Командование аэрокосмической обороны — главное командование ВВС США , отвечавшее за противовоздушную оборону континентальной части США . Оно было активировано в 1968 году и расформировано в 1980 году. Его предшественник, Командование противовоздушной обороны , было создано в 1946 году, ненадолго дезактивировано в 1950 году, возобновлено в 1951 году, а затем в 1968 году переименовано в «Аэрокосмическое пространство» , а не в « Воздушное» . Его миссия заключалась в обеспечении противовоздушной обороны воздушного пространства. Континентальная часть США (CONUS). Он непосредственно контролировал все активные мероприятия, ему было поручено координировать все пассивные средства ПВО.
Континентальные силы противовоздушной обороны США во время Второй мировой войны первоначально находились под командованием четырех авиационных округов — Северо-восточного воздушного округа , Северо-западного воздушного округа , Юго-восточного воздушного округа и Юго-западного воздушного округа . Воздушные округа были созданы 16 января 1941 года, перед нападением на Перл-Харбор . [1] Четыре авиационных округа также занимались боевой подготовкой USAAF с Сухопутными войсками армии , а также «организацией и подготовкой бомбардировщиков, истребителей и других подразделений и экипажей для выполнения заданий за рубежом». [1] 26 марта 1941 года авиационные округа были переименованы в Первые воздушные силы , Вторые воздушные силы , Третьи воздушные силы и Четвертые воздушные силы . [1] Первые и Четвертые воздушные силы через свои командования перехватчиков управляли Службой предупреждения гражданских самолетов на восточном и западном побережьях соответственно.
The USAAF's Aircraft Warning Corps provided air defense warning with information centers that networked an area's "Army Radar Stations" which communicated radar tracks by telephone. The AWC information centers also integrated visual reports processed by Ground Observer Corps filter centers. AWC information centers notified air defense command posts of the "4 continental air forces" for deploying interceptor aircraft which used command guidance for ground-controlled interception. The USAAF inactivated the aircraft warning network in April 1944.[2]: 38
Continental Air Forces (CAF) was activated on 12 December 1944, including the four Air Forces, to bring the continental air defense task under one command.[3] AAF Regulation 20-1, dated 15 September 1945, specified the post-war CAF mission. For aircraft warning, in 1945 CAF had recommended "research and development be undertaken on radar and allied equipment for an air defense system [for] the future threat", e.g., a "radar [with] range of 1,000 miles, [to detect] at an altitude of 200 miles, and at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour".[4] HQ AAF responded that "until the kind of defense needed to counter future attacks could be determined, AC&W planning would have to be restricted to the use of available radar sets".[5] CAF's January 1946 Radar Defense Report for Continental United States recommended military characteristics for a post-war Air Defense System "based upon such advanced equipment",[6] and the HQ AAF Plans reminded "the command that radar defense planning had to be based on the available equipment."[7]
Reorganization of Continental Air Forces began in 1945, when ground radar and interceptor plans were prepared for the transfer at CAF HQ in the expectation that 'it would become Air Defense Command.'[8] CAF installations that were transferred to ADC included Mitchel Field (21 March 1946), Hamilton Army Airfield (21 March 1946), Myrtle Beach Army Air Field (27 March 1946), Shaw Field (1 April 1946), McChord Field (1 August 1946), Grandview Army Air Field (1 January 1952), Seymour Johnson Field (1 April 1956), and Tyndall Field (1 July 1957).
Командование ПВО было активировано 21 марта 1946 года в составе бывшей Четвертой воздушной армии CAF, бездействующей Десятой воздушной армии и Четырнадцатой воздушной армии, подлежащей определению . Вторая воздушная армия была возобновлена и добавлена 6 июня 1946 года. В декабре 1946 года была запланирована «Разработка радиолокационного оборудования для обнаружения и противодействия ракетам немецкого типа А-4 » в рамках проекта 414А Корпуса связи . [9] [2] : 207 «Отдаленная линия раннего предупреждения» была «впервые задумана – и отвергнута – в 1946 году». [2] : 2
Предложение 1947 года о 411 радиолокационных станциях и 18 центрах управления стоимостью 600 миллионов долларов [10] представляло собой план проекта «Превосходство» для послевоенного радиолокационного ограждения, который был отклонен командованием ПВО, поскольку «в нем не было предусмотрено создание сети между Аляской и Гренландией с флангами». охраняется самолетами и кораблями-пикетами [требуется] в течение 3–6 часов для предупреждения», [2] : 129 и «Конгресс не принял закона [ уточнить ], необходимого для поддержки предложенной системы». [2] (Весной и летом 1947 года 3 плана ADC AC&W остались без финансирования. [11] : 53 ) К 1948 году существовало только 5 станций AC&W, включая станцию Twin Lights в Нью-Джерси , открывшуюся в июне, и станцию Монтаук, штат Нью-Йорк». Станция воздушного предупреждения № 3 (5 июля) [12] — ср. радиолокационные станции САК , например, на участках взрыва в Далласе и Денвере [13] .
ADC стал подчиненным оперативным командованием Континентального авиационного командования 1 декабря 1948 года , а 27 июня 1950 года системы ПВО США начали круглосуточные операции через два дня после начала Корейской войны . [14] К тому времени, когда ADC была дезактивирована 1 июля 1950 года, ADC развернула радиолокационную сеть Lashup с существующими радарами на 43 объектах. Кроме того, для выполнения задания были призваны на действительную военную службу 36 истребительных подразделений ВВС Национальной гвардии . [10]
ADC was reinstated as a major command on 1 January 1951 at Mitchel Air Force Base, New York. A rudimentary command centre was established that year from a former hallway/latrine area.[15] The headquarters was moved to Ent Air Force Base in Colorado Springs on 8 January 1951. It received 21 former ConAC active-duty fighter squadrons (37 additional Air National Guard fighter squadrons if called to active duty). ADC was also assigned the 25th, 26th 27th and 28th Air Divisions (Defense)[14] ADC completed the Priority Permanent System network for Aircraft Warning and Control (ground-controlled interception) in 1952. Gaps were filled by additional Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar stations and the Ground Observation Corps (disbanded 1959).[10] In May 1954, ADC moved their initial, rudimentary command center into a "much improved 15,000-square-foot concrete block" building with "main battle control center".[16][17]
During the mid-1950s, planners devised the idea of extending the wall of powerful land-based radar seaward with Airborne early warning and control units. This was done by equipping two wings of Lockheed RC-121 Warning Star aircraft, the 551st Airborne Early Warning and Control Wing, based at Otis Air Force Base, Massachusetts, and the 552nd AEWCW, based at McClellan Air Force Base, California, one wing stationed on each coast. The RC-121s, EC-121s and Texas Towers, it was believed, would contribute to extending contiguous east-coast radar coverage some 300 to 500 miles seaward. In terms of the air threat of the 1950s, this meant a gain of at least 30 extra minutes warning time of an oncoming bomber attack.[18]ADC's Operation Tail Wind on 11–12 July tested its augmentation plan that required Air Training Command interceptors participate in an air defense emergency. A total of seven ATC bases actively participated in the exercise, deploying aircraft and aircrews and supporting the ADC radar net.[19] As the USAF prepared to deploy the Tactical Air Command E-3 Sentry in the later 1970s, active-duty units were phased out EC-121 operations by the end of 1975. All remaining EC-121s were transferred to the Air Force Reserve, which formed the 79th AEWCS at Homestead Air Force Base, Florida in early 1976. The active duty force continued to provide personnel to operate the EC-121s on a 24-hour basis, assigning Detachment 1, 20th Air Defense Squadron to Homestead AFB as associate active duty crews to fly the Reserve-owned aircraft. Besides monitoring Cuban waters, these last Warning Stars also operated from NAS Keflavik, Iceland. Final EC-121 operations ended in September 1978.
