В июне и июле 2018 года футбольная команда юношеской ассоциации была спасена из Тхам Луанг Нанг Нон , пещерной системы в провинции Чианграй на севере Таиланда. Двенадцать членов команды в возрасте от 11 до 16 лет и их 25-летний помощник тренера вошли в пещеру 23 июня после тренировки. Вскоре после того, как они вошли, начался сильный дождь, который частично затопил систему пещер, заблокировав им выход и заперев их глубоко внутри.
Усилия по обнаружению группы были затруднены из-за повышения уровня воды и сильных течений, и команда больше недели не имела связи с внешним миром. Спасательная операция в пещере переросла в масштабную операцию, вызванную интенсивным общественным интересом во всем мире, в которой приняли участие международные спасательные команды. 2 июля, пройдя через узкие проходы и мутную воду, британские дайверы Джон Волантен и Рик Стэнтон обнаружили группу живыми на возвышении примерно в 4 километрах (2,5 мили) от устья пещеры.
Организаторы спасения обсудили различные варианты эвакуации группы, в том числе, стоит ли обучать их основным навыкам подводного плавания , чтобы они могли быстро спастись, ждать, пока будет найден или пробурен новый вход в пещеру, или дождаться, пока паводковые воды спадут к концу сезон дождей несколько месяцев спустя. После нескольких дней откачки воды из пещерной системы и передышки от дождя спасательные команды быстро поработали над извлечением группы из пещеры до следующего муссонного дождя, который, как ожидалось, принесет дополнительные ливни 11 июля. С 8 по 10 июля все 12 мальчиков и их тренер были спасены из пещеры международной командой. [9]
В спасательных операциