортивные лиги отличаются от других спортивных лиг с точки зрения деловых и экономических факторов, популярности лиги и качества игры. [33] [ неправильный синтез? ] В следующей таблице сравниваются лиги Большой четверки, а также CFL и MLS по определенным атрибутам, которые в совокупности пытаются указать, имеет ли лига статус «главной лиги». [ необходимо дополнительное объяснение ] Таблица включает в себя долговечность и стабильность лиги, измеряемые годом основания, последним временем расширения и сокращения лиги, количеством команд в лиге и популярностью лиги, измеряемой годовыми доходами и средней посещаемостью. [ необходима ссылка ]

  1. ^ Первоначально НФЛ называлась Американской профессиональной футбольной ассоциацией и приняла свое нынешнее название в 1922 году. Другие даты «основания», признанные НФЛ важными, включают основание Американской футбольной лиги (первоначально конкурирующей лиги) в 1960 году; соглашение о слиянии 1966 года между АФЛ и НФЛ, которое в конечном итоге стало Суперкубком ; и завершение слияния АФЛ и НФЛ в 1970 году. В частности, 1966 год считается важной эпохой историками футбола как начало «эры Суперкубка», в то время как слияние 1970 года остается единственным случаем, когда конкурирующая североамериканская спортивная лига полностью объединилась в устоявшуюся лигу со всеми ее командами в неприкосновенности и ее игровыми рекордами, полностью признанными как часть истории старой лиги. Ранее, в 1950 году, НФЛ частично поглотила Всеамериканскую футбольную конференцию (основанную в 1947 году), но в отличие от последнего случая с АФЛ, НФЛ не признала рекорды AAFC.
  2. ^ Эта дата отражает упадок оригинальной команды Dallas Texans , которая распалась всего через один сезон. Однако Texans были немедленно заменены Baltimore Colts , что означает, что лига не была сокращена в размере в сезоне 1953 года. Хотя Colts были награждены активами (включая контракты игроков) Texans, они считаются отдельной франшизой. В последний раз лига выставляла меньше команд на последующий сезон после сезона 1950 года, когда оригинальная команда Baltimore Colts (также считающаяся не связанной с современной франшизой Colts) распалась. Кроме того, дата в таблице не учитывает временную дисквалификацию Cleveland Browns в 1995 году, когда тогда существующая футбольная организация Cleveland была переведена в то, что считалось франшизой расширения в Балтиморе — поскольку Browns позже были пополнены через драфт расширения после трехлетнего отсутствия, НФЛ не считает это событие сокращением.
  3. ^ Эта дата отражает год, когда впервые была разыграна современная Мировая серия , хотя более ранняя версия серии разыгрывалась в 1880-х годах между Национальной лигой и несуществующей Американской ассоциацией . Две составные лиги Главной лиги бейсбола, Национальная и Американская лиги, были основаны в 1876 и 1901 годах соответственно. MLB также отмечает годовщину начала профессионального бейсбола в 1869 году. MLB претерпела серьезные организационные изменения после сезона 1920 года, когда была учреждена должность Комиссара бейсбола с гораздо более значительными полномочиями в обеих лигах, чем предшествовавшая этому посту Национальная комиссия. AL и NL начали регулярную межлиговую игру в 1997 году и полностью объединились на организационном уровне, то есть они упразднили свои отдельные офисы лиг и передали все полномочия офису Комиссара после сезона 1999 года. С тех пор, как входящие в ее состав лиги начали сотрудничать в 1903 году, MLB никогда не признавала третью высшую лигу и не поглощала конкурирующие лиги, хотя предложенная в начале 1960-х годов Континентальная лига была создана лишь тогда, когда AL и NL добавили по две команды каждая.
  4. ^ Исключение четырёх команд NL после сезона 1899 года, несомненно, является самым последним случаем, когда MLB выставила меньше команд на следующий сезон; однако некоторые историки бейсбола считают, что оригинальный Baltimore Orioles полностью распался после сезона MLB 1902 года и был заменён командой расширения, которая в конечном итоге стала New York Yankees на следующий сезон, аналогично последнему «сокращению» NFL, указанному в этой таблице.
  5. ^ Эта дата отражает создание Баскетбольной ассоциации Америки , которая приняла свое нынешнее название после поглощения конкурирующей Национальной баскетбольной лиги в 1950 году. Хотя НБЛ опередила БАА на девять сезонов, НБА продолжает считать сезон БАА 1946–47 (в отличие от сезона НБЛ 1937–38) своим инаугурационным. НБА всегда вручала своим чемпионам трофей, созданный внутри организации — лига приняла нынешний дизайн трофея в 1977 году и его нынешнее название ( Чемпионат Ларри О'Брайена ) в 1984 году. Позднее НБА частично поглотила конкурирующую Американскую баскетбольную ассоциацию (основанную в 1967 году) в 1976 году.
  6. ^ Кубок Стэнли был впервые вручен в 1893 году, но фактически стал чемпионским трофеем НХЛ только в 1926 году. Хотя НХЛ признает своей датой основания 1917 год, трое из четырех ее членов-учредителей ранее были членами Национальной хоккейной ассоциации, основанной в 1910 году. После своего основания НХЛ заняла тогдашнюю позицию НХА в качестве восточного претендента на Кубок Стэнли, который в то время был трофеем, оспариваемым между чемпионами НХА/НХЛ и различными лигами, базирующимися в Западной Канаде и на Тихоокеанском северо-западе США. Такое положение сохранялось до 1926 года, когда распалась последняя крупная западная лига , после чего НХЛ единолично владела Кубком Стэнли, который с тех пор вручался ее победителю плей-офф. Позднее НХЛ частично поглотила конкурирующую Всемирную хоккейную ассоциацию (основанную в 1972 году) в 1979 году.
  7. ^ ab Arizona Coyotes были расформированы, а затем и вовсе расформированы после сезона 2023–24 , когда их организация переехала в Солт-Лейк-Сити, штат Юта , чтобы официально начать работу в качестве команды расширения . Однако последний раз сокращение НХЛ произошло в 1978 году, когда Cleveland Barons объединились с Minnesota North Stars .
  8. ^ ab San Diego FC присоединится к лиге в качестве 30-й команды в 2025 году.
  9. ^ Эта дата отражает упадок Chivas USA , который был распущен лигой после сезона 2014 года. Однако единственный случай, когда MLS выставила меньше команд на последующий сезон, был после сезона 2001 года, когда лига сократилась с 12 команд до 10 с роспуском обеих команд из Флориды. В сезоне 2015 года, первом после распада Chivas, в лигу вошли две новые команды.
  10. ^ Кубок Грея был впервые вручен в 1909 году. CFL была образована под своим нынешним названием путем слияния Межпровинциального союза регби и Западного межпровинциального футбольного союза , основанных в 1907 и 1936 годах соответственно, однако эти лиги уже были единственными, кто соревновался за Кубок Грея с сезона 1955 года. По этой причине либо этот сезон, либо непосредственно предшествующий ему (когда BC Lions присоединились к WIFU) часто считается началом «современной эры» канадского футбола. Более того, хотя IRFU и WIFU изменили свои названия на Восточную и Западную футбольные конференции (теперь «Дивизионы») соответственно, они не начали межсекционную регулярную игру до 1961 года, не полностью согласовали свои календари и продолжительность регулярных сезонов до 1974 года и не полностью объединились на организационном уровне до 1981 года.

