stringtranslate.com

Art theft

The Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum was robbed in 1990, losing paintings and items valued at over $500 million.

Art theft, sometimes called artnapping, is the stealing of paintings, sculptures, or other forms of visual art from galleries, museums or other public and private locations. Stolen art is often resold or used by criminals as collateral to secure loans.[1] Only a small percentage of stolen art is recovered—an estimated 10%.[2] Many nations operate police squads to investigate art theft and illegal trade in stolen art and antiquities.[3]

Some famous art theft cases include the robbery of the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911 by employee Vincenzo Peruggia.[4] Another was theft of The Scream, stolen from the Munch Museum in 2004, but recovered in 2006.[5] The largest-value art theft occurred at the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston, when 13 works, worth a combined $500 million were stolen in 1990. The case remains unsolved. Large-scale art thefts include the Nazi looting of Europe during World War II and the Russian looting of Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[6]

Individual theft

Many thieves are motivated by the fact that valuable art pieces are worth millions of dollars and weigh only a few kilograms at most. Also, while most high-profile museums have extremely tight security, many places with multimillion-dollar art collections have disproportionately poor security measures.[7] That makes them susceptible to thefts that are slightly more complicated than a typical smash-and-grab, but offer a huge potential payoff. Thieves sometimes target works based on their own familiarity with the artist, rather than the artist's reputation in the art world or the theoretical value of the work.[8]

Unfortunately for the thieves, it is extremely difficult to sell the most famous and valuable works without getting caught, because any interested buyer will almost certainly know the work is stolen and advertising it risks someone contacting the authorities. It is also difficult for the buyer to display the work to visitors without it being recognized as stolen, thus defeating much of the point of owning the art. Many famous works have instead been held for ransom from the legitimate owner or even returned without ransom, due to the lack of black-market customers. Returning for ransom also risks a sting operation.[8]

Jean-Baptiste Oudry's The White Duck, which was stolen in 1990

For those with substantial collections, such as the Marquess of Cholmondeley at Houghton Hall, the risk of theft is neither negligible nor negotiable.[9] Jean-Baptiste Oudry's White Duck was stolen from the Cholmondeley collection at Houghton Hall in 1990. The canvas is still missing.[10]

Prevention in museums

Museums can take numerous measures to prevent the theft of artworks include having enough guides or guards to watch displayed items, avoiding situations where security-camera sightlines are blocked, and fastening paintings to walls with hanging wires that are not too thin and with locks.[11]

Art theft education

The Smithsonian Institution sponsors the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection, held annually in Washington, D. C. The conference is aimed at professionals in the field of cultural property protection.

Since 1996, the Netherlands-based Museum Security Network has disseminated news and information related to issues of cultural property loss and recovery. Since its founding the Museum Security Network has collected and disseminated over 45,000 reports about incidents with cultural property. The founder of the Museum Security Network, Ton Cremers, is recipient of the National Conference on Cultural Property Protection Robert Burke Award.

2007 saw the foundation of the Association for Research into Crimes against Art (ARCA). ARCA is a nonprofit think tank dedicated principally to raising the profile of art crime (art forgery and vandalism, as well as theft) as an academic subject. Since 2009, ARCA has offered an unaccredited postgraduate certificate program dedicated to this field of study. The Postgraduate Certificate Program in Art Crime and Cultural Heritage Protection is held from June to August every year in Italy. A few American universities, including New York University, also offer courses on art theft.

Recovery

In the public sphere, Interpol, the FBI Art Crime Team, London's Metropolitan Police Art and Antiques Unit, New York Police Department's special frauds squad[3] and a number of other law enforcement agencies worldwide maintain "squads" dedicated to investigating thefts of this nature and recovering stolen works of art.

According to Robert King Wittman, a former FBI agent who led the Art Crime Team until his retirement in 2008, the unit is very small compared with similar law-enforcement units in Europe, and most art thefts investigated by the FBI involve agents at local offices who handle routine property theft. "Art and antiquity crime is tolerated, in part, because it is considered a victimless crime," Wittman said in 2010.[11]

In response to a growing public awareness of art theft and recovery, a number of not-for-profit and private companies now act both to record information about losses and oversee recovery efforts for claimed works of art. Among the most notable are:

In January 2017, Spain's Interior Ministry announced that police from 18 European countries, with the support of Interpol, Europol, and Unesco, had arrested 75 people involved in an international network of art traffickers. The pan-European operation had begun in October 2016 and led to the recovery of about 3,500 stolen items including archaeological artifacts and other artwork. The ministry did not provide an inventory of recovered items or the locations of the arrests.[12]

