Animated media produced outside the major industry
The term independent animation refers to animated shorts, web series, and feature films produced outside a major national animation industry.
Criteria
A good portion of the work is viewed in animation festivals and private screen rooms along with schools that produce animation through instruction. The significance of independent animation is as important as studio fare. "Independent" initially implied amateurs and unknowns. However, following the implosion of the entertainment industry and mass layoffs of animators, "indie" now almost exclusively refers to industry veterans with connections producing content on their own time.[citation needed]
In the late 1960s, animator Ralph Bakshi and producer Steve Krantz founded Bakshi Productions,[18] establishing the studio as an alternative to mainstream animation by producing animation his own way and accelerating the advancement of female and minority animators. He also paid his employees a higher salary than any other studio at that time.[19] In 1969, Ralph's Spot was founded as a division of Bakshi Productions to produce commercials for Coca-Cola and Max, the 2000-Year-Old Mouse, a series of educational shorts paid for by Encyclopædia Britannica.[20][21] However, Bakshi was uninterested in the kind of animation he was producing, and wanted to produce something personal. Bakshi soon developed Heavy Traffic, a tale of inner-city street life. However, Krantz told Bakshi that studio executives would be unwilling to fund the film because of its content and Bakshi's lack of film experience.[21] While browsing the East Side Book Store on St. Mark's Place, Bakshi came across a copy of R. Crumb's Fritz the Cat. Impressed by Crumb's sharp satire, Bakshi purchased the book and suggested to Krantz that it would work as a film.[21]
Fritz the Cat (1972) was the first animated film to receive an X rating from the MPAA, and the highest grossing independent animated film of all time.[21] Bakshi then simultaneously directed a number of animated films, starting with Heavy Traffic a year later. Ralph Bakshi became the first person in the animation industry since Walt Disney to have two financially successful films released back-to-back.[22]
Animation historians John Canemaker[31] and Michael Sporn[32] also made independent animation in New York, both earning Oscar nods for their work (only Canemaker won in 2005).
In the 1970s, independent animator Sally Cruikshank (known for the 1975 cult short Quasi at the Quackadero alongside animated segments for Sesame Street[38]) continued to explore independent and D.I.Y. distribution options, but were still largely met with rejection even though her work is now considered ground breaking.[39]
The rise of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s saw an exponential increase in the production of independent animation which included personal independent works by Timothy Hittle,[45]Janie Geiser,[46]John R. Dilworth, Lewis Klahr[47][48] and John Schnall.[49][50]Personal computer power increased to the point where it was possible for a single person to produce an animated cartoon on a home computer, using software such as Flash, and distribute these short films over the World Wide Web. Independently produced Internet cartoons flourished as the popularity of the Web grew, and a number of strange, often hilarious short cartoons were produced for the Web.
In the late 1990s, an independent animated short film called The Spirit of Christmas was produced for under $2,000 by two artists, Matt Stone and Trey Parker. This film was widely distributed on the Internet as a pirated cartoon, and its phenomenal popularity gave rise to the popular television animated seriesSouth Park.[51] Limited 1990s bandwidth made streaming difficult, if not impossible. While some animators like Spümcø's John K. opted to use Flash, it still required a plug-in making it unviewable in many early web browsers. Other early online animators like M. Wartella opted to use the Animated GIF to overcome these limitations and create early web-based animation viewable through all browsers.[52]
By the mid-to-late 2000s YouTube and the Internet and like-minded online video distribution, in addition to independent broadcasting sites that followed, proved to be a dominant form of independently distributed, broadcast, edited, and produced animation TV shows, anime, feature films, music videos, retro animation, commercials, trailers, original online animation content, and web exclusives[55] (which would otherwise not stand a chance of seeing airtime on more normal and expensive forms of mainstream broadcasting on most television networks, which still continue to function on a more traditional distribution matrix). Annoying Orange, which started off as a series of viral quasi-CGI animated comedy shorts on YouTube, quickly gained a cult following and an excess of 100 million views online. It is an example of an animated web series to transition between Internet and television distribution successfully, as an animated series on Cartoon Network.[51]
LGBT representation in independent animation has increased over the years, as many series have featured LGBTQ characters. Lizzy the Lezzy, which premiered on Myspace in 2006, included LGBTQ+ characters like Lizzy, a lesbian.[77] Plum, a bisexual character, first appeared in the animated series, Bravest Warriors, a show which aired on Cartoon Hangover's YouTube channel from 2012 to 2018, as confirmed by her crushes and by writer Kate Leth.[78][79][80] The show was made by Adventure Time creator Pendleton Ward and featuring Ian Jones-Quartey, who voiced the character, Wallow, while he directed his own show, OK K.O.! Let's Be Heroes which featured multiple LGBTQ+ characters. Although Plum had a crush on Chris, kissing him multiple times during the show, she is also madly in love with her doppelganger as shown in the comics.
The Rooster Teeth animated web series, RWBY, which began in 2013, features lesbian characters,[81][82][83] and a trans woman named May Marigold, voiced by Kdin Jenzen.[84][85]Nomad of Nowhere, another RoosterTeeth show, released in 2018, featured a lesbian protagonist named Skout, who had a crush on Captain Toth, her superior.[86][87] In addition, Hazbin Hotel, by Vivienne Medrano, centers around a bisexual princess of Hell named Charlie, with a girlfriend named Vaggie,[88][89] with the series also featuring an asexual character named Alastor,[88][90] and a gay pornstar named Angel Dust.[91][89][92] Medrano's other series, Helluva Boss, featured various bisexual characters, such as a demon named Moxxie,[93] and a pansexual demon named Blitzo.[94]
My Pride: The Series, which premiered in February 2020 on YouTube, follows a "queer, disabled lioness" named Nothing who is trying to heal the world.[95][96] Yssa Badiola of Recorded by Arizal hosted a RTX panel, on September 21, 2020, and stated that there would be LGBTQ characters if a full season was ordered.[97][98] Nico Colaleo's animated web series, Too Loud, the first season which ran from July to August 2017, and the second season which aired from September to November 2019, includes an LGBTQ character. In the episode "Slumber Party Sneak-In," Desiree plots with her sister, Sara, to dress up as a girl in order to go to a slumber party. The rest of the girls find this out, then console her, accepting, and deciding they like her no matter whether she is a trans girl named Desiree or as a closeted boy.[99] In September 2019, Colaleo later described the episode as important, described it as his favorite episode of the show's second season, and a "pro-transgender episode."[100]
African American animator/filmmaker Ayoka Chenzira is known for the 1984 satirical animated short Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyhead People, which was inducted into the National Film Registry in 2018.[104][105][106] Another example of independent African-American animation is Bruce W. Smith's 2019 Academy Award-winning short film Hair Love.[107]
The 2016 autobiographical stop-motion short Deer Flower, made by Los Angeles-based filmmaker Kangmin Kim, mines his childhood in South Korea for themes.[108]
Independent animation outside the United States
Italy
Independent Italian animators include Ursula Ferrara (who used techniques similar to animation pioneers like Emile Cohl on her 1986 film Lucidi Folli), Alberto D'Amico, Saul Saguatti (known for his 1995 series Short Splatter Collection)[109] and Bruno Bozzetto, known for the 1976 feature Allegro Non Troppo and the 1990 Academy Award-nominatedGrasshoppers.[110]
The BFI funded around thirty pieces of experimental animation between the mid-fifties to mid-nineties (notable examples: The Quay Brothers).[112] Another major contributor to independent animation in Britain was Channel 4, which gained an international reputation as one of the most adventurous broadcasters of animation featuring works from Joanna Quinn (Girls' Night Out),[113]Alison de Vere (Mr. Pascal)[114] Paul Barry (The Sandman), Mark Baker (The Village), Barry Purves (Next)[113] and former National Film Board of Canada animator Paul Driessen (3 Misses).[115][116]
Another British animated milestone, the 1978 adaptation of Watership Down by American filmmaker Martin Rosen, was also made independently as well.[117]
Animation director Liu Jian is known for his independently-produced features Piercing I (2010)[127] and Art College 1994 (2023).[128][129]
South Korea
Independent cel animation made in South Korea during the 1980s-90s included Lee Yong-bae's award-winning tale of Sleeping Buddha Wa-Bull (1994) and powerfully political efforts from Choe Jeong-hyeon.[130]
Estonian animator Priit Pärn is known for his crude drawings, dark humor and satirical absurdist tone on such films as Breakfast on the Grass (1988) and 1895 (1995; the latter spoofing cinema's impact on perceptions of history, identity and nationality filled with cinematic references, cultural stereotypes and inside jokes).[142]
Independent animation entirely from down under includes the works of Felix Colgrave[146] and acclaimed stop motion animator Adam Elliot,[44] known for the Oscar winner Harvie Krumpet (2003) and his feature film Mary and Max (2009).[120][118]
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^BAM|Alma's Rainbow + Hair Piece: A Film for Nappyheaded People
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^Animators Unearthed - Michaela Pavlátová|Animation World Network
^Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Michaela Pavlátová|Cartoon Brew
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^Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Priit Pärn (Exclusive Video)|Cartoon Brew
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^6 Indie And Foreign Animated Features Building Buzz For Oscars 2022|Cartoon Brew
^The Paris Review - Robin Williams's Best Role
^Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Felix Colgrave|Cartoon Brew
^KRAZY!: Going Ga-Ga for Comics and Animation - Canadian Art
^Know Your Indie Filmmaker: Winston Hacking|Cartoon Brew
^Binocular Briefs - Spotlight on Collage|Animation World Network
^Watch: Oscar Shortlisted 'Letter to a Pig'|Animation World Network
^Can an Argentine Animated Film Rival Hollywood Blockbusters?|The New Yorker
^Pablo Berger Talks His Oscar-Nominated 'Robot Dreams'|Animation World Network
^The best indie animation of 2015|Sight & Sound|BFI
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^Harpya by Raoul Servais:An Appreciation (Classic Frames)|Zippy Frames
External links
9 Essential Animated Indie Movies|IndieWire
Article on Indie Animation at Wall Street Journal
Know Your Indie Filmmaker Archives on Cartoon Brew