Доходы

Каждая из лиг «Большой четверки» имеет доходы, которые могут во много раз превышать фонды заработной платы менее популярных спортивных лиг в двух странах. С точки зрения общих доходов лиг, NFL, MLB и NBA занимают первые три места среди самых прибыльных спортивных лиг в мире, а English Premier League и NHL занимают четвертое и пятое места. [ dubiousdiscussion ]

Телевизионное воздействие

Игры лиг «Большой четверки» транслируются на четырех крупнейших американских вещательных телевизионных сетях — ABC , CBS , NBC и Fox . Они пользуются высокими рейтингами телезрителей, а их лиги получают значительные доходы от этих телевизионных контрактов. [ необходима цитата ]

Все четыре ведущие спортивные лиги имели телевизионные контракты по крайней мере с одной из первых «больших трех» американских сетей вещательного телевидения (ABC, CBS и NBC) с первых лет существования этих сетей, что свидетельствует о широкой популярности этого вида спорта с момента его создания, продолжающейся сегодня дополнительно с Fox. В Канаде НХЛ транслируется Канадской вещательной корпорацией с 1952 года. В Канаде есть только одна команда MLB и одна команда NBA, и нет канадской команды NFL; поэтому национальные телетрансляции США для этих трех лиг обычно транслируются одновременно канадской вещательной компанией. [ необходима цитата ]

У NFL самые крупные телевизионные контракты, и она зарабатывает около 9 миллиардов долларов в год по своим контрактам с Amazon , CBS, ESPN, Fox, NBC и DirecTV на сезоны 2023–2033 годов. [54] MLB зарабатывает 1,5 миллиарда долларов в год по своим контрактам на сезоны 2014–2021 годов с ESPN, Fox и Turner Sports (TBS). [55]

Девятилетняя телевизионная сделка НБА, начинающаяся с сезона 2016–17 с ABC/ESPN и TNT, приносит годовой доход лиги от телевидения в размере 2,7 млрд долларов. [56] Следующая телевизионная сделка НБА, которая вступит в силу в 2025–2026 годах и продлится до сезона 2035–2026 годов, будет заключена с ABC/ESPN, NBC, Peacock и Amazon и, как ожидается, принесет годовой доход в размере 6,9 млрд долларов. [57] Текущая телевизионная сделка НХЛ в США с ABC/ESPN и Turner Sports вступила в силу с сезона 2021–2022 годов и продлится до 2027–2028 годов. Хотя НХЛ не объявила сумму, внешние отчеты показали, что материнская компания ABC и ESPN Disney платила в общей сложности около 400 миллионов долларов, а Turner — около 225 миллионов долларов в год. [40] Этот ежегодный контракт в размере 625 миллионов долларов на американские права является дополнением к ежегодной плате в размере 433 миллионов долларов, которую Rogers Sportsnet платит за канадские права. [58] [59]

Все четыре основные спортивные лиги запустили собственные сети — NBA TV в США в 1999 году и в Канаде в 2001 году, NFL Network в 2003 году, NHL Network в Канаде в 2001 году и в США в 2007 году, а также MLB Network в 2009 году. Все сети продолжают работать и сегодня, за исключением канадской NHL Network, которая была закрыта незадолго до сезона лиги 2015–16 годов.

Команды MLB, NBA и NHL, которые играют несколько дней в неделю, заключают контракты с местными вещателями на трансляцию большинства своих игр, как наземных сетей, так и региональных спортивных сетей . Некоторые команды (например, New York Yankees ) могут даже частично или полностью владеть кабельной сетью, по которой транслируются их игры, и часто получают больше дохода от местных трансляций, чем от любого другого источника. [ необходима цитата ] Команды NFL, которые обычно играют раз в неделю, не заключают контракты на местные трансляции, но им разрешено заключать собственные телевизионные сделки для предсезонных игр с синдицированными и вещательными станциями.

Текущие соглашения о трансляциях MLS вступили в силу с сезона 2023 года. Основным медиапартнером лиги является Apple , которая, как сообщается, заплатила 2,5 миллиарда долларов за эксклюзивные права на трансляцию по всему миру с 2023 по 2032 год. Все игры лиги транслируются на сервисе MLS Season Pass на Apple TV+ . Для всех матчей доступны комментарии на английском и испанском языках, а игры с участием канадских команд также доступны на французском языке. [60] [61] Права на линейное телевидение на 2023–2026 годы принадлежат Fox Sports на английском и испанском языках в США, а также англоязычному TSN и франкоязычному RDS в Канаде. [62]

До сделки с Apple TV+ матчи MLS транслировались на английском языке на каналах ESPN и Fox Sports, а на испанском — на Univision. Восьмилетние контракты MLS на права в США на сезоны 2015–2022 годов принесли в общей сложности 105 миллионов долларов в год. [63] [64] [44]

Текущая телевизионная сделка CFL с TSN приносит лиге не менее 50 миллионов долларов в год до 2026 года. [48] Ее американский вещательный контракт с CBS Sports Network приносит 1 миллион долларов в год за 34 из 81 игры лиги; до своей сделки с CBS Sports Network CFL связала свои права TSN с ESPN (миноритарным владельцем TSN), который внес незначительные 100 000 долларов в ежегодные сборы за права. Остальные игры CFL транслируются онлайн в Соединенных Штатах бесплатно. [65]

Посещаемость

Крупные профессиональные спортивные лиги обычно имеют значительно большую посещаемость, чем другие спортивные лиги. В следующей таблице показана средняя посещаемость всех профессиональных спортивных лиг в Соединенных Штатах и ​​Канаде, которые имеют среднюю посещаемость 15 000 или выше.

Оценка франшизы

Франшизы высшей лиги, как правило, стоят очень больших сумм денег, в значительной степени из-за высоких доходов, получаемых командами лиги. [71] [ нерелевантная цитата ] Эти оценки франшиз отражаются в периодических анализах стоимости команд, а также в сборах за расширение, назначаемых лигами. Франшизы с самой высокой стоимостью в соответствующих лигах, как правило, находятся на крупнейших рынках (например, New York Yankees в MLB, New York Rangers в NHL ), тогда как франшизы с самой низкой стоимостью, как правило, находятся на меньших рынках (например, Buffalo Bills в NFL, New Orleans Pelicans в NBA ). [ необходима цитата ] В НХЛ самые большие мультипликаторы между командами с самой высокой и самой низкой стоимостью, при этом New York Rangers стоят в 5,5 раз больше, чем Arizona Coyotes.

Недавние франшизы расширения потребовали огромных вступительных взносов, которые представляют собой цену, которую новая команда должна заплатить, чтобы получить свою долю в часто гарантированных источниках дохода существующих команд. [ требуется цитата ] Houston Texans заплатили 700 миллионов долларов, чтобы присоединиться к NFL в 2002 году. [80] Для сравнения, Charlotte Bobcats (теперь Hornets) заплатили 300 миллионов долларов, чтобы присоединиться к NBA. Arizona Diamondbacks и Tampa Bay Rays (первоначально Devil Rays) заплатили по 130 миллионов долларов каждая, чтобы присоединиться к MLB. Последний вступивший в НХЛ клуб « Сиэтл Кракен » (начавший играть в 2021 году) заплатил 650 миллионов долларов за вступление в лигу, что на 30% больше, чем 500 миллионов долларов, уплаченных «Вегас Голден Найтс» за вступление в лигу в 2017 году. [81] Плата «Голден Найтс» значительно увеличилась по сравнению с 80 миллионами долларов, уплаченными каждой из двух предыдущих команд за вступление в НХЛ — «Коламбус Блю Джекетс» и «Миннесота Уайлд». Две из шести недавно объявленных команд расширения Высшей лиги футбола, новичок 2019 года FC Cincinnati и новичок 2020 года Nashville SC , заплатили взнос за расширение в размере 150 миллионов долларов каждая, [82] что значительно больше, чем 100 миллионов долларов, которые New York City FC заплатил за вступление в MLS в 2015 году. [83] [c] [d] С тех пор MLS объявила о планах расширения до 30 команд к 2023 году и установила взнос за расширение для 28-й и 29-й команд (в конечном итоге Sacramento Republic FC [ нужен контекст ] и St. Louis City SC) в размере 200 миллионов долларов. [78] 30-я команда, в конечном итоге представленная как новичок 2022 года Charlotte FC, как сообщается, заплатила 325 миллионов долларов. [87] Для сравнения, Ottawa Redblacks заплатили 7 миллионов канадских долларов за вступление в Канадскую футбольную лигу. [88]