The United States Army Air Forces activated Air Defense Command (ADC) in 1946, with a Numbered Air Force of the former Continental Air Forces, from which it took its mission of air warning and air defense. In September 1947, it became part of the newly established United States Air Force. The command become a subordinate organization of Continental Air Command (ConAC) on 1 December 1948. ConAC gradually assumed direct charge of ADC air defense components, and ADC inactivated on 1 July 1950. But five months later, on 10 November 1950, Generals Vandenberg and Twining notified General Ennis C. Whitehead that "the Air Force had approved activation of a separate Air Defense Command [from CONAC] with headquarters on Ent."[20] The new command's mission was to be to stop a handful of conventionally armed piston engine-powered bombers on a one-way mission. The command was formally reactivated on 1 January 1951.
With advances in Soviet bombers, ADC completed improved radar networks and manned interceptors in the 1950s. At the end of the decade it computerized Air Defense Direction Centers to allow air defense controllers to more quickly review integrated military air defense warning (MADW) data and dispatch defenses (e.g., surface-to-air missiles in 1959). ADC began missile warning and space surveillance missions in 1960 and 1961, and established a temporary missile warning network for the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. In 1968 it was redesignated Aerospace Defense Command (ADCOM).
In 1975, ADCOM became a specified command and the United States' executive agent in the North American Air Defense Command—the single CINCNORAD/CINCAD commanded both. ADCOM's last surface-to-air missiles were taken off alert in 1972, and the Federal Aviation Administration took over many of ADCOM's SAGE radar stations.
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM interceptors/bases and remaining air warning radar stations transferred to Tactical Air Command (TAC), with these "atmospheric" units assigned to Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC). ADCOM's missile warning and space surveillance installations transferred in 1979 to the Strategic Air Command's Directorate of Space and Missile Warning Systems (SAC/SX),[21]) and the North American Aerospace Defense Command's Air Force Element, NORAD/ADCOM (AFENA)[21], which was redesignated the Aerospace Defense Center.[22] The command was inactivated on 31 March 1980.
With the disestablishment of TAC and SAC in 1992, the Aerospace Defense Center, the ADCOM specified command organizations, along with SAC's missile warning and space surveillance installations. became part of Air Force Space Command (AFSPC). Air Force Space Command activated its headquarters in the same Chidlaw Building where ADCOM had been inactivated.
ADC had four day-type fighter squadrons (FDS) in 1946. The ADC interceptor force grew to ninety-three (93) active Air Force fighter interceptor squadrons, seventy-six (76) Air National Guard fighter interceptor squadrons, several U.S. Navy fighter squadrons, USAF and USN airborne early warning squadrons, radar squadrons, training squadrons, and numerous support units that have played important roles in our nation's defense.[14]
The first ADC interceptor, the P-61 Black Widow, did not have the capabilities to engage the Soviet Tu-4 bomber. Its successor, the F-82 Twin Mustang, was even more disappointing. It took a long time to get into production and did not perform well in inclement weather.[24][25]
The early jet fighters, such as the F-80 Shooting Star and F-84 Thunderjet, lacked all-weather capability and were deemed useless for air defense purposes. Much hope was placed on two jet-powered interceptors, the XP-87 Blackhawk and the XP-89 Scorpion. (Designations changed to XF-87 and XF-89.) They, in turn, also proved to be inadequate: the XF-87 was cancelled and the Scorpion underwent extensive redesign.[26][27]
The first-generation jets gave way to all-weather dedicated interceptor jets. The F-94 Starfire was pressed into service as an "interim" interceptor, and North American in 1949 pushed an interceptor version of the Sabre, the F-86D. Despite the demands its complexity made upon a single pilot, the F-86D was backed by senior Air Force officials. Some 2,504 would be built and it would in time be the most numerous interceptor in the Air Defense Command fleet, with more than 1,000 in service by the end of 1955[28]
The F-86D was not ideal, however; its afterburner consumed a great deal of fuel in getting it to altitude, and the pilot was overburdened by cockpit tasks. The F-89D was modified to accept AIM-4 Falcon guided missiles (F-89H) and AIR-2 Genie atomic warhead rockets (F-89J) as armament. The F-86D was modified (F-86L) to include an FDDL SAGE data link that permitted automatic ground control. The F-86L and F-89H became available in 1956, and the F-89J in 1957.[28]
The first of the Century Series supersonic interceptors was the F-102A Delta Dagger in 1956, followed by the F-104A Starfighter in 1958. The F-101B Voodoo and F-106 Delta Dart were first received by ADC during the first half of 1959. By 1960, the ADC interceptor force was composed of the F-101, F-104, F-106, and the F-102.[29]
The North American F-108 Rapier was the first proposed successor to the F-106. It was to be capable of Mach 3 performance and was intended to serve as a long-range interceptor that could destroy attacking Soviet bombers over the poles before they could get near US territory. It was also to serve as the escort fighter for the XB-70 Valkyrie Mach-3 strategic bomber, also to be built by North American. The Air Force expected that the first F-108A would be ready for service by early 1963. An order for no less than 480 F-108s was anticipated.