In 1969 the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism formed the Comando Carabinieri Tutela Patrimonio Culturale (TPC), better known as the Carabinieri Art Squad. In 1980, the TPC established the database Leonardo, with information about more than 1 million stolen artworks, and accessible to law enforcement agencies around the world.[13]

In December 2021 Michael Steinhardt, an American hedge-fund billionaire, was ordered to surrender 180 looted and illegally smuggled antiquities valued at 70 million U.S. dollars. The antiquities will be returned to their rightful owners and Steinhardt is banned for life from acquiring any other relics.[14]

State theft, wartime looting and misappropriation by museums

From 1933 through the end of World War II, the Nazi regime maintained a policy of looting art for sale or for removal to museums in the Third Reich. Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, personally took charge of hundreds of valuable pieces, generally stolen from Jews and other victims of the Holocaust.

In early 2011, about 1,500 art masterpieces, assumed to have been stolen by the Nazis during and before World War II, were confiscated from a private home in Munich, Germany. The confiscation was not made public until November 2013.[15] With an estimated value of $1 billion, their discovery is considered "astounding",[16] and includes works by Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Marc Chagall, Paul Klee, Max Beckmann and Emil Nolde, all of which were considered lost.[17]

The looted, mostly Modernist art was banned by the Nazis when they came to power, on the grounds that it was "un-German" or Jewish Bolshevist in nature.[18] Descendants of Jewish collectors who were robbed of their works by the Nazis may be able to claim ownership of many of the works.[17] Members of the families of the original owners of these artworks have, in many cases, persisted in claiming title to their pre-war property.

The 1964 film The Train, starring Burt Lancaster, is based on the true story of works of art which had been placed in storage for protection in France during the war, but was looted by the Germans from French museums and private art collections, to be shipped by train back to Germany. Another film, The Monuments Men (2014), co-produced, co-written and directed by George Clooney, is based on a similar true-life story. In this film, U.S. soldiers are tasked with saving over a million pieces of art and other culturally important items throughout Europe, before their destruction by Nazi plunder.

In 2006, after a protracted court battle in the United States and Austria (see Republic of Austria v. Altmann), five paintings by Austrian artist Gustav Klimt were returned to Maria Altmann, the niece of pre-war owner, Ferdinand Bloch-Bauer. Two of the paintings were portraits of Altmann's aunt, Adele. The more famous of the two, the gold Portrait of Adele Bloch-Bauer I, was sold in 2006 by Altmann and her co-heirs to philanthropist Ronald Lauder for $135 million. At the time of the sale, it was the highest known price ever paid for a painting. The remaining four restituted paintings were later sold at Christie's New York for over $190 million.

Because antiquities are often regarded by the country of origin as national treasures, there are numerous cases where artworks (often displayed in the acquiring country for decades) have become the subject of highly charged and political controversy. One prominent example is the case of the Elgin Marbles, which were moved from the Parthenon to the British Museum in 1816 by the Earl of Elgin. Many different Greek governments have called for the repatriation of the marbles.[19]

Similar controversies have arisen over Etruscan, Aztec, and Italian artworks, with advocates of the originating countries generally alleging that the artifacts taken form a vital part of the countries cultural heritage. Yale University's Peabody Museum of Natural History is engaged (as of November 2006) in talks with the government of Peru about possible repatriation of artifacts taken during the excavation of Machu Picchu by Yale's Hiram Bingham. Likewise, the Chinese government considers Chinese art in foreign hands to be stolen and there may be a clandestine repatriation effort underway.[20]

In 2006, New York's Metropolitan Museum reached an agreement with Italy to return many disputed pieces. The Getty Museum in Los Angeles is also involved in a series of cases of this nature. The artwork in question is of Greek and ancient Italian origin. The museum agreed on November 20, 2006, to return 26 contested pieces to Italy. One of the Getty's signature pieces, a statue of the goddess Aphrodite, is the subject of particular scrutiny.

In January 2013, after investigations by Interpol, FBI and The U.S. Department of Homeland Security, police in Canada arrested John Tillmann for an enormous spate of art thefts. It was later determined that Tillmann in conjunction with his Russian wife, had for over twenty years stolen at least 10,000 different art objects from museums, galleries, archives and shops around the world. While not the largest art heist in total dollar value, Tillmann's case may be the largest ever in number of objects stolen.

Since its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Russia has stolen tens of thousands of art pieces.[6] Experts state that this is the largest art theft since the Nazi looting of Europe in World War II.[6]

Famous cases

Notable unrecovered works

Images of some artworks that have been stolen and have not yet been recovered.