Стабильность франшизы

Все четыре ведущие лиги демонстрируют стабильность в большинстве своих франшиз . Ни одна команда из четырех ведущих лиг не рухнула полностью с 1970-х годов. Последней командой, которая заключила контракт, была команда НХЛ « Кливленд Баронс» в 1978 году, когда финансовое давление вынудило ее объединиться с « Миннесота Норт Старз» . В 2001 году MLB проголосовала за сокращение числа команд с 30 до 28 , но столкнулась с противодействием и так и не выполнила план сокращения. [89] В отличие от лиг, которые используют систему повышения и понижения , франшизы в этих лигах стабильны и не меняются ежегодно.

Переезды команд , как правило, редки по сравнению с низшими лигами. [ необходима цитата ] Тем не менее, все четыре ведущие главные лиги имели по крайней мере одну переезд франшизы в другой город с 2004 года. Среди лиг Большой четверки в последнее время больше всего переездов произошло в НФЛ, переместив три команды в течение конца 2010-х годов. НХЛ является самой последней из Большой четверки, которая расширилась, добавив базирующиеся в Лас-Вегасе Vegas Golden Knights в 2017 году и Seattle Kraken в 2021 году. Ни одна из других лиг Большой четверки не добавляла команды расширения с 2004 года.

За пятьдесят лет с 1903 по 1953 год в MLB не произошло никаких изменений в составе франшиз — не было новых франшиз, не было прекращения деятельности франшиз и не было перемещений франшиз, что стало самым продолжительным периодом стабильности среди всех лиг Большой четверки. [90] [91]

В отличие от лиг Большой четверки, MLS придерживается политики постоянного расширения с 2005 года. После того, как в 2004 году в лиге было всего 10 команд, она ни разу не обходилась без добавления одной или двух команд расширения дольше одного сезона, при этом еще одна команда расширения запланирована на 2025 год, и нет никаких признаков того, что лига прекратит награждать команды расширения. [ необходима цитата ] По состоянию на 2023 год MLS почти утроилась по сравнению с минимумом 2005 года, имея 29 команд. За свою историю лига заключила контракты с тремя командами: команды из Майами и Тампа-Бэй распались в 2002 году, а базирующаяся в Лос-Анджелесе команда Chivas USA распалась в 2014 году. [ необходима цитата ] В MLS была одна переместившаяся франшиза, San Jose Earthquakes , которая стала Houston Dynamo FC в 2006 году; [92] Earthquakes вернулись в качестве расширенного клуба в 2008 году, унаследовав историю оригинального Earthquakes до переезда. [93]

Все семь франшиз CFL между Ванкувером и Торонто существуют с момента основания BC Lions в 1954 году. У лиги были проблемы на двух рынках к востоку от Торонто; и Монреаль, и Оттава видели, как две команды CFL потерпели неудачу с 1980-х годов, хотя в обоих городах есть действующие команды по состоянию на сезон 2014 года. Теперь города представлены Alouettes и Redblacks соответственно . Среди существующих команд ни одна никогда официально не переезжала из одного города в другой; однако Alouettes унаследовали структуру управления от Baltimore Stallions , команды из неудачного Южного дивизиона лиги 1990-х годов . CFL имела восемь или девять действующих команд с момента своего создания, за исключением сезонов 1994 и 1995 годов, когда лига временно расширилась на Соединенные Штаты. [ необходима цитата ]

Количество и местоположение франшиз

В каждой из лиг Большой четверки есть не менее 30 команд (в НФЛ с 2002 года было 32 команды, а в НХЛ в 2021 году появилась 32-я команда), и в каждой из них с 2000 года было не менее 29 команд. В Высшей лиге футбола 29 команд; с 2005 года она приняла политику постоянного расширения со скоростью от одной до двух новых франшиз в год и была настроена достичь своей долгосрочной цели в 30 команд в 2023 году, прежде чем предложение о расширении Сакраменто потерпело неудачу. [ необходима цитата ] 30-я команда из Сан-Диего должна присоединиться в 2025 году. В CFL девять франшиз.

Все четыре ведущие лиги предоставляют своим владельцам территориальную исключительность, исключая добавление другой команды на тот же рынок, если владельцы текущей команды не дадут на это согласия, чтобы избежать конкуренции за продажу билетов и права на телетрансляцию. Соглашения о разделе рынка обычно заключаются в обмен на компенсацию, остаточные права или и то, и другое. Например, чтобы получить согласие Baltimore Orioles на размещение команды MLB в Вашингтоне (примерно в 35 милях (56 км)), была заключена сделка, по условиям которой права на теле- и радиотрансляцию игр Nationals передаются франшизе Orioles. [ необходима цитата ]

По состоянию на 2022 год в 49 мегаполисах (42 в США, семь в Канаде) есть как минимум одна команда в лигах Большой четверки. Футбольный клуб «Остин» , начавший играть в 2021 году, является первой и единственной командой MLS на рынке, который не занят как минимум одной командой Большой четверки. В CFL есть одна команда, Saskatchewan Roughriders , на рынке, который не обслуживается ни одной другой крупной лигой ( Hamilton Tiger-Cats , хотя и имеют свой город в своем распоряжении, находятся на окраинах как Ниагарского фронтира (менее чем в 50 милях от Буффало), так и расширенной области Большого Торонто ). Новейшим рынком, на который вышла любая из лиг Большой четверки, является Las Vegas Valley , которая приняла Vegas Golden Knights в 2017 году и Las Vegas Raiders в 2020 году. [ требуется ссылка ]

Соединенные Штаты

Каждая из нынешних высших лиг имеет филиалы по всей стране, при этом несколько филиалов находятся в каждом из четырех регионов переписи населения США — Северо-Востоке, Среднем Западе, Юге и Западе.

Высшие лиги, как правило, размещают франшизы только в самых крупных и густонаселенных мегаполисах. [ по мнению кого? ] Большинство команд высшей лиги находятся в мегаполисах с населением более 2 миллионов человек. Все, кроме семи континентальных мегаполисов США с населением более 1 миллиона человек, принимают как минимум одну крупную спортивную франшизу. Все пять основных лиг, базирующихся в США, в настоящее время имеют как минимум две команды как в районе Нью-Йорка/Северного Джерси, так и на рынке Лос-Анджелеса/Анахайма. MLB, которая исторически (в результате своей истории как двух соперничающих лиг) имела команду в каждой из лиг-компонентов в Бостоне, Филадельфии и Сент-Луисе вплоть до середины 20-го века, и в районе залива Сан-Франциско до переезда Athletics из Окленда в Лас-Вегас после сезона 2024 года , по-прежнему имеет отдельные команды AL и NL в Чикаго. Двенадцать американских мегаполисов имеют полный набор из одной или нескольких команд в каждой из лиг Большой четверки; из них только у Детройта нет команды MLS.

MLB, больше, чем любая другая крупная лига, сосредотачивает свои команды на крупнейших рынках. MLB — единственная крупная лига, у которой нет команд на рынках с населением менее 1,75 миллиона человек; и у нее, и у NFL есть команды на каждом рынке США с населением более 4 миллионов человек. NHL — крупная лига, которая меньше всего следует общей тенденции, из-за того, что непропорционально большое количество ее франшиз находится в городах с холодными зимами. NHL не хватает команд в ряде южных мегаполисов с населением более 3 миллионов человек (Хьюстон, Атланта, Сан-Диего), но имеет пять команд в северных мегаполисах с населением менее 1,25 миллиона человек, все из которых находятся в Канаде или рядом с ней (единственной американской командой в мегаполисе такого размера является Buffalo Sabres ). В то время как только одна команда MLB, San Diego Padres , находится на рынке, на котором нет других команд высшей лиги, шесть команд NBA находятся в городах, лишенных каких-либо дополнительных франшиз «Большой четверки»: Memphis Grizzlies , Oklahoma City Thunder , Orlando Magic , Portland Trail Blazers , Sacramento Kings и San Antonio Spurs . Четыре из этих шести городов, где играют только NBA, также не имеют команды MLS (Мемфис, Оклахома-Сити, Сакраменто, Сан-Антонио). На рынке Солт-Лейк-Сити , где базируется Utah Jazz (а также команда MLS Real Salt Lake ), не было еще одной команды высшей лиги до квазипереезда Arizona Coyotes после сезона 2023–24.

The NFL has one major exception. The Green Bay Packers survive in major league sports' smallest metropolitan area (300,000 population) thanks to unique nonprofit corporate ownership,[95] proximity to the neighboring Milwaukee market (giving a combined metro area of over 2 million), a league business model that relies more heavily on equally distributed television revenue that puts small-market teams at less of a disadvantage,[95] and the loyalty of their Cheesehead fan base, whose fans and their next of kin typically renew their season tickets every year until their issue expires, resulting in a centuries-long waiting list for season tickets.[96] Green Bay is one of two NFL teams, the other being the Jacksonville Jaguars, that are the only major league franchises in their metropolitan area.[97]

Both MLB and the NFL have had two prolonged recent exceptions in which the league was absent from one of the U.S.'s ten most populous metropolitan areas; from 1972 to 2004, ninth-place Washington, D.C., had no MLB team, and from 1995 to 2016, second-place Los Angeles had no NFL teams.

The NHL's national footprint is a relatively recent situation. Historically, the league was concentrated in the northeast, with no teams south of New York City or west of Chicago from 1935 until 1967. The league expanded its footprint westward in a 1967 expansion but, other than the unsuccessful Atlanta Flames, avoided the South until making a major expansion into the territory in the 1990s.

Both the NBA and MLS have higher concentrations of teams in the western United States than the other major leagues. Whereas the NBA's teams tend to be somewhat more evenly distributed across the United States, MLS's presence in areas of the southern United States has historically been sparse; after MLS folded its two Florida-based teams after the 2001 season, it did not re-enter the South until Orlando City SC joined the league in 2015, with Atlanta United FC following in 2017. With the addition of Minnesota United FC in 2017 and Inter Miami CF in 2020, along with the departure of the NHL's Arizona Coyotes from Phoenix in 2024, MLS has a team in every market with a complete set of teams in each of the Big Four major leagues except Detroit.

The CFL had a total of six teams in the United States over a three-year period between 1993 and 1995, all in medium-sized markets that lacked an NFL team at the time. Of the seven markets those teams occupied, three (Baltimore, San Antonio and Sacramento) had other major league franchises at the time, and two later received a major team (Memphis and Las Vegas). The league also played occasional games in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s.

The largest metropolitan area without a major professional sports franchise depends on the definition of "metropolitan area". Among areas defined by the United States Census Bureau as Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), California's Inland Empire is the largest without a major franchise. However, it is part of Greater Los Angeles, a region defined by the US Census as a Combined Statistical Area (CSA), and is thus part of the Los Angeles television market. The largest CSA without a major franchise is the Hampton Roads area of southeastern Virginia, spilling over into a small part of North Carolina. The largest TV market without a major franchise is the HartfordNew Haven market, covering all of Connecticut except Fairfield County; Hartford's last major league squad, the NHL's Whalers, left in 1997.

Canada

The NHL has been the dominant professional sports league in Canada, and was first established in Canada in 1917. The NHL was initially based entirely in eastern Canada. By 1925, Hamilton and Quebec City no longer had NHL teams, while Ottawa left in 1934, by which point American teams were slowly being added. The first Canadian expansion launched in 1970 with a team in Vancouver; the NHL later added teams in Edmonton, Winnipeg and Quebec City (through absorption of WHA franchises), Calgary (via relocation from Atlanta) and Ottawa (via expansion) to go with the still-extant Toronto and Montreal teams. The distinctive place ice hockey holds in Canadian culture allowed these franchises to compete with teams in larger cities for some time. However, the teams in Winnipeg and Quebec City were eventually moved to larger media markets in the U.S. The NHL returned to Winnipeg in 2011 with the Atlanta Thrashers relocating to become the current version of the Winnipeg Jets. Excluding the CFL, the NHL is the only major league to have teams in Edmonton, Calgary, Winnipeg or Ottawa, all markets with populations of less than 1.25 million, smaller than any U.S. NHL market except Buffalo. However, those Canadian cities benefit from the country's very high level of hockey fandom. A 2013 study by Nate Silver estimated that all of these markets had roughly the same numbers of avid hockey fans as U.S. markets with several times their total population.[98][e]

The Canadian Football League has teams in all seven current NHL markets, in addition to Hamilton, Ontario, and Regina, Saskatchewan. At least eight of these nine markets have hosted CFL teams every year since the league's officially listed inception in 1958, and no other Canadian market has ever had a CFL team of its own. A conditional expansion franchise was awarded to the Atlantic Schooners in 1982; it folded before ever playing a game. Another bid for a Schooners franchise by Schooners Sports and Entertainment in the late 2010s also failed.

The first Major League Baseball team in Canada was the Montreal Expos, who began play in 1969. In 2005, they moved to Washington, D.C., and became the Washington Nationals. The Toronto Blue Jays, who began play in 1977, became the first team outside the United States to win the World Series in 1992 and 1993.

The Toronto Huskies were a charter member of the Basketball Association of America in 1946, but that team only lasted one season. The NBA expanded into Canada in 1995 when the Vancouver Grizzlies and the Raptors joined the league. The Grizzlies moved to Memphis in 2001.

MLS has teams in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal.

