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Малая лига бейсбола

Minor League Baseball ( MiLB ) — профессиональная бейсбольная организация, стоящая ниже Главной лиги бейсбола (MLB), включающая команды, связанные с клубами MLB.

Вступая в сезон 2021 года, количество аффилированных с MLB младших лиг полного сезона с командами в Соединенных Штатах и ​​Канаде было сокращено до 11, с общим числом команд 120 (по четыре на каждую из 30 франшиз MLB). [1] Также есть две аффилированные лиги новичков, базирующиеся в Соединенных Штатах, с командами, базирующимися в весенних тренировочных комплексах родительских клубов в Аризоне и Флориде , межсезонная осенняя лига и одна аффилированная лига новичков в Доминиканской Республике . Кроме того, четыре независимые лиги связаны с MiLB.

Организация

Игра лиги класса А-Advanced California League в Сан-Хосе, Калифорния , в 1994 году.
Уилл Раймс отбивает мяч во время игры класса А между командами West Michigan Whitecaps и Kane County Cougars в сентябре 2006 года.
Coca-Cola Park в Аллентауне, штат Пенсильвания , домашний стадион Lehigh Valley IronPigs , дочерней команды Philadelphia Phillies , в апреле 2009 года.
Игра Double-A 2011 года между Montgomery Biscuits и Carolina Mudcats на стадионе Five County Stadium в Зебулоне, Северная Каролина, в августе 2011 года.
Джейк Томпсон играет за команду GCL Tigers против GCL Blue Jays в сентябре 2012 года.
Талисманы низшей лиги на игре Pawtucket Red Sox Triple-A в Потакете, Род-Айленд, в августе 2016 года.

Начиная с сезона 2022 года система низшей лиги делится на четыре класса: Triple-A (AAA), Double-A (AA), High-A (A+) и Single-A (A). [a] Франшизы Главной лиги бейсбола также могут содержать одну или две команды новичков на основе сложных команд в Arizona Complex League или Florida Complex League и международные летние бейсбольные команды в Dominican Summer League . В то время как команды высшей лиги играют по графику из 162 игр, сезоны низшей лиги короче. По состоянию на 2022 год полный сезон в Triple-A составляет 150 игр, [2] Double-A — 138 игр, а High-A и Single-A — по 132 игры. [3] В дополнение к нижеперечисленным организованным лигам, межсезонная Arizona Fall League состоит из шести команд, которые играют примерно по 30 игр каждая осенью, с составами, включающими лучших перспективных игроков, связанных с каждым из шести дивизионов MLB.

Трипл-А

В настоящее время эта классификация включает в себя две дочерние лиги: Международную лигу из 20 команд и Лигу Тихоокеанского побережья из 10 команд , известные как Triple-A East и Triple-A West соответственно, в сезоне 2021 года. [4] [5] На протяжении большей части 20-го века в Triple-A также входила Американская ассоциация , базирующаяся на Среднем Западе, но эта лига была расформирована, а ее клубы были поглощены двумя другими лигами в рамках реорганизации уровня Triple-A в 1997 году. Международная лига объединяет команды с Атлантического побережья и Среднего Запада США, в то время как Лига Тихоокеанского побережья объединяет команды с Тихоокеанского побережья и юго-запада.

Как молодые игроки, так и ветераны играют за команды Triple-A. Родительские клубы часто держат игроков, которые входят в список из 40 человек , но не в активный список MLB, на уровне Triple-A. Такие игроки имеют право быть добавленными в активный список команды высшей лиги. Для команд, борющихся за место в плей-офф в конце сезона, это дает им свежих игроков, в то время как для команд, не участвующих в борьбе, это дает им возможность оценить своих игроков второго уровня в сравнении с конкурентами высшей лиги. [6] Некоторые игроки Triple-A являются «карьерными игроками низшей лиги», бывшими перспективными игроками, рост навыков которых остановился, и которые вряд ли перейдут в MLB, разве что в качестве временной замены. [7]

Double-A

В настоящее время в этой классификации три лиги: Восточная лига из 12 команд , известная как Double-A Northeast в сезоне 2021 года, с командами из северо-восточного и среднеатлантического регионов США, Южная лига из восьми команд (известная как Double-A South в сезоне 2021 года) с командами из Глубокого Юга и Техасская лига из 10 команд (известная как Double-A Central в сезоне 2021 года) с командами из Юго-Запада и Великих равнин. [5] [8]

Некоторые игроки переходят в высшую лигу с этого уровня, так как многие из лучших перспективных игроков попадают сюда, чтобы играть друг против друга, а не против ветеранов низшей и высшей лиги в Triple-A. [7] Небольшая группа игроков может быть помещена сюда для начала, обычно ветераны из иностранных лиг с большим опытом в профессиональном бейсболе. Обычно ожидается, что эти игроки-ветераны попадут в высшую лигу к концу сезона, так как их зарплаты, как правило, выше, чем у большинства перспективных игроков.