However, by mid-1959, the Air Force was already beginning to experience some doubts about the high cost of the Rapier program. The primary strategic threat from the Soviet Union was now perceived to be its battery of intercontinental ballistic missiles instead of its force of long-range bombers. Against intercontinental ballistic missiles, the F-108A interceptor would be completely useless. In addition, the Air Force was increasingly of the opinion that unmanned intercontinental ballistic missiles could accomplish the mission of the B-70 Valkyrie/F-108 Rapier combination much more effectively and at far lower cost. Consequently, the F-108A project was cancelled in its entirety on 23 September 1959, before any prototypes could be built.
In 1968, ADCOM began the phaseout of the F-101 and F-102 interceptors from active duty units, with both types mostly being transferred to the Air National Guard. The F-101 would remain in a limited role on active duty until 1982, serving in such roles as towed target carrier aircraft and simulated enemy radar contacts for Airborne Weapons Controller students training for duties aboard the E-3 Sentry AWACS. The F-102 would see service until the mid-1980s as the PQM-102 aerial target drone. The F-106 Delta Dart was the primary air defense interceptor aircraft for the US Air Force during the 1970s and early 1980s. It was also the last dedicated interceptor in U.S. Air Force service to date. It was gradually retired during the 1980s, though the QF-106 drone conversions of the aircraft were used until 1998 as aerial targets under the FSAT program.[30]
B-57E Canberra dedicated Air Defense Command target towing aircraft were used for training of F-86D Sabre, F-94C Starfire, and F-89D Scorpion interceptors firing 2.75-inch Mk 4/Mk 40 Folding-Fin Aerial Rockets. Due to the nature of air-to-air weapon training requiring a large amount of air space, only a few locations were available for practice ranges. ADC assigned these aircraft to bases close to these large, restricted areas, and fighter-interceptor squadrons deployed to these bases for this type of "hot fire" training which took place in these ranges.
Артиллерийские школы располагались на авиабазе Юма , штат Аризона ( 17-я эскадрилья по буксировке мишеней (TTS)), а позже переехали на авиабазу Макдилл , Флорида, где обучение продолжалось над Мексиканским заливом . С переездом во Флориду на авиабазе Джордж в Калифорнии была сформирована 3-я группа TTS, которая проводила тренировки над пустыней Мохаве в Южной Калифорнии. Дополнительные подразделения были расположены на авиабазе Биггс , недалеко от Эль-Пасо, штат Техас (1-й TTS), а 4756-й TTS располагался на авиабазе Тиндалл , Флорида, для поддержки расположенного там Центра истребительного вооружения. ADC также поддерживала обучение за границей в Johnson AB , Япония (6-я эскадрилья Tow Target). Из авиабазы Джонсон B-57E переброшены в авиабазу Кларк , Филиппины; Авиабаза Андерсен , Гуам, авиабаза Наха , авиабаза Окинава и Итазуке , авиабаза Мисава и авиабаза Йокота — все они находятся в Японии для обучения эскадрилий перехватчиков, приписанных к этим базам. К концу 1957 года 6-я TTS была дезактивирована, а учебно-тренировочные самолеты «Канберра» были переданы в состав 8-й бомбардировочной эскадрильи авиабазы Джонсон. В Европе USAFE оказали поддержку эскадрилье учебно-стрелковых самолетов B-57E на авиабазе Wheelus в Ливии, где европейские перехватчики были развернуты для «боевой стрельбы» над обширным районом пустыни. [31]
Чтобы создать проблему для перехватчиков, B-57E буксировали пенопластовые отражатели радиолокационных целей в форме бомбы. Их можно было буксировать на большей высоте, чем 45-футовые баннеры с высоким сопротивлением, но по ним все равно можно было наносить удары. К 1960 году ракетные перехватчики уступили место перехватчикам F-102 Delta Dagger, стреляющим ракетами класса «воздух-воздух» AIM-4 Falcon с тепловым наведением . Это сделало задачу буксировки цели B-57E устаревшей, и B-57E были адаптированы к средствам электронного противодействия и самолетам-фальшивым целям (EB-57E) (см. Ниже). [31]
Чтобы покрыть боевые потери во Вьетнамской войне, вызванные двумя крупными наземными взрывами, двенадцать B-57E были переконфигурированы в боеспособные B-57B на заводе Мартин в конце 1965 года и переброшены в Юго-Восточную Азию для боевых бомбардировочных операций. Шесть других B-57E были переоборудованы в тактические разведывательные самолеты RB-57E «Патриция Линн» в 1966 году во время войны во Вьетнаме и эксплуатировались с авиабазы Таншоннят до 1971 года. [31]
The Bomarc Missile Program delivered the first CIM-10 Bomarc supersonic surface-to-air missile to ADC during September 1959 at Fort Dix's BOMARC Base No. 1 near the missile launch control center on McGuire AFB (groundbreaking for McGuire's Air Defense Direction Center to house the IBM AN/FSQ-7 Combat Direction Central for Bomarc ground-controlled interception had been in 1957.) To ensure probability of kill before bombers could drop their weapons, the AN/FSQ-7 used the Automatic Target and Battery Evaluation (ATABE) to determine which bombers/formations to assign to which manned interceptor base (e.g., using nuclear air-to-air missiles), which to assign to Bomarcs (e.g., with W-40 nuclear warheads) and if available, which to assign to the region's Nike Army Air Defense Command Post (that also had ATABE software for efficiently coordinating fire from multiple Hercules missile batteries.) Bomarc missiles bases were along the east and west coasts of North America and the central areas of the continent (e.g., Suffolk County Missile Annex was on Long Island, New York.) The supersonic Bomarc missiles were the first long-range anti-aircraft missiles in the world, and the longer range BOMARC B models required less time after erected until they could be launched.[32]
«Фейкер», или моделируемый самолет-мишень, совершил имитацию проникновения в секторы ПВО для тренировки станций GDI, центров управления противовоздушной обороной и эскадрилий перехватчиков. Первоначально используя модифицированные бомбардировщики B-25 Mitchell и B-29 Superfortress , самолеты выполняли боевые задачи в неожиданное, случайное время и пытались уклониться от прикрытия, летая на малых высотах и беспорядочно летая в разных направлениях, чтобы сбить с толку перехватчики. Самолет был модифицирован для установки оборудования электронного противодействия (ECM), чтобы попытаться сбить с толку операторов радаров. В 1957 году винтовые самолеты были сняты с производства и заменены средними бомбардировщиками Martin B-57, которые постепенно выводились из состава Тактического авиационного командования. Первоначально RB-57A из разведывательных подразделений были модифицированы, чтобы их бывшие отсеки для камер были переоборудованы для установки новейших систем радиоэлектронной борьбы, чтобы сбить с толку обороняющихся. Стойки крыльев, первоначально предназначенные для бомб, теперь несли разбрасыватели соломы, а место штурмана было заменено офицером радиоэлектронной борьбы (EWO). Модифицированные B-57 получили обозначение EB-57 (E — специальная электронная установка). [31]
Значительный реализм будет придан этим имитационным атакам агрессоров, выполняемым экипажами B-57. Часто несколько EB-57 использовались для формирования отдельных дорожек и обеспечения скоординированной атаки помех, что усложняло испытания. Когда они находились в зоне действия радара GCI и в ожидании перехвата, разбрасывалась солома, чтобы сбить с толку силы обороны, и включались электронные импульсы для подавления сигналов радара. Обороняющиеся перехватчики и станции GCI должны были определить правильный перехват. [31]
Units operating these specially equipped aircraft were designated Defense Systems Evaluation Squadrons (DSES). The 4713th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron was stationed for training in the Northeast. The 4713th also deployed frequently to USAFE in West Germany for training of NATO forces. The other was the 4677th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, which concentrated on Fighter Interceptor Squadron training for units in the Western United States. In 1974, the 4713th DSES was inactivated and its EB-57s were divided between two Air National Guard units and the 4677th DSES was redesignated as the 17th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron. This unit was inactivated in July 1979 and was the last to fly B-57s in the active duty USAF. It shared the Defense Systems Evaluation mission with the Kansas and Vermont Air National Guard. Defense Systems Evaluation operations were also carried out by the 6091st Reconnaissance Squadron, Yokota AB, Japan; later the 556th Reconnaissance Squadron and moved to Kadena AB, Okinawa. EB-57s were also deployed to Alaskan Air Command, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska, frequently.[31]