The NFL is the only major league to have no team based in a Canadian city; the closest teams to Canada are the Buffalo Bills and Detroit Lions, both representing cities located on the U.S.–Canada border. The Lions play in downtown Detroit, 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from Windsor, Ontario. The Bills' stadium is located 21 kilometres (13 mi) south of the Canada–U.S. border. From 2008 to 2013, the Bills played 8 games in Toronto as part of the Bills Toronto Series which included one regular season game per year.[99] On August 22, 2019, the Oakland Raiders played the Green Bay Packers in a preseason game at the Winnipeg venue now known as Princess Auto Stadium.[100]

Ownership restrictions

All four major leagues have strict rules regarding who may own a team, and also place some restrictions on what other sort of activities the owners may engage in. The major leagues generally do not allow anyone to own a stake in more than one franchise, to prevent the perception of being in a conflict of interest. This rule was adopted after several high-profile controversies involving ownership of multiple baseball teams in the 1890s. Additionally, the NHL's "Original Six" period, from 1942 to 1967, was marked by the Norris family owning a controlling stake in half of the league's teams, a factor in the league's stagnation during that period.[101]

With the exception of the NFL, every other major league has had at least one case since 2000 where the league itself has taken ownership or control of a franchise:

The NFL (nor any of its predecessors) has not taken over operations of any team since 1962, when the American Football League took over the nearly bankrupt Titans of New York in an effort to prevent the team from folding;[111] in 1963, a new ownership group bought the franchise and it became the New York Jets.[112]

The NFL has stronger ownership restrictions than other leagues. The NFL forbids ownership by groups of over 24 people or publicly-traded corporations, except the grandfathered Green Bay Packers. Additionally, the league requires that at least one member of the ownership group hold a 30% interest, with stringent limits on the amount of debt that a new ownership group can take on.[113] The NFL also forbids its owners from owning any other professional American football teams; this rule has not always been in place (as the NFL owners previously owned minor league teams in the 1940s) but was in place by the 1980s, when the DeBartolo family was scrutinized for owning both the San Francisco 49ers and USFL's Pittsburgh Maulers (as different members of the family owned each team, the league allowed the DeBartolos to keep the 49ers).[114] Arena Football League teams playing in the NFL team's home market were exempt from this rule during that league's existence. NFL owners were long prohibited from owning major league baseball, basketball and hockey teams unless they were in the NFL team's home market, or not located in other NFL cities.[115] This last set of restrictions was lifted in October 2018; many owners believed that cross-ownership restrictions had outlived their purpose, and they had largely been disregarded since Stan Kroenke, who purchased the then-St. Louis Rams and moved them to Los Angeles while simultaneously owning assets in Denver, became a majority NFL owner in 2010. Additionally, media reports theorized that the cross-ownership ban materially reduced the sale price of the Carolina Panthers earlier in 2018, with several NBA team owners reportedly interested in bidding but barred by then-current NFL rules.[113] The cross-ownership restrictions originally covered soccer, but a 1982 federal court decision in a lawsuit filed against the NFL by the original NASL went in favor of the NASL, thereby exempting soccer from these restrictions.[116]

MLS has adopted a different league structure and operates as a single-entity league, a structure that survived a lawsuit from the players in Fraser v. Major League Soccer. During the first few years of the league, MLS for the sake of stability allowed individuals to operate multiple teams. MLS ownership arrangements have evolved, however; each of the league's current 29 teams is now controlled by a separate ownership group, and no group member has a stake in more than one team.[117]

Five out of nine clubs in the CFL are held by some form of partnership or corporation; of those, one (Saskatchewan Roughriders) is a publicly held corporations in and of themselves, two (Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats) are partially owned by public conglomerates, and two (Calgary Stampeders and Ottawa Redblacks) are held by closely held partnerships. Three (BC Lions, Montreal Alouettes, and Edmonton Elks) are held by an individual owner. The ninth team, the Winnipeg Blue Bombers, operates under the shell of the Winnipeg Football Club, a nonprofit sports club with no clear ownership structure or share capital.[118]

Challenges from rival leagues

All of the majors have bested at least one rival league formed with the intention of being just as "big" as the established league, often by signing away star players and by locating franchises in cities that were already part of the existing league. In many cases, the major leagues have absorbed the most successful franchises from their failing rivals, or merged outright with them.

Baseball's National League withstood three challenges in its first quarter century of existence. The American Association began in 1882 in several lucrative markets without an NL team. For several years, the AA was a viable competitor to the NL, and the NL and AA champions competed in an informal World Series. Four of the AA's teams defected to the NL in its later years, before the AA expired in 1891. Labor problems led to the formation of the Players' League for the 1890 season; it attracted a significant percentage of the baseball talent and caused the NL and AA significant financial harm,[citation needed] but it lacked financial backing and folded after only one season. The minor Western League moved several franchises in NL cities and cities abandoned by the NL for the 1900 and 1901 seasons, and renamed itself the American League in direct competition with the NL. The NL and AL made peace in 1903; the resulting agreement formed what today is known as Major League Baseball. MLB withstood the challenge of the Federal League in 1914. Various Negro leagues peaked from the 1920s to the 1940s, and on barnstorming tours the Negro league players showed themselves to be MLB players' competitive equals, but after Jackie Robinson broke the color barrier in 1947, the influx of black stars into the major leagues drained the Negro leagues of talent. MLB prevented the Continental League from getting off the ground in 1961–62 by placing teams in four of that league's proposed cities by either expansion or relocation.

The NFL has fought off the most rivals throughout the years, and to this day faces a competing start-up league every few years. One strong rival to the NFL was the All-America Football Conference of 1946–1949; three of their seven teams merged with the NFL for the 1950 season, and two of the three still exist in the NFL. Four (all unrelated) rivals were named American Football League; the last American Football League existed from 1960 to 1970, winning the last two of the four pre-merger Super Bowl games, before merging with the NFL in 1970. The NFL has beaten back other significant rival football leagues, often placing expansion or relocation teams in those cities following that league's demise: the World Football League of 1974–1975 (the NFL added two teams in 1975), the United States Football League of 1983–1985 (the NFL relocated one team to a USFL market in 1988), and the Canadian Football League's American franchises of 1993–1995 (the NFL added three teams in the mid 1990s, including one in the CFL's most successful U.S. market). All told, 13 of the NFL's current 32 franchises were absorbed from a rival league—all 10 AFL franchises of the 1960s, two from the AAFC, and one from the 1936 AFL.

The NBA was formed in 1949 after three years of competition between the large-market Basketball Association of America (from which the NBA traces its existence) and the industrial-based National Basketball League. The NBA also had to fend off two incarnations of the American Basketball League, the first being an Eastern circuit that predated the NBA, and the second existing from 1961 to 1963, after Abe Saperstein was repeatedly denied an NBA expansion team. The NBA later fought off the challenge of the American Basketball Association from 1967 to 1976, in part by expanding from nine to eighteen teams. The NBA then absorbed four of the ABA's most successful franchises in a 1976 merger, and adopted several of the ABA's rule variations, most notably the three-point shot.

The NHL began its existence competing with the Western Canada Hockey League and its predecessor, the Pacific Coast Hockey Association; both had folded by 1926, leaving the NHL as the sole major North American hockey league. The NHL fended off two challenges in the 1960s and 1970s. The NHL prevented the Western Hockey League from achieving parity in the quality of players, salaries and attendance by doubling in size from six to twelve teams in 1967, including into the WHL markets of Los Angeles and San Francisco, and added two more teams in 1970, including a former WHL team in Vancouver. During its existence from 1972 to 1979, the World Hockey Association challenged the dominance of the NHL. The WHA initially attracted stars by offering higher salaries than the NHL and successfully invalidating the NHL's reserve clause, forcing NHL teams to keep up. The bidding war brought financial distress to both leagues. With the WHA and several NHL teams faced with collapse, the NHL negotiated a merger of the leagues whereby the four strongest WHA teams joined the NHL.