Высокий-А

На уровень ниже Double-A находится уровень High-A, который до 2021 года назывался «Class A-Advanced». Эта классификация имеет три лиги: Midwest League из 12 команд, известная как High-A Central в сезоне 2021 года, охватывающая Средний Запад, Northwest League из шести команд , известная как High-A West в сезоне 2021 года, с командами на Тихоокеанском Северо-Западе, и South Atlantic League из 12 команд , известная как High-A East в сезоне 2021 года, с командами в восточных штатах. Все три лиги были реклассифицированы до сезона 2021 года, при этом Midwest League и South Atlantic League были повышены из Single-A, а Northwest League — из Class A Short Season. [9]

Этот уровень игры часто является вторым или третьим повышением для игрока низшей лиги, хотя некоторые высокопоставленные игроки первого раунда драфта, особенно те, у кого есть опыт игры в студенческий бейсбол , начинают именно с этого уровня.

Одиночный-А

Ниже уровня High-A находится Single-A, который до 2021 года назывался «Class A», тогда он также был известен как Single-A или Full-Season A, [b] и «Low-A» для сезона 2021 года. Эта классификация имеет три лиги: California League с 8 командами , известная как Low-A West для сезона 2021 года, расположенная полностью в Калифорнии , Carolina League с 12 командами , известная как Low-A East для сезона 2021 года, и Florida State League с 10 командами , известная как Low-A Southeast для сезона 2021 года. Все три лиги были понижены с High-A до Single-A с сезона 2021 года.

Эти лиги представляют собой смесь игроков, переходящих из лиг новичков, а также иногда опытных игроков-новичков. Большинство команд в лиге штата Флорида принадлежат родительским клубам высшей лиги и используют их весенние тренировочные комплексы.

В 2022 году официальное название класса стало Single-A. [10]

Новобранец

Младшие лиги с классификацией Rookie играют укороченный сезон, который традиционно начинался в середине июня и заканчивался в конце августа или начале сентября. Этот низший уровень низшей бейсбольной лиги состоит из двух базирующихся в США лиг, Arizona Complex League и Florida Complex League , известных как Arizona League и Gulf Coast League соответственно, до 2021 года, и одной базирующейся в Карибском море лиги, Dominican Summer League .

Базирующиеся в США лиги новичков играют по расписанию примерно из 60 игр и называются «комплексными лигами», поскольку игры проводятся в весенних тренировочных комплексах их родительских клубов. Составы в основном состоят из недавно набранных игроков, которые еще не готовы к более высокому уровню игры. Эти лиги предназначены почти исключительно для того, чтобы позволить игрокам оттачивать свои навыки; вход бесплатный, и никакие льготы не продаются.

Начиная с сезона 2024 года сезоны Arizona Complex League и Florida Complex League начинаются в начале мая и заканчиваются в конце июля, чтобы предоставить игрокам с предыдущим опытом участия в Dominican Summer League возможность провести полный сезон в профессиональном бейсболе в США без необходимости конкурировать за игровое время с недавно выбранными игроками, выбранными на июльском драфте Главной лиги бейсбола . [11] Этот скорректированный график также позволяет лучшим игрокам уровня Rookie в каждой организации повышаться до класса Single-A на последние два месяца профессионального бейсбольного сезона по завершении сезонов Complex League.

Размеры состава и ограничения на игроков

Начиная с сезона 2024 года, каждый клуб высшей лиги может иметь не более 165 игроков, назначенных в списки своих национальных филиалов (т. е. Triple-A, Double-A, High-A, Single-A и Complex-League Rookie) — за исключением международных игроков, назначенных в Доминиканскую летнюю лигу, которые еще не были назначены в национальный филиал, а также игроков, включенных в списки травмированных на 60 дней и на весь сезон низшей лиги — в течение сезона низшей лиги, с лимитом в 175 отечественных игроков в межсезонье. [12] В течение сезона низшей лиги используются следующие лимиты состава для каждой классификации:

Лиги и объединения

Младшие лиги

Трипл-А

Double-A

Высокий-А

Одиночный-А

Новобранец

Межсезонные лиги

Демонстрационная лига

Партнерские лиги

Членство в Высшей лиге

Карта

Младшая лига бейсбола находится в Соединенных Штатах.
Быки
Быки
Метс
Метс
Тузы
Тузы
Ядра
Ядра
Раки
Раки
Метс
Метс
Текущее местоположение команды:
  • Международная лига
  • Лига Тихоокеанского побережья
  • Восточная лига
  • Южная Лига
  • Техасская лига
  • Лига Среднего Запада
  • Северо-западная лига
  • Южноатлантическая лига
  • Калифорнийская лига
  • Лига Каролины
  • Лига штата Флорида
  • Будущая команда

Составы команд

Ранняя история

Джо Ди Маджио во время игры в Тихоокеанской лиге ,  1930-е годы
Патрик Т. Пауэрс , первый президент Национальной ассоциации профессиональных игроков в бейсбол
Джиггер Статц сыграл более чем в 2500 матчах низшей лиги.

Самая ранняя профессиональная бейсбольная лига, Национальная ассоциация профессиональных бейсболистов 1871–1875 годов, обычно именуемая Национальной ассоциацией, [c] включала все полностью профессиональные команды. Однако эта система оказалась неработоспособной, поскольку не было способа обеспечить конкурентный баланс, а финансово несостоятельные клубы часто терпели крах в середине сезона. Эта проблема была решена в 1876 году с образованием Национальной лиги (NL) с ограниченным членством, которое исключало менее конкурентоспособные и финансово слабые команды. Профессиональные клубы за пределами NL отреагировали формированием собственных региональных ассоциаций. Был ряд специальных группировок, таких как Ассоциация Новой Англии 1877 года и Ассоциация Восточного чемпионата 1881 года. Это были свободные группы независимых клубов, которые согласились сыграть серию игр в течение одного сезона за чемпионский вымпел.

Первой настоящей низшей лигой традиционно считается Северо-Западная лига 1883–1884 годов. [14] В отличие от более ранних низших ассоциаций, она была задумана как постоянная организация. Она также, наряду с NL и Американской ассоциацией (AA), была участником Национального соглашения 1883 года . [14] В него было включено соглашение об уважении резервных списков клубов в каждой лиге. [14] Команды в NL и AA могли резервировать только игроков, которым платили не менее 1000 долларов. Команды Северо-Западной лиги могли резервировать игроков, которым платили 750 долларов, неявно устанавливая разделение на высшие и низшие лиги. В течение следующих двух десятилетий больше низших лиг подписали различные версии Национального соглашения. В конце концов, низшие лиги объединились для совместных переговоров.

В конце 1890-х годов Западная лига под руководством Бана Джонсона решила бросить вызов позиции NL. В 1900 году он изменил название лиги на Американскую лигу (AL) и поклялся заключать сделки по подписанию контрактов с игроками, которые были недовольны оплатой и условиями своих сделок с NL. Это привело к войне за сферы влияния, которая в 1901 году разгорелась достаточно сильно, чтобы обеспокоить Патрика Т. Пауэрса , президента Восточной лиги, и многих других владельцев низших лиг по поводу конфликта, потенциально затрагивающего их организации. Представители различных низших лиг встретились в отеле Leland в Чикаго 5 сентября 1901 года. [15] В ответ на битву NL–AL они договорились о создании Национальной ассоциации профессиональных бейсбольных лиг (NAPBL), иногда сокращаемой до Национальной ассоциации (NA), [c] которая позже примет торговое название «Младшая бейсбольная лига». [16] Целью NAPBL в то время было сохранение независимости вовлеченных лиг. Некоторые не подписали соглашение и продолжили работать независимо. Пауэрс был назначен первым президентом NAPBL, офисы которой были открыты в Оберне, штат Нью-Йорк .