In fiction

Genres such as crime fiction often portray fictional art thefts as glamorous or exciting raising generations of admirers. Most of these sources add adventurous, even heroic element to the theft, portraying it as an achievement. In literature, a niche of the mystery genre is devoted to art theft and forgery. In film, a caper story usually features complicated heist plots and visually exciting getaway scenes. In many of these movies, the stolen art piece is a MacGuffin.[95]

Literature

Film

Television

See also

References

  1. ^ Hopkins, Nick (January 8, 2000). "How art treasures are stolen to order". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on March 16, 2016.
  2. ^ Rovzar, Chris (June 15, 2015). "What Happens to Stolen Art After a Heist?". ClaimsJournal. Bloomberg. Retrieved May 1, 2021.
  3. ^ a b Yarrow, Andrew L. "A Lucrative Crime Grows Into a Costly Epidemic," Archived December 28, 2016, at the Wayback Machine New York Times. March 20, 1990.
  4. ^ a b Time, "Stealing the Mona Lisa, 1911". Consulted on August 15, 2007.
  5. ^ "Scream stolen from Norway museum". BBC News. August 22, 2004. Retrieved September 3, 2006.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Gettleman, Jeffrey; Mykolyshyn, Oleksandra (January 14, 2023). "As Russians Steal Ukraine's Art, They Attack Its Identity, Too". The New York Times. Retrieved January 15, 2023.
  7. ^ Skene, Cameron (September 1, 2007). "Art theft ranked as fourth-largest criminal enterprise". National Post. Canada. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Anthony M. Amore; Tom Mashberg (2012). Stealing Rembrandts: The Untold Stories of Notorious Art Heists. St. Martin's Publishing. ISBN 978-0-230-33990-3.
  9. ^ Bryant, Chris. "Heritage for sale," The Times (London). July 17, 2007.
  10. ^ Lyall, Sarah. "A Titian Is No Longer at Large; Its Thief Is," Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times. September 19, 2002.
  11. ^ a b Kennedy, Randy, "His Heart Is in the Art of Sleuthing" Archived February 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, p C1, The New York Times, June 7, 2010, retrieved same day
  12. ^ Raphael Minder (January 22, 2017). "75 Arrested in European Crackdown on Art Trafficking". The New York Times. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
  13. ^ "How Italy's Art Crime Squad Has Protected Cultural Artifacts for Five Decades". January 22, 2020.
  14. ^ Dalya Alberge (December 7, 2021). "US billionaire surrenders $70m of stolen art". The Guardian.
  15. ^ "Report of Nazi-Looted Trove Puts Art World in an Uproar" Archived July 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, November 4, 2013
  16. ^ video: "Expert: stolen Nazi art find 'astounding'", The Telegraph, U.K., Nov. 4, 2013
  17. ^ a b "Modernist art haul, 'looted by Nazis', recovered by German police" Archived November 5, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, U.K. Nov. 3, 2013
  18. ^ "Nazi art: does Germany have a problem returning art stolen by the Nazis?" Archived November 6, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, U.K., Nov. 4, 2013
  19. ^ Banks, Summer (January 25, 2008). "Now you see it, now you don't". Yale Daily News. Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2008.
  20. ^ Palmer, Alex W (August 16, 2018). "The Great Chinese Art Heist". GQ. Retrieved August 17, 2018.
  21. ^ "CBC Digital Archives, Art heist at the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts". Archives.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  22. ^ Morris, Chris (January 18, 2002). "Shame of Cyprus's looted churches". BBC. Archived from the original on March 8, 2004. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
  23. ^ Mannheimer, Steve (October 1989). "Litigators of the lost art —court orders return of Byzantine mosaics to their homeland". Saturday Evening Post. Archived from the original on March 23, 2015. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
  24. ^ Bourloyannis, Christiane; Virginia Morris (January 1992). "Autocephalous Greek-Orthodox Church of Cyrprus v. Goldberg & Feldman Fine Arts, Inc". The American Journal of International Law. 86 (1): 128–133. doi:10.2307/2203143. JSTOR 2203143. S2CID 147162639.
  25. ^ "Picasso paintings stolen in Paris". BBC News. February 28, 2007. Archived from the original on April 10, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  26. ^ CBC Arts (February 28, 2007). "Picasso works stolen from artist's granddaughter". CBC. Archived from the original on May 25, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  27. ^ "Chronologie – Les vols de tableaux dans des musées français". Le Point. May 20, 2010. Archived from the original on May 24, 2010. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  28. ^ "Widow of man behind fabled watch robbery convicted in U.S. court". Haaretz. April 3, 2010. Archived from the original on January 6, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  29. ^ "43 rare clocks stolen from Israel found in France". April 3, 2010. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  30. ^ Cook, Don (October 28, 1985). "9 Masterworks, 5 by Monet, Seized in Paris – Gunmen Stage "Art Theft of the Century"". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 6, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  31. ^ "The World's Greatest Art Heists". Forbes. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved November 16, 2010.