The 134th Defense Systems Evaluation Squadron, Vermont Air National Guard, retired its last EB-57 in 1983, and the operational use of the B-57 Canberra ended.[31] ADC supported 4-story SAGE blockhouses were hardened for overpressures of 5 psi (34 kPa).[33] NORAD sector direction center (NSDCs) also had air defense artillery director (ADAD) consoles [and an Army] ADA battle staff officer." The sector direction centers automatically communicated crosstelling of "SAGE reference track data" to/from adjacent sectors' DCs and to 10 Project Nike Missile Master Army Air Defense Command Posts.[34]
From 1 September 1954 until 1975, ADC was a component of the unified Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) along with the Army's ARAACOM (1957 ARADCOM) and until 1965, the Navy's NAVFORCONAD. The USAF as the executive CONAD agent initially used ADC's:
ADC'a Permanent System radar stations were used for CONAD target data, along with Navy picket ships (Atlantic and Pacific Barrier until 1965) and Army Project Nike "target acquisition radars". A CONAD reorganization that started in 1956 created a separate multi-service CONAD headquarters staff (with an Air Force Element), separated command of ADC from CINCONAD, and in 1957 added Alaskan Air Command and Northeast Air Command components to ADC[17] Former NEAC installations in the smaller "Canadian Northeast Area" were transferred to the Canadian Air Defence Command.[35] (e.g., the Hall Beach DEW Line station constructed 1955–1957[36]--cf. Canada's Hopedale stations of the 1954 Pinetree Line and 1957 Mid-Canada Line.)
64th Air Division personnel were assigned to main stations of the 1957 DEW Line and annually inspected auxiliary/intermediate DEW stations maintained by the "DEW M&O Contractor[35]." On 1 March 1957 CONAD reduced the number of ADC interceptor squadrons on alert for the Air Defense Identification Zone.[37] "At the end of 1957, ADC operated 182 radar stations…32 had been added during the last half of the year as low-altitude, unmanned gap-filler radars. The total consisted of 47 gap-filler stations, 75 Permanent System radars, 39 semimobile radars, 19 Pinetree stations,…1 Lashup[-era] radar and a single Texas Tower".[38] After the NORAD agreement was signed on 12 May 1958, ADC became a NORAD component.[39]
By 30 June 1958, the planned ADC anti-ICBM processing facility to coordinate the ABM missile fire was considered "the heart of the entire [planned] ballistic missile defense system[41] (conceived to have Nike Zeus[42] and Wizard missiles.) On 19 October 1959, HQ USAF assigned ADC the "planning responsibility" for eventual operations of the Missile Defense Alarm System to detect ICBM launches with infrared sensors on space vehicles.[43]
ADC's BMEWS Central Computer and Display Facility was built as an austere network center (instead of for coordinating anti-ICBM fire) which "at midnight on 30 September I960…achieved initial operational capability" (IOC). On 1 July 1961 for space surveillance, ADC took over the Laredo Test Site and the Trinidad Air Station from Rome Air Development Center.[23] The "1st Aero" cadre at the Hanscom AFB NSSCC moved 496L System operations in July 1961 to Ent's "SPADATS Center"[44] in the annex of building P4. Operational BMEWS control of the Thule Site J RCA AN/FPS-50 Radar Sets transferred from RCA to ADC on 5 January 1962 (the 12MWS activated in 1967.) By 30 June 1962, integration of ADC's BMEWS CC&DF and the SPADATS Center was completed at Ent AFB,[45] and the Air Forces Iceland transferred from Military Air Transport Service to ADC on 1 July 1962.