В 1903 году конфликт между AL и NL завершился Национальным соглашением 1903 года , в соответствии с которым была создана Национальная бейсбольная комиссия для надзора за высшими и низшими лигами. [17] NAPBL была вовлечена в более поздние стадии переговоров по разработке правил приобретения игроков из своих лиг NL и AL. Соглашение 1903 года гарантировало, что команды получат компенсацию за игроков, на поиск и развитие которых они потратили время и усилия, и ни одна команда NA не была обязана продавать своих игроков, хотя большинство так и делали, потому что наличные были важным источником дохода для большинства команд. Лиги NA по-прежнему были крайне независимы, и термин « второстепенный» редко использовался по отношению к ним, за исключением спортивных обозревателей крупного рынка. Спортивные новости, как и большинство новостей в целом, часто не распространялись далеко в дни до появления радио и телевидения, поэтому, хотя лиги часто огрызались на описания крупных обозревателей рынка, они считали себя независимыми спортивными предприятиями. Многие бейсбольные авторы того времени считали величайших игроков низших лиг, таких как Базз Арлетт , Джиггер Статц , Айк Бун , Бадди Райан , Эрл Рапп и Фрэнк Шелленбек , сопоставимыми с игроками высшей лиги. Лиги в Северной Америке не могли по-настоящему называться низшими, пока Бранч Рики не разработал первую современную фермерскую систему в 1930-х годах. Комиссар бейсбола , Кенесо Маунтин Лэндис, боролся со схемой Рики, но, в конечном счете, Великая депрессия заставила команды создавать системы, подобные системе Рики, чтобы обеспечить постоянный приток игроков, поскольку многие команды Северной Америки и независимые команды не могли позволить себе держать свои двери открытыми без покровительства Главной лиги бейсбола. Лиги Северной Америки стали подчиняться высшим лигам, создавая первые низшие лиги в современном смысле этого слова. За исключением Тихоокеанской лиги (PCL), которая под руководством своего президента Пэнтса Роуленда пыталась стать третьей крупной лигой в западных штатах, остальные лиги сохраняли автономию только номинально, будучи полностью экономически зависимыми от AL и NL.

В 1922 году решение Верховного суда США по делу Федерального бейсбольного клуба против Национальной лиги (259 US 200), которое предоставляет бейсболу особый иммунитет от антимонопольного законодательства , оказало большое влияние на низшие лиги. Особый иммунитет означал, что AL и NL могли диктовать условия, на которых каждая независимая лига вела бизнес. К 1925 году высшая лига бейсбола установила фиксированную сумму покупки в размере 5000 долларов за контракт любого игрока из команды-члена лиги NA. Эта мера была направлена ​​в первую очередь на Baltimore Orioles , тогдашнюю команду Triple-A, которая доминировала в низших лигах, удерживая игроков дольше, чем многие конкуренты, позволяя игрокам более полно развиваться, повышая их продажную стоимость для команд высшей лиги и давая Балтимору преимущество в талантах. Лишенные этой возможности из-за политики фиксированной платы, команды низшей лиги не имели иного выбора, кроме как продавать игроков, как только они привлекали интерес высшей лиги.

История классификации

19 век

Самые ранние классификации, используемые в низших лигах, появились около 1890 года для команд, которые были участниками Национального соглашения 1883 года. [18] : 15  Различные уровни представляли собой различные уровни защиты контрактов игроков и резервных положений : [18] : 15 

20 век

После основания Национальной ассоциации профессиональных бейсбольных лиг в 1901 году классификации были пересмотрены: [19] [20] [21]

† Плата за драфт устанавливает сумму, в которую команда более высокого класса может выбрать игрока; для класса A это не применимо, поскольку каждая команда должна вести переговоры с заинтересованным клубом высшей лиги.
‡ Плата за защиту резервирует игрока для команды даже после истечения срока действия контракта, не позволяя игроку искать работу в любой другой команде.

Все низшие лиги были классифицированы, [18] : 15  и имели следующие назначения в начале сезона 1902 года: [18] : 187–189 

Дополнительные классификации, добавленные до Второй мировой войны, включали: [18] : 15–16 

Послевоенные изменения

Джеки Робинсон в составе «Triple-A Montreal Royals» в июле 1946 года.

В 1946 году, когда низшие лиги были готовы к беспрецедентному росту, классификации более высокого уровня были изменены. Был создан класс AAA («Triple-A»), и три округа Double-A ( Pacific Coast League , International League и American Association ) были реклассифицированы в Triple-A. [18] : 15  Класс A1 (состоящий из Texas League, которая в последний раз действовала в 1942 году, и Southern Association) стал классом AA. [18] : 15  Класс A остался третьей по величине классификацией, с более низкими уровнями по-прежнему ранжировались от Class B до Class D в порядке убывания, причем Class D был эквивалентом более поздних Rookie leagues. Влияние Корейской войны в 1950 году вызвало нехватку игроков во многих городах ниже Class B.