  32. ^ Rashbaum, William (September 9, 2017). "A de Kooning, a Theft and an Enduring Mystery". The New York Times. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  33. ^ a b Halpern, Jake (January 14, 2019). "The French Burglar Who Pulled Off His Generation's Biggest Art Heist". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 9, 2019.
  34. ^ "Stolen Rembrandt work recovered". BBC News. September 16, 2005. Archived from the original on September 10, 2010. Retrieved September 21, 2010.
  35. ^ Riding, Alan (May 17, 2002). "Art 'collector' arrested / Frenchman's mother accused of destroying pieces stolen from museums all over Europe". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2010.
  36. ^ "Two van Gogh Works Are Stolen in Amsterdam Archived March 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine", The New York Times, 2002. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  37. ^ Lawrence Van Gelder, "Jail for Van Gogh Thieves Archived October 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine", The New York Times, 2004. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  38. ^ Van Gogh Museum Robbery Archived April 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
  39. ^ "Van Gogh paintings stolen from Amsterdam found in Italy". BBC News. September 30, 2016. Archived from the original on September 30, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.
  40. ^ Tania Branigan, Rebecca Allison & David Ward (April 28, 2003). "Meticulous raid on gallery sees three masterpieces vanish without trace". The Guardian. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  41. ^ David Ward (April 29, 2003). "Whitworth's stolen masterpieces endure a rainy night in the Loovre". The Guardian. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  42. ^ Nigel Bunyan (April 29, 2003). "Paintings stolen 'in protest' found outside lavatory". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  43. ^ Russell Jenkins (April 29, 2003). "How art thieves put gallery's security in the frame". The Times. Retrieved August 7, 2019.
  44. ^ "Stolen Munch paintings found safe". BBC. August 31, 2006.
  45. ^ "Munch paintings recovered". Aftenposten. August 31, 2006. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008.
  46. ^ "Stolen Munch art found in Norway". BBC. March 7, 2005. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007.
  47. ^ "£3m Henry Moore sculpture stolen". BBC News. BBC. December 17, 2005. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2008.
  48. ^ "Monet stolen under carnival cover". BBC. February 25, 2006. Archived from the original on January 27, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  49. ^ (in Portuguese) * IPHAN – Official Note "Redirecionando". Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved January 25, 2012. – The paintings "O lavrador de Café", "Retrato de Suzanne Bloch" as well as the entire collection of MASP are considered Brazilian National Heritage since 1969 due to its importance to the culture of the country.
  50. ^ MacSwan, Angus (December 21, 2007). "Security questioned in Picasso theft in Brazil". Reuters. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007.
  51. ^ Winter, Michael (January 8, 2008). "Stolen Picasso, Portinari recovered in Brazil". USA Today.
  52. ^ "Sao Paulo's Picasso portrait pilfered". Deseret News. Associated Press. December 21, 2007. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  53. ^ Harnischfeger, Uta; Bowley, Graham (February 11, 2008). "4 Masterworks Stolen by Armed Robbers in Zurich". NY Times. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015.
  54. ^ "JB Jun 13 – Outpost Art Blog". www.outpost-art.org. Archived from the original on June 30, 2015.
  55. ^ "Two Picassos stolen in Brazil". BBC News. June 13, 2008. Archived from the original on February 20, 2016.
  56. ^ "Thieves steal Picassos, Brazilian works from São Paulo museum". France 24. June 13, 2008. [permanent dead link]
  57. ^ "Quadros recuperados devem voltar hoje para Pinacoteca". Globo.com. August 7, 2008. Archived from the original on January 2, 2015.
  58. ^ Hewage, Tim (May 20, 2010). "Thief Steals Paintings In Paris Art Heist". Sky News. Archived from the original on August 26, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  59. ^ Jones, Sam (May 20, 2010). "Picasso and Matisse masterpieces stolen from Paris museum". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on May 23, 2010. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
  60. ^ "$150,000 Salvador Dali painting stolen from New York City art gallery". MSNBC. June 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  61. ^ Newcomb, Alyssa (June 30, 2012). "Stolen Salvador Dali Drawing Mysteriously Returned by Mail". ABC News. Archived from the original on January 28, 2013. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
  62. ^ Very grand theft: Barbara Hepworth's park sculpture is stolen for scrap metal Archived December 7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Independent, December 21, 2011