The 9th ADD established the temporary 1962 "Cuban Missile Early Warning System" for the missile crisis. Responsibility for a USAFSS squadron's AN/FPS-17 radar station in Turkey for missile test monitoring transferred to ADC on 1 July 1963, the same date the site's AN/FPS-79 achieved IOC.[46] By January 1963, ADC's Detachment 3 of the 9th Aerospace Defense Division (9th ADD) was providing space surveillance data from the Moorestown BMEWS station "to a Spacetrack Analysis Center at Colorado Springs."[47] On 31 December 1965, Forward Scatter Over-the-Horizon network data from the 440L Data Reduction Center was being received by ADC for missile warning, and a NORAD plan for 1 April 1966 was for ADC to "reorganize its remaining 26th, 28th, 29th, and 73d Air Divisions into four air forces."[48]
20-я эскадрилья наблюдения в 1966 году начала операции с фазированной решеткой ADC с радаром проекта Space Track на авиабазе Эглин Зона C-6 (IOC фазированной решетки Эглин был в 1969 году, а CMEWS Северной Дакоты «начал передавать» данные фазированной решетки PARCS в NORAD в 1977 году после «модифицированный для миссии ADCOM» [21] .
Заявив в марте 1958 года, что «армейский ZEUS не обладает потенциалом роста, чтобы справиться с возможной тактикой уклонения противника и противодействия», ВВС США аналогичным образом к началу 1959 года определили, что запланированная ракета Wizard «нерентабельна» против боеголовок межконтинентальных баллистических ракет. [49] — Армия Зевса развернула преемников против межконтинентальных баллистических ракет (система SAFEGUARD, 1975–6) и космических аппаратов ( атолл Джонстон, 1962–75 ). После испытаний противоспутниковых испытаний High Virgo 1959 года (на Эксплорере 5 ), 1959 года Bold Orion ( Эксплорера 6 ) и 1963 года Проекта 505 ( Найк Зевс ) (ядерный взрыв последнего уничтожил спутник), Командование систем ВВС ASM- 135 ASAT столкнулся со спутником в 1984 году.
Консолидированное командование ADC . Программа управления и связи, 1965–1972 финансовый год [48] стала результатом 196-кратного «исследования ADC-NORAD PAGE» по замене SAGE/BUIC на первичную автоматизированную наземную среду (PAGE). [50] Программа совместной Национальной воздушной системы Министерства обороны США и ФАУ (NAS) [51] привела к заключению соглашений Министерства обороны США и ФАУ о создании общей системы наблюдения за воздушными судами, [52] с ФАУ «по автоматизации своей новой Национальной системы воздушного пространства (NAS)». центры». [48] По оценкам ADC, его часть «будет стоить около 6 миллионов долларов, а ежегодные затраты на эксплуатацию, техническое обслуживание и связь — около 3,5 миллионов долларов» [52] («Первый BUIC III должен был начаться в апреле 1967 года на Z-50, Саратога-Спрингс». ".) [50]
По мере расширения космической миссии командование с 15 января 1968 года изменило свое название на Командование аэрокосмической обороны (ADCOM). В рамках ADCOM упор был сделан на системы обнаружения и предупреждения баллистических ракет и космического наблюдения, а система атмосферного обнаружения и предупреждения, которая с 1950-х годов находилась в состоянии почти непрерывного расширения и совершенствования, пришла в упадок. [14]
BOMARC, for example, was dropped from the weapons inventory, and the F-101 and F-102 passed from the regular Air Force inventory into the National Guard. To save funds and manpower, drastic reductions were made in the number of long range radar stations, the number of interceptor squadrons, and in the organizational structure. By 1968 the DOD was making plans to phase down the current air defense system and transition to a new system which included an Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS), Over-the-Horizon Backscatter (OTH-B) radar, and an improved F-106 interceptor aircraft.[14]