The CFL has been historically protected from the competing leagues that the NFL faced, in part because of threats of parliamentary legislation to stop any CFL competitor from being allowed to play in Canada. The Canadian Football Act, proposed in 1974 but never passed, would have given the CFL a government-endorsed monopoly on professional gridiron football in Canada by prohibiting any other league from playing its games in the country; the mere introduction of the bill in Parliament prompted the WFL's Toronto Northmen to move to the United States before playing a single game and later the first USFL was discouraged from establishing teams in Canada with the threat to reintroduce the Act in 1982.[119] In the context of the modern North American sports market as a whole, however, CFL has faced and survived numerous challenges from upstart US-based leagues seeking to establish themselves as a second-tier gridiron football league relative to the NFL and thus competing with the CFL for player talent and consumer exposure.[120][121] The vast majority of these leagues (such as the first and second USFL, second and third UFL, XFL and its later reincarnation, and AAF) have all been short-lived; all but the current UFL have folded, with that league having formed in advance of the 2024 season by the merger of the 2020s incarnations of the USFL and XFL.[122] Similarly, the CFL itself played the role of a competitor to the NFL during its mid-1990s expansion out of Canada and into the US market, which was also short-lived.[123]

Fixed league membership

In general, sports leagues in the United States and Canada are closed leagues that never developed any system of promotion and relegation like those in Europe. A major professional sports team stays at the top level of the sport, regardless of their performance.

A major factor in this development was the greater distances between cities, with some teams separated by at least half the continent, which in turn resulted in higher traveling costs. When the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs was established in 1876, its founders judged that in order to prosper, they must make baseball's highest level of competition a "closed shop", with a strict limit on the number of teams, and with each member having exclusive local rights. This guarantee of a place in the league year after year permitted each club owner to monopolize fan bases in their respective exclusive territories and give them the confidence to invest in infrastructure, such as improved ballparks. This in turn guaranteed the revenues needed to support traveling across the continent.[124] With the introduction of TV exposure and other sources of increased revenue during the 20th century, team owners have no incentive to risk giving up this annual income in favor of establishing an "open shop system" where they could be relegated to a lower league that does not generate that kind of lucrative money. There has been discussion of Major League Soccer adopting promotion and relegation, but MLS is not pursuing the option.[125] Eight current MLS teams—Seattle Sounders FC, Portland Timbers, Vancouver Whitecaps FC, CF Montréal, Orlando City SC, Minnesota United FC, FC Cincinnati, and Nashville SC—were promoted from lower leagues through the traditional expansion process, without regard to on-pitch record; instead new teams are brought into MLS based on the financial strength of their ownership and market. Sacramento Republic FC was scheduled to become the ninth such MLS team in 2023 until its lead investor pulled out of the expansion deal.[126][relevant?]

Player development

All of the major North American professional sports leagues use a draft system to assign prospective players to teams. The NFL, NHL and NBA all use their respective drafts to ensure a certain measure of parity between franchises, so that teams with losing records pick early in the draft, while the league champions pick last in each round. (In the NFL, the relationship is directly linear, so that the worst team always gets the first overall pick; MLB, the NHL and the NBA, in efforts to thwart tanking, use a draft lottery to determine the early draft order.) Three of the top four major leagues possess sophisticated player development systems.

The vast majority of MLB players are developed through the minor league baseball system. Prospective players generally are drafted, and are then assigned to the appropriate minor league level for development. With the growth of college baseball, more players opt to play at the collegiate level and delay entry into the MLB draft; college baseball players with professional aspirations will usually also play collegiate summer baseball to gain experience and exposure while maintaining their college eligibility. Individual teams' large scouting staffs have given way to smaller staffs and subscriptions to commercial player scouting services. Entering the majors directly from high school or college is rare, and most of the few that have were quickly reassigned to the minors. MLB clubs also sign many players from Latin American countries, and have also recruited many players from the Japanese leagues.

Most of the NBA's talent comes from college and high school basketball, although minimum age rules have ended the NBA's practice of drafting players directly from high school beginning in 2006. The NBA's developmental league, now known as the G League, was implemented in 2001 by the NBA to perform the role of a farm system in helping with player development and market reach, but NBA teams more frequently recruit talent from overseas professional leagues, mostly in Europe with a few players being recruited from leagues in Latin America, China, and Australia. Prior to the development of the G League, the Continental Basketball Association had served as a minor league to the NBA.

The National Football League is the only one of the four major sports leagues that does not have a formalized farm system. The source for almost all NFL players is college football, but NFL also has International Player Pathway Program for potential international prospects. Drafted players from college immediately join the main team; if they fail to make the regular season roster, a limited number of players may be assigned to the practice squad. NFL teams rarely recruit players from other gridiron football leagues. American football also has the least global reach for prospects, with one exception being several players from other codes of football primarily as kickers and punters. The league's teams backed the World League (later known as NFL Europe) in the 1990s and 2000s, and purchased teams in the Arena Football League for a period in the 2000s. As of 2019, the National Football League Players Association explicitly opposes having an official minor league in the same model as the other major sports, mainly because of the risk of injury.[127] The current version of the United Football League has positioned itself as a de facto minor league and opportunity for players to reach the NFL[128] while asserting its independence as an organization.[129]

Each NHL team has an affiliate in North America's top-tier minor hockey league, the American Hockey League, and most have an affiliation with teams in the ECHL. For decades, the traditional route to the NHL has been through junior hockey and the Canadian Hockey League (CHL). Beginning in the 1970s, NHL teams began drafting and signing prospects from Europe, and a growing number of NHL hopefuls are forgoing the CHL in favor of NCAA Division I college hockey.[citation needed] Additionally, USA Hockey also sanctions junior hockey leagues, such as the United States Hockey League and North American Hockey League, that allow players to develop while also retain NCAA eligibility in order to make the NHL. Almost all draft picks are initially assigned to an affiliate in their NHL team's minor league system for development.[citation needed]

MLS teams sign players from their youth academies, from the MLS college draft, and from overseas. MLS teams rely on their youth academies, which are now a requirement for all MLS clubs. MLS clubs can operate youth teams as young as 13–14 years old. Some youth academy teams participate in lower-tier leagues. MLS also holds an annual draft in which top college soccer players are selected. MLS has in the recent past had a formal relationship with the United Soccer League, which operates (among other leagues) the Division II USL Championship (USLC) and Division III USL League One (USL 1). For several years in the 2010s, MLS teams were nominally required to field a reserve team in a USL league, either by direct ownership or affiliation with a separately owned team, although this requirement was never strictly enforced.[citation needed] MLS relaunched its reserve league in 2022 as MLS Next Pro, a third-level league that initially featured 20 MLS reserve teams and one independently owned team (Rochester New York FC, which folded after Next Pro's first season). Of the nine current and then-future MLS teams that did not field a side in Next Pro's first season, all but CF Montréal and D.C. United field reserve sides in Next Pro in 2023. This setup allows developing MLS players to gain playing experience.[citation needed]

The CFL's draft is limited to Canadian citizens, plus non-citizens who were raised in Canada. In addition to university/college football, the CFL draft also draws players from the long-established Canadian Junior Football League and its component leagues. The league also draws from the same pool of free agents as the NFL, with players who do not make the NFL often going north to seek work in the CFL. The CFL requires free agents to sign contracts, and thus stay in the league, for a minimum of two years. Unique to the CFL is the concept of the negotiation list, which allows CFL teams to unilaterally declare exclusive rights to any given player. Described as an "enduring mystery", the negotiation list forces players to accept the offer they are given, usually at league minimum, with no leverage to negotiate with other teams; there is no order or limits to the negotiation list, and teams can add or remove players to a 45-position negotiation list without their permission and at any time, regardless of age. Since 2018, ten of the 45 players must be publicly announced.[130][131]

High player salaries

The average annual salary for players in the four major leagues is about US$2.9 million in 2008, although player salaries can range from $500,000 for backup players to as much as $40 million (up to around $60 mil in the NFL and the NBA by 2021, not counting endorsements and sponsorship deals) for superstars.

NFL, MLB, and NBA have the biggest and longest contracts in the history of professional sports.[citation needed]

NBA players have the highest average player salaries of the four leagues; however, their teams also have the smallest rosters.