  63. ^ Barbara Hepworth sculpture stolen from London park Archived March 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Guardian, December 20, 2011
  64. ^ Barbara Hepworth: £500k 'Two Forms' sculpture stolen by metal thieves Archived December 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph, 20 December 2011
  65. ^ Barbara Hepworth sculpture stolen from Dulwich Park, BBC News, December 20, 2011
  66. ^ Reward for Hepworth art stolen from Dulwich Park increased, BBC News, December 23, 2011
  67. ^ Kreijger, Gilbert (October 16, 2012). "Dutch art heist nets works by Monet, Picasso, Matisse". Reuters. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015.
  68. ^ "Man Pulled over, Found To Be Prolific Art Thief". Huffington Post. January 24, 2013. Archived from the original on March 10, 2016. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  69. ^ "ICE returns stolen Charles Darwin book". U.S. Dept. of Homeland Security. October 8, 2015. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  70. ^ "Halifax-art-dealer-describes Tillmann's connections to Russia". Global News. March 27, 2015. Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  71. ^ "Charlevoix The Greatest Aphrodisiac". May 2, 2014. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
  72. ^ "Miller Lake and the last crusade". Frank. January 30, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2016.
  73. ^ "10 Am azing Treasure Hoards Found in Recent Years". Listosaur.com. February 4, 2013. Archived from the original on December 24, 2015. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  74. ^ "The Toronto Standard". Archived from the original on October 11, 2016. Retrieved October 10, 2016.
  75. ^ "6 people who tried to steal famous documents". Mental Floss. May 9, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2015. Retrieved January 20, 2016.
  76. ^ "The Collector CBC television interview". YouTube. April 8, 2016. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2016.
  77. ^ "The Saga of the Canadian Museum Thief". Brooklyn New York News Service. October 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved December 28, 2015.
  78. ^ "U.S. Authorities to Return Stolen Darwin Book to Canada". The Wall Street Journal. October 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  79. ^ "The case against John Tillmann – Video". The Case against John Tillmann. April 8, 2016. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2016.
  80. ^ "Theft report updates". American Library Association. December 4, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  81. ^ Mariappan, Julie (September 11, 2014). "Stolen Nataraja, Ardhanariswara idols return to the land of temples". The Times of India. No. Chennai. Archived from the original on November 27, 2014. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  82. ^ McDermott, Quentin; Richards, Deborah (March 25, 2014). "The Dancing Shiva". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  83. ^ Morgan, Joyce (March 15, 2014). "Is the NGA's 'looted' Shiva a statue of naivety?". The Saturday Paper. Archived from the original on September 30, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  84. ^ Felch, Jason (March 10, 2014). "Radford Speaks, Retires: Director of Australia's National Gallery Is In Denial". Chasing Aphrodite: The Hunt for Looted Antiquities in the World's Museums. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  85. ^ "Toledo Museum of Art to Return Ganesha Sculpture to India". Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  86. ^ "Kapoor Acquisitions". Toledo Museum of Art. Archived from the original on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 30, 2015.
  87. ^ "Stolen idol of Goddess Uma Maheswari to return from Singapore". No. Chennai. Deccan Chronicle. June 15, 2015. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  88. ^ Magán, José María Irujo, Luis (March 14, 2016). "Art thieves steal five Francis Bacon paintings from Madrid mansion". El País English. Archived from the original on March 17, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  89. ^ "Roban cinco obras de Francis Bacon en la casa de su amante español en Madrid". Abc.es. March 14, 2016. Archived from the original on December 29, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
  90. ^ "Francis Bacon paintings worth £23m stolen from Madrid house". Agence France-Presse. March 13, 2016. Archived from the original on January 14, 2017 – via The Guardian.
  91. ^ "Francis Bacon Paintings Stolen in Madrid". Artnet News. March 14, 2016. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016.
  92. ^ Roban cinco obras de Francis Bacon en la casa de su amante español en Madrid Archived December 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine abc.es (in Spanish)
  93. ^ Detienen a siete personas relacionadas con el robo de cinco obras de Francis Bacon en Madrid Archived May 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine elmundo.es (in Spanish)
  94. ^ Irujo, José María (July 19, 2017). "La policía recupera tres de las cinco obras de Francis Bacon robadas en Madrid". El País (in Spanish). Retrieved July 19, 2017.
  95. ^ "Stolen (2005) - Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast - AllMovie". AllMovie. Archived from the original on October 19, 2015.

Further reading

External links