The changing emphasis in the threat away from the manned bomber and to the ballistic missile brought reorganization and reduction in aerospace defense resources and personnel and almost continuous turmoil in the management structure. The headquarters of the Continental Air Defense Command (CONAD) and ADC were combined on 1 July 1973. Six months later in February 1973, ADC was reduced to 20 fighter squadrons and a complete phaseout of air defense missile batteries.[14]
Continental Air Command was disestablished on 1 July 1975 and Aerospace Defense Command became a specified command by direction of the JCS. Reductions and reorganizations continued into the last half of the 1970s, but while some consideration was given to closing down the major command headquarters altogether and redistributing field resources to other commands, such a move lacked support in the Air Staff.[14]
In early 1977 strong Congressional pressure to reduce management "overhead", and the personal conviction of the USAF Chief of Staff that substantial savings could be realized without a reduction in operational capability, moved the final "reorganization" of ADCOM to center stage. Two years of planning followed, but by late 1979 the Air Force was ready to carry it through. It was conducted in two phases:[14]
On 1 October 1979 ADCOM atmospheric defense resources (interceptors, warning radars, and associated bases and personnel) were transferred to Tactical Air Command. They were placed under Air Defense, Tactical Air Command (ADTAC), compatible to a Numbered Air Force under TAC. With this move many Air National Guard units that had an air defense mission also came under the control of TAC. ADTAC was headquartered at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado, with North American Aerospace Defense Command. In essence, Tactical Air Command became the old Continental Air Command. On the same date, electronic assets went to the Air Force Communications Service (AFCS).[14]
On 1 December 1979 missile warning and space surveillance assets were transferred to Strategic Air Command. On the same date the Aerospace Defense Center, a Direct Reporting Unit, was established from the remnants of ADCOM headquarters.[14]
ADCOM, as a specified command, continued as the United States component of NORAD, but the major air command was inactivated on 31 March 1980. The unit designation of the MAJCOM reverted to the control of the Department of the Air Force.[14]
.Примечание: Приписан к авиабазе Олмстед , штат Пенсильвания , но никогда не был оборудован и укомплектован персоналом. Не путать с Одиннадцатой воздушной армией , входившей в состав Воздушного командования Аляски.
Станции были недостаточно укомплектованы персоналом, персоналу не хватало подготовки, а ремонт и обслуживание были затруднены. Эта временная система позже будет заменена постоянной сетью из 75 станций, санкционированной Конгрессом и одобренной президентом в 1949 году… Чтобы быть ближе к ConAC, ARAACOM 1 ноября 1950 года переехала на авиабазу Митчел в Нью-Йорке.
«Радарные станции BUIC II будут способны включать данные из других секторов радаров непосредственно на экраны своих радаров.
24 июля 1945 года 206-я дивизия была переименована в 63-ю AAFBU (RBS), а три недели спустя была переведена в Митчелл-Филд, штат Нью-Йорк, и передана под командование Континентальных ВВС.
В сентябре 1956 года… JCS передало ответственность за системы противовоздушной обороны на Аляске и северо-востоке Канады от объединенного командования в этих районах КОНАД.
Новое Космическое командование будет сформировано 1 сентября 1982 года.
[и]
оно будет построено на базе существующего штаба
Центра аэрокосмической обороны
.
"Project MADRE (Magnetic Drum Radar Equipment)."
In July 1961, the National Space Surveillance and Control Center (NSSCC) was discontinued as the new SPADATS Center became operational at Ent AFB, Colorado. Officially, this marked the beginning of aerospace operations by CINCNORAD.[clarification needed]