The NFL has the highest average team payroll. However, 55-player NFL rosters are far larger than the other three leagues'. Many players on NFL rosters see little actual game play, and teams play far fewer games, making their players on average the lowest paid of the Big Four leagues. After a brief lockout during the 2011 off-season, league owners and the players' union signed a new collective bargaining agreement that imposed a hard salary cap of $120 million in the 2011 season, but temporarily suspended the salary floor, which returned in the 2013 season at 89% of the cap.[citation needed]

MLB is now alone among the major leagues in that it lacks any form of a salary cap and has enacted only modest forms of revenue sharing and luxury taxes.[137] Compared to the other leagues, there is a far greater disparity between MLB payrolls. The New York Yankees had the highest payroll of any American sports team in 2006 when they paid $194 million in players' salaries – nearly twice the NFL salary cap and nearly thirteen times the payroll of the Florida Marlins who spent about $15 million (significantly less than the mandatory minimum team payrolls in the NFL and NHL).[citation needed]

For the 2010–11 NHL season, the average player salary was slightly above the pre-lockout level of US$1.8 million. In the same season, the league's salary cap was US$59.4 million per team, with the salary floor set at US$16 million under the cap. For the 2018–19 season, the cap has been set as US$79.5 million, with the floor at US$58.8 million.[138]

MLS has lower average salaries and smaller payrolls than the other leagues. MLS kept a strict rein on player salaries until 2007, when MLS introduced the Designated Player Rule, which allows MLS teams to pay higher wages for star players. David Beckham was the first player signed under this rule. The highest MLS payroll in 2019 was Toronto FC, with $24.5 million.[139] The league's average salary is about $423,232 per year. MLS' minimum player salary will increase[when?] from $63,542 to $85,502 for most players.[140]

The CFL has a relatively smaller annual player salary and salary cap compared to the other leagues. The average salary in 2018 is $113,000 and the salary cap in 2018 is CAD $5.2 million.[141] As recently as the 1990s, loopholes in the salary cap allowed CFL teams to pay select marquee players a salary comparable to their NFL counterparts, but financial problems forced the league to close those loopholes. Starting quarterbacks, typically the highest paid players on a CFL roster, can make as much as CAD$750,000.[142][143][141]

Dominance of the sport

Each of the top four major leagues are the premier competitions of their respective sport on the world stage. Major League Baseball is increasingly attracting the stars from the Japanese pro leagues, the European pro hockey leagues have become a source of star talent for National Hockey League clubs, and the National Basketball Association frequently attracts talent from professional leagues in Europe, Latin America, Australia and China.[1][2]

Each of the Big Four leagues is considered the top league in their respective sports, not only in revenue but also in quality of talent, player salaries, and worldwide interest.[according to whom?] However, of the four major leagues, the NFL has the least presence outside both countries; it is mainly an American and Canadian interest.[citation needed] Basketball is a strong spectator and participation sport in parts of the world, and the NBA is unquestionably the top basketball league.[144] Ice hockey (Europe) and baseball (East Asia, Latin America, Caribbean) have loyal followings in some of the world's other regions as well. Selling league broadcasting rights to foreign markets is another way for the leagues to generate revenue, and all the leagues have tried to exploit revenue streams outside of their home market.

The NHL is the top professional hockey league in the world, and the NHL attracts top players from European leagues. The NHL played exhibition games against European teams in the "NHL Premiere" series (2007–11), the NHL Challenge (2000–10), and the Victoria Cup (2008–09), and NHL teams have won 24 games to the European teams' four.

Major League Soccer is not the premier soccer competition in the world, or even in the Americas, in terms of competition success, revenues, and players. MLS teams compete with top teams from North America, Central America and the Caribbean in the CONCACAF Champions League; before Seattle Sounders FC won in 2022, every edition since the current format was introduced in the 2008–09 season was won by a Mexican club. MLS has annual revenues of 1.2 billion[ambiguous], the Big five European soccer leagues (England, Germany, Spain, Italy, and France) have annual revenues in excess of $1 billion as well. The top players from MLS often move to Europe in search of tougher competition and higher salaries. However, MLS has steadily improved in international stature in recent years. The league implemented the Designated Player Rule in 2007, allowing MLS to attract and retain international stars such as David Beckham.[citation needed] MLS attendance has increased to the point where MLS average attendance is among the top ten soccer leagues worldwide.[28] The introduction of soccer-specific stadiums had improved revenue growth.[citation needed]

In the late 1940s and 1950s, the Canadian Football League (CFL) and the U.S. National Football League (NFL) operated on roughly equal footing financially,[citation needed] with even some U.S.-born star players joining CFL teams. The situation changed along with the rise of the American Football League (AFL) founded in 1959. By the end of the 1960s, revenue from the U.S. television market and absorption of the AFL helped the NFL become much more successful than its Canadian counterpart. By the 1980s, the CFL became virtually unknown outside of Canada. Attempts to promote the CFL included the failed CFL USA experiment in the 1990s. In 2009, a record 6.1 million viewers watched the CFL's annual Grey Cup championship game,[145] while 151.6 million viewers watched the NFL's annual Super Bowl championship game that same year.[146]

Use of the phrase "world champions"

The perceived lack of competition from the rest of the world has contributed to the long-standing but controversial practice of the North American media referring to the major sports league champions as world champions.[147] Today, the phrase is more popular in the United States but it retains some acceptance in Canada. However, this practice is usually mocked by non-Americans.[148]

Usage of the phrase in baseball started with organization of championship series between the National League and the earlier American Association in the 1880s, later to be known as the World Series. Major League Baseball later set up the World Baseball Classic, a quadrennial international competition, to crown a world champion among national teams.[149] By the 1950s, the phrase World Champions was also being used by the newly formed NBA. The Super Bowl, the interleague championship between the NFL and American Football League, was explicitly named a "World Championship Game" for its first iteration.

In ice hockey, the Stanley Cup was initially open only to Canadian teams, but in 1914 the Cup's trustees allowed American teams to compete, with the provision that the Stanley Cup winners were to be recognized as World's Champions. The phrase was repeatedly engraved on the Cup, and continued to be used when the NHL began admitting American franchises. When the NHL assumed formal control of the Cup in 1947, the resulting agreement required "that the winners of this trophy shall be the acknowledged World's Professional Hockey Champions" (in contrast to the IIHF's Ice Hockey World Championships, at the time nominally contested by amateurs, although Eastern Bloc nations violated the rules and used de facto professionals).[150][irrelevant citation] When the World Hockey Association commenced play in the 1970s, they sought to challenge for the Stanley Cup, referring to the 1947 agreement. Both the NHL and the Cup trustees rejected the WHA's challenges; nevertheless, the NHL stopped calling its champions the World Champions, as by this time, the Soviet Championship League was regularly beating the NHL in interleague competitions and the IIHF World Championship was officially opened up to professionals in 1976. Since then, the NHL has called their champions the Stanley Cup Champions.

History and expansion of major leagues

United States

Professional sports leagues as known today evolved during the decades between the Civil War and World War II, when the railroad was the main means of intercity transportation. As a result, virtually all major league teams were concentrated in the northeastern quarter of the United States, within roughly the radius of a day-long train ride, within the Great Lakes and the Northeast regions. Early professional soccer activity was concentrated almost entirely on an East Coast corridor from Baltimore to Boston, except for the St. Louis metropolitan area.