In 1952, the "Open" classification was created.[24] The Pacific Coast League (PCL), which had been rated Triple-A since 1946, was the only minor league to obtain this classification, which it held through 1957.[25] At this time, the major leagues only extended as far west as St. Louis, Missouri, and as far south as Washington, D.C. This classification severely restricted the rights of the major leagues to draft players out of the PCL, and at the time it seemed like the PCL would eventually become a third major league.[24] The PCL would revert to Triple-A in 1958,[26] due to increasing television coverage of major league games and in light of the Dodgers and Giants moving to Los Angeles and San Francisco, respectively.[25]

Reorganization of 1963

A significant reorganization of the minor leagues took place in 1963, caused by the contraction of clubs and leagues during the 1950s and early 1960s. In 1949, the peak of the postwar minor league baseball boom, 448 teams in 59 leagues were members of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues, with the number of teams falling to 324 in 1952, and 243 in 1955.[27][28] By the end of 1963, only 15 leagues above Rookie-level survived in the United States and Canada.[18]: 525–527 

After the 1962 season, the Triple-A American Association—which had lost key markets such as Milwaukee, Kansas City, Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Houston to the Major Leagues since 1953—disbanded. The surviving International and Pacific Coast leagues absorbed the four remaining American Association franchises. Meanwhile, at the Double-A level and below there were even more significant changes:

Designations below Class A disappeared because the lower levels could not sustain operation during a large downturn in the financial fortunes of minor league baseball, due to factors including the rise of television broadcasts of major league sports across broad regions of the country. As part of the 1963 reorganization, Major League clubs increased their commitments to affiliate with minor league teams through Player Development Contracts, outright ownerships, or shared affiliations and co-op arrangements.[29]

Further changes after 1963

The minor league system that evolved following the 1963 reorganization remained in place through 2020, categorizing leagues into one of six classes: Triple-A (AAA), Double-A (AA), Class A-Advanced (High A or A+), Class A (Low A), Class A Short Season, and Rookie. Furthermore, Rookie was further informally subdivided into Rookie Advanced, complex-based Rookie, and international summer baseball.

There have also been some failed start-up leagues. During the 1970s, three official minor leagues (members of NAPBL) attempted unsuccessfully to revive unaffiliated baseball (teams not associated with specific MLB franchises) within the organized baseball structure. These were the Class A Gulf States League (1976) and Lone Star League (1977), and the Triple-A Inter–American League (1979). None lasted more than a full season.

Reorganization of 2021

Rob Manfred

In October 2019, Baseball America reported that Major League Baseball had proposed dramatic changes to MiLB that would take effect after expiration of the Professional Baseball Agreement, which governed the MLB–MiLB relationship, at the end of the 2020 season. This included the elimination of many minor league teams.[33][34]

In mid-November 2019, more than 100 members of the United States Congress signed a letter sent to Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred opposing the proposal, noting that it "is not in the best interest of the overall game of baseball" and that it would "devastate our communities, their bond purchasers and other stakeholders affected by the potential loss of these clubs."[35] A response from MLB highlighted that the proposal aims to improve player travel and working conditions.[35]

On November 21, 2019, Minor League Baseball released a statement, asserting that it is "unnecessary and unacceptable to wipe out one-quarter of minor league teams" and characterized the proposal as a way "to improve the profitability of MLB".[36] Manfred rebuked Minor League Baseball for releasing the negotiations to the public and threatened to cut ties with MiLB altogether.[37]

The following changes, which represent the first significant overhaul of minor league classifications since 1963, have since been implemented:

Affiliate invites for 2021

When MLB teams announced their affiliates for the 2021 season on December 9, 2020, each of the 30 MLB teams had one affiliate at four levels—Triple-A, Double-A, High-A, and Low-A—for a total of 120 affiliated teams.[1] Approximately 40 teams lost their MLB affiliations; the Fresno Grizzlies were demoted from Triple-A to Low-A; and the majority of surviving clubs at High-A and Low-A swapped levels, with the former Florida State League and California League dropped down nearly as intact units and the Northwest League and Midwest League promoted with 75% of their teams. The Carolina League dropped to Low-A with seven of its ten teams and added five from the old South Atlantic League in trade; the SAL in turn moved to High-A with half of its previous 12-team roster, filling it out with two Carolina League High-A holdovers, one Midwest League returnee, and three formerly short-season New York-Penn League promotees.[1][42]

League realignment

On February 12, 2021, Major League Baseball announced new league alignments for all 120 affiliated Minor League Baseball clubs effective as of the 2021 season.[43] Contrary to previously published reports indicating that realignment would retain the names of the existing minor leagues, Major League Baseball elected to abandon the names of existing minor leagues in favor of a new, class- and region-based naming system.[44]

Triple-A was divided into two leagues:

Double-A was divided into three leagues:

High-A (formerly Class A-Advanced) was divided into three leagues:

Low-A (formerly Class A) was divided into three leagues:

The US-based Rookie-level leagues were renamed prior to starting play in late June; the former Gulf Coast League was renamed as the Florida Complex League and the former Arizona League was renamed as the Arizona Complex League.[45][46]

On March 16, 2022, Minor League Baseball announced that the historic league names were acquired by MLB. The region-based names were scrapped and the previous league names given to the new leagues that most closely resembled the old leagues.

The Low-A classification was also renamed Single-A.[47] Additionally, the International League was reorganized from three divisions to two: East and West.

Classification hierarchy

The following classifications, listed from highest to lowest, have existed since the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues (the formal name of Minor League Baseball) was established prior to the 1902 season. Only seasons where a change was made to the hierarchy are listed; class introductions after 1902 appear in bold font, while class eliminations appear in italics. Not all defined classifications were used each season.

Notes:

Players

Players of the Double-A Springfield Cardinals in July 2017

Major league clubs may only use players who are on the team's major league active roster in games; players on the active roster are selected from a 40-man major league reserve list (often called the 40-man roster). Effective with the 2020 Major League Baseball season, the active roster size for each team is 26 players for regular games and 27 players for scheduled doubleheaders, with the roster size expanding to 28 players from September 1 through the end of the regular season.[48] Prior to the 2020 season, the active roster size from the start of the regular season until September 1 was 25 players, with a 26th player allowed for a scheduled doubleheader.[49] From September 1 to the end of the regular season, teams were allowed to expand their active rosters up to 40 players, the size of the major league reserve list.

Players on the 40-man reserve list who are not on the team's active roster are generally either on the injured list or playing at some level of the minor leagues (usually at the Triple-A or Double-A level). Players on the 40-man reserve list are eligible for membership in the Major League Baseball Players Association. These minor league players work at the lower end of major league pay scales and are covered by all rules and player agreements of the players association. Minor league players not on the 40-man reserve list are under contract to their respective parent Major League Baseball clubs. Until September 2022, they did not have union representation, but they joined the MLBPA following a majority of minor leaguer players expressing support.[50] They generally work for far less pay as they develop their skills and work their way up the ladder toward the major leagues.[51] Many players have signing bonuses and other additional compensation that can run into the millions of dollars, although that is generally reserved for early-round draft picks.

A major league team's director of player development determines where a given player will be placed in the farm system, in coordination with the coaches and managers who evaluate their talent. At the end of spring training, players both from the spring major camp and minor league winter camp are placed by the major league club on the roster of a minor league team. The director of player development and the general manager usually determine the initial assignments for new draftees, who typically begin playing professionally in June after they have been signed to contracts. The farm system is ever-changing, and the evaluation of players is a constantly ongoing process. The director of player development and his managers meet or teleconference regularly to discuss how players are performing at each level. Personal development, injuries, and high levels of achievement by players in the classes below all steer a player's movement up and down in the class system.

Players will play for the team to which they are assigned for the duration of that season unless they are "called up" (promoted to a higher level), "sent down" (demoted to a lower-class team in the major league club's farm system), or released from the farm system entirely. A release from minor-league level used to spell the end of a minor league player's career. In more modern times, released players often sign with independent baseball clubs, which are scouted heavily by major league organizations. Many players get a second or third look from the major league scouts if they improve in the independent leagues.

Minor league salaries vary based on class level and length of season; however, the majority of players make less than $10,000 per season.[52] Although not playing at the major league level, minor league players are professional athletes. Minor league players often colloquially refer to the major leagues as "The Show".

Rehabilitation assignments

C C Sabathia of the New York Yankees with the Trenton Thunder in July 2014

Rehabilitating with Minor League teams is a standard way for injured Major League players to get back into playing shape.[53]

Players on the injured list (IL) can be sent to the minor leagues to aid in rehabilitation following an injury, typically for one or two weeks. Players are often sent to minor league clubs based on geography and facilities, not necessarily by class for these reassignments.

Rehabbing major leaguers continue to receive Major League pay and generally enjoy better amenities than their minor league teammates.[53]

Former Minnesota Twins star Joe Mauer, who missed most of the first two months of the 2011 season due to a difficult recovery from arthroscopic knee surgery after the 2010 season, reported to Minnesota's Class A-Advanced Florida State League team, the Fort Myers Miracle, which is based in their spring training facility in Fort Myers. The Miracle manager at the time was Mauer's older brother Jake.[54]

Mike Trout's first rehab assignment of his career, in July 2017, was with the Inland Empire 66ers of San Bernardino, California, the Class A-Advanced affiliate of the Los Angeles Angels. This allowed Trout to stay closer to the Angels compared to the team's Triple-A affiliate, the Salt Lake Bees.[55]

Umpires

Ryan Blakney (left) and Ben May umpiring in the Midwest League in 2008

Umpires at the minor league level are overseen by Minor League Baseball Umpire Development (MiLBUD), which is responsible for the training, evaluation, and recommendation for promotion and retention or release of the umpires.[56]

The umpires are evaluated eight times a season by the staff of MiLBUD and receive a ranking at mid-season and the end of each year. Based on performance during the year, an umpire may advance in classification when a position opens in-season or during the off-season. MiLBUD holds an annual Rookie Evaluation Course every year in March to evaluate rookie umpires. Participants are normally the best students from the two professional umpire schools (one owned and operated by the same entity). The top students who pass the evaluation course are recommended for the first openings in lower-level leagues.[57]

Any student who wants to work as an umpire must attend a professional umpire training school. Minor League Baseball recognizes two schools for training prospective professional umpires, the Harry Wendelstedt Umpire School and Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy, both located in Florida. The Umpire Training Academy is owned and operated by MiLBUD, while the Wendelstedt Umpire School is independently owned by MLB umpire Hunter Wendelstedt. The classes for each school are held for five weeks in January and February. The instructors at these schools are former or present major or minor league umpires. Simply attending one of these schools, however, does not guarantee that the candidate will be recommended to the evaluation course or for openings in lower-level leagues. Generally, less than 20% of students move on to the Rookie Evaluation Course.[58]

Before a development program was created, minor league presidents would recruit directly from umpire schools. Umpires were then "sold" from league to league by word of mouth through the various league presidents.[59] The umpire development program first started in 1964, when it was decided that a method of recruitment, training, and development for umpires of both major and minor leagues was needed. The program was founded at baseball's 1964 Winter Meetings in Houston, and it began operating the next year. The program aimed to recruit more athletic, energetic, and dedicated individuals who would also have high morals and integrity standards. In 1968, it was decided that the program needed its own umpire training course, which would be held annually. The first "Umpire Specialization Course" was held in St. Petersburg, Florida, the following year.[60]

Minor league umpires have been unionized since 1999, when they formed the Association of Minor League Umpires (AMLU),[61] which has been a guild within the Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) since 2010.[62] A strike action occurred at the start of the 2006 season,[63] spurred by a disagreement over salaries and resulting in the use of replacement umpires until an agreement was reached after two months.[64]

Presently, the candidates for a job in professional umpiring must meet several requirements in order to be considered. An applicant must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D., must be athletic, and also must have 20/20 vision, although they are permitted to wear glasses or contact lenses.[65] They must also have good communication skills, good reflexes and coordination, and must have trained at one of the two professional umpire schools.

Ownership

The 2011 Omaha Storm Chasers, the Pacific Coast League champions

Teams in the affiliated minor leagues are generally independently owned and operated, and are directly affiliated with one major league team. Affiliations are governed by standardized agreements; historically known as a Player Development Contract (PDC),[30]: 185  as of 2021 the term Player Development License Agreement (PDL) is used.[13]: 3  Some minor league teams are directly owned by their major league parent club, such as all of the New York Mets' affiliates except the Binghamton Rumble Ponies.

With the reorganization of 2021, the standard length of an affiliation agreement is 10 years.[66] Previously, affiliations were for only two or four years,[67] with affiliation changes being fairly frequent, though many relationships have been renewed and endure for extended time periods. For example, the Omaha Storm Chasers (formerly the Omaha Royals and Omaha Golden Spikes) have been the Triple-A affiliate of the Kansas City Royals since the Royals joined the American League in 1969, but the Columbus Clippers, having been affiliated with the New York Yankees since 1979, changed affiliations to the Washington Nationals in 2007, and again changed to the Cleveland Indians two years later in 2009.

Generally, the parent major league club pays the salaries and benefits of uniformed personnel (players and coaches) and provides bats and balls, while the minor league club pays for in-season travel and other operational expenses.[68]

The longest continuous affiliations are between the Philadelphia Phillies and their Double-A affiliate, the Reading Fightin Phils and between the Detroit Tigers and their Low-A affiliate, the Lakeland Flying Tigers, both of which date to 1965. Both Reading and Lakeland are now owned outright by their parent major league clubs.

Presidents

The former headquarters of Minor League Baseball in St. Petersburg, Florida; the league is now based in New York City

Minor League Baseball was governed through a centralized office until the restructuring of the minor leagues in 2021, with Major League Baseball itself now handling "all issues related to governance, scheduling, umpiring, license compliance, and other league administration functions."[3] Minor league headquarters were located in St. Petersburg, Florida, from 1973 onward.[69] As of 2009, Minor League Baseball had 27 employees in St. Petersburg.[69] Before coming under the direct control of MLB, 11 people served as president of Minor League Baseball:[70]

Independent baseball

Haymarket Park, home to the Lincoln Saltdogs, an independent baseball team in Lincoln, Nebraska

Independent leagues are those professional leagues in the United States and Canada not under the purview of organized Minor League Baseball and the Commissioner of Baseball. Independent baseball existed in the early 20th century and has become prominent again since 1993.[71]

Leagues operated mostly autonomously before 1902, when the majority joined the NAPBL. From then until 1915, a total of eight new and existing leagues remained independent. Most joined the National Association after one season of independence. Notable exceptions were the California League, which was independent in 1902 and from 1907 to 1909; the United States Baseball League, which folded during its independent 1912 season; and the Colonial League, a National Association Member that went independent in 1915 and then folded.[72] Another independent league, the Federal League, played at a level considered major league from 1914 to 1915.[73]

Few independent leagues existed between 1915 and 1993. Major exceptions included the Carolina League and the Quebec-based Provincial League. The Carolina League, based in the North Carolina Piedmont region, gained a reputation as a notorious "outlaw league" during its existence from 1936 to 1938.[74] The Provincial League fielded six teams across Quebec and was independent from 1948 to 1949. Similarly to early 20th-century independent leagues, it joined the National Association in 1950, playing for six more years.[72][75]

Independent leagues saw new growth after 1992, after the new Professional Baseball Agreement in organized baseball instituted more stringent revenue and stadium requirements on members.[76] Over the next eight years, at least 16 independent leagues formed, of which six existed in 2002.[72] As of the 2024 season, there are seven active leagues, with four of them acting as MLB Partner Leagues.

Awards

MiLBY Awards

The MiLBY Awards (formerly "This Year in Minor League Baseball Awards") are given in nine categories. In five categories (Best Starter, Best Hitter, Best Reliever, Best Game, and Best Team), winners are selected at each level of Minor League Baseball above Rookie league. In three categories (Play of the Year, Moment of the Year, and Homer of the Year), one overall winner is chosen for all of Minor League Baseball. In the remaining category (Promo of the Year), there are overall winners in each of five subcategories: Best Promotion (of all types), Best Theme Night, Best Giveaway, Best Celebrity Appearance, and Best Miscellaneous Promotion.

Other player awards

Major awards

Warren Giles, namesake of the league president annual award

Top 100 teams

During its centennial celebration in 2001, Minor League Baseball compiled a list of the 100 best minor-league baseball teams of the century.[85]

Broadcasting

Radio

Nearly every minor-league team has its own local radio contract, though unlike their major-league counterparts, these generally consist of only one or two individual stations.

Also see: Sports radio networks in the United States (MiLB is a sub-template).

Television

Nationally, Minor League Baseball games air on Stadium[86] and MLB Network.[87]

Many individual teams have contracts with local television channels. For example, the Triple-A Indianapolis Indians have a contract with WISH-TV to air 35 home games during the 2021 season.[88]

Streaming media

MiLB.TV is the minor leagues' online video streaming service, in the vein of Major League Baseball's MLB.tv. Entering the 2021 season, the subscription service offers games for all Triple-A and Double-A teams, and select games from other classifications.[89] All games also stream for free on the Bally Live App.[90]

TuneIn has provided free audio streams to minor league games, accessible through the MiLB.TV website.[91]

Copa de la Diversión

Copa de la Diversión ("Fun Cup") is an initiative by Minor League Baseball to promote the sport and connect its teams to their Hispanic/Latino communities.[92] Teams adopt a culturally-relevant on-field persona for certain games each season.[93]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Sites such as Baseball-Reference.com use the AAA, AA, A+, and A abbreviations in player records; A− is used for the now defunct Class A Short Season. A+ and A− are written abbreviations only; the levels are not called "A-plus" or "A-minus".
  2. ^ "Full-Season A" and "Short-Season A" were used to clearly differentiate Class A from Class A Short Season.
  3. ^ a b The "National Association" of 1871–1875 is not to be confused with the "National Association" formed in 1901 that came to be known as Minor League Baseball.

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