There were very few major league teams in the far west until after World War II. As travel and settlement patterns changed, so did the geography of professional sports. The NFL attempted to establish traveling teams representing the west and other far-flung regions in 1926 and barnstormed in Los Angeles that season; the experiment did not last beyond that year. The first west coast major-league franchise was the NFL's Los Angeles Rams, who moved from Cleveland in 1946. The same year, the All-America Football Conference began play, with teams in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Baseball extended west in 1958 in the move of the Brooklyn Dodgers and New York Giants. The NBA followed in 1960 with the move of the Minneapolis Lakers to Los Angeles, while the NHL did not have a west coast presence until it expanded in 1967. Almost all of the NHL's initial franchises in the Southern and Western United States were unsuccessful and relocated. From 1982 until 1991, the Kings were the only U.S.-based NHL franchise south of St. Louis and/or west of the Twin Cities. Since then, as newer, fast-growing Sunbelt areas such as Phoenix, Tampa, and Dallas became prominent, the major sports leagues have expanded or franchises have relocated to service these communities.

International expansion

Some of the Big Four sports leagues have looked to expand their revenues by playing overseas games in attempt to develop a wider international fan base. There has been increasing cooperation between the NBA and the Euroleague. In 2005, the two bodies agreed to organize a summer competition known as the NBA Europe Live Tour featuring four NBA teams and four Euroleague clubs, with the first competition taking place in 2006.[151] The NBA has also played teams from Australia's National Basketball League, and since 2015, the league has played all-star games in the Johannesburg, South Africa, area against squads composed of NBA players who were either born on or whose parents were born on the African continent.

The NFL has attempted to promote its game worldwide by scheduling selected pre-season games abroad since 1976.[152] The NFL had promoted the game abroad through NFL Europe, but the latter was unprofitable and ceased operations in 2007. The NFL began its International Series, holding at least one regular-season game at Wembley Stadium in London every year since 2007.[153][154] The NFL held three games at Wembley in the 2014 season.[155] Since then, Twickenham Stadium, the home of English rugby union, has been added as a second London venue. The primary venue for London NFL games is set to switch to Tottenham Hotspur Stadium, opened in 2019 by the soccer club of that name. The new stadium hosted two of the four London games in the 2019 season. The original contract between the NFL and The Football Association, owners of Wembley Stadium, expired after the 2020 season, though was renewed for another term. The NFL has a contract with Tottenham Hotspur (aka Spurs) for games through 2027. The Spurs stadium, in which the NFL made a modest investment, is designed to be capable of hosting both forms of football on a single weekend if necessary.

Relations between leagues

Although they are competitors, at times the "Big Four" leagues also cooperate. Some owners have teams in multiple leagues. In the early years of professional basketball, the American Basketball League, the de facto major league of the 1920s, was backed primarily by NFL owners. There are common business and legal interests; the leagues will often support one another in legal matters since the courts' decisions might establish precedents that affect them all. One recent example was the US Supreme Court decision in 2010 in American Needle, Inc. v. National Football League, in which the NFL (which ultimately lost the case) received amicus curiae briefs from the NBA, NHL, and MLS.[156] The leagues' commissioners occasionally meet in person, most recently in 2009.[157]

The leagues also cooperate in the construction and use of facilities. Many NBA and NHL teams share arenas, and, in years past, such sharing was very common for MLB and NFL teams. Multi-purpose stadiums were built to accommodate multiple sports in the later half of the 20th century; the last multi-purpose stadium in the NFL, what is now Rickey Henderson Field at RingCentral Coliseum, hosted its last NFL game in 2019. Even in situations where separate stadiums have been constructed for each team (as is generally the norm in the 21st century[according to whom?]), the individual stadiums may be constructed adjacent to each other and share parking space and other infrastructure.[citation needed] More recently, MLS teams have used NFL and CFL stadiums as either full-time home fields (much less so now, due to the league's insistence on soccer-specific stadiums) or for special event games; in reverse, in at least one case, an NFL team (the Los Angeles Chargers) used a soccer-specific MLS stadium on a temporary basis from 2017 to 2019 while a larger stadium was built for them. In recent years, two MLS teams have shared stadiums permanently with NFL teams that were explicitly built to host both sports. Seattle Sounders FC share Lumen Field with the Seattle Seahawks; the Seahawks were owned by Paul Allen, also a member of the Sounders ownership group, until his death in 2018. Atlanta United FC shares Mercedes-Benz Stadium with the Atlanta Falcons, with both teams under the ownership of Arthur Blank. Charlotte FC shares Bank of America Stadium with the Carolina Panthers; both teams are owned by David Tepper. In Canada, Vancouver Whitecaps FC share BC Place with the CFL's BC Lions. The Seattle, Atlanta, and Vancouver stadiums are designed to have reduced seating capacity for most MLS games. Charlotte's stadium was renovated to allow for lower capacity soccer crowds before the MLS team debuted in 2022. Additionally, the New England Revolution shares Gillette Stadium with the New England Patriots, New York City FC shares Yankee Stadium with the New York Yankees MLB team, which also owns part of NYCFC, and Toronto FC shares BMO Field with the CFL's Toronto Argonauts, with both teams now owned by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, the company that also owns the Toronto Raptors and the Toronto Maple Leafs.

Also notable in recent years have been the NHL's Winter Classic and Heritage Classic, which have been held in NFL, CFL, and MLB, as well as college football, stadiums. A unique situation is the TD Place Complex in Ottawa; the same structure serves as the indoor Ottawa Civic Centre (which hosted the NHL's Senators in the 1990s), while on the roof of that arena was seating for Frank Clair Stadium (at that time home of the CFL's Ottawa Rough Riders; by 2014 the stadium was renovated into TD Place Stadium and is now home to the CFL's Ottawa Redblacks).

In the early years of the NFL and to a lesser extent the NHL, it was not uncommon for teams to share nicknames with their MLB counterparts. For example, until 1957 New York City played host to baseball and football Giants. MLB's Pittsburgh Pirates shared its nickname with an NFL team (which ultimately became the Pittsburgh Steelers) as well as a now-defunct early NHL team, while the Canadian football team Hamilton Tigers shared a team name with an NHL team. The most recent example of two major teams sharing a franchise name was between 1960 and 1987; when the NFL's Chicago Cardinals relocated to St. Louis, Missouri, it was allowed to keep the Cardinals name despite the established existence of a baseball team of the same name.

In 1997, the NFL loaned $3 million to the CFL after the latter's failed expansion into the United States market in the early 1990s left it in financial danger.[158]

In 2015, the NHL partnered with MLB's digital arm Major League Baseball Advanced Media (MLBAM) to assume the operations of its digital properties; the league's television network NHL Network was also taken over by the staff of MLB Network and re-located to its facilities.[159][160][161]

The NBA Finals of the NBA and the Stanley Cup Finals of the NHL are the championship series of their respective leagues, which occur in June.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ While a few MLS teams play in NFL stadiums, the upper decks of such venues are often partially or entirely closed for MLS matches, leading to an effective capacity closer to that of a typical MLS soccer-specific stadium.
  2. ^ Despite its misleading name, the CRU was the governing body for Canadian football, not rugby
  3. ^ An identical $150 million fee was paid by the new ownership group of Columbus Crew SC when they purchased the team from Anthony Precourt in 2018. As part of the deal, Precourt received the rights to Austin FC, which started play in 2021.[84][85]
  4. ^ Inter Miami CF, announced in January 2018 as a 2020 entry, only paid a $25 million fee. David Beckham, the public face of the ownership group, received an option for a future MLS team at that specified fee as part of his original MLS playing contract in 2007.[86]
  5. ^ For example, Silver's study concluded that Edmonton's media market had nearly the same number of avid hockey fans as that of Philadelphia, despite the Philadelphia market having more than four times the population of the Edmonton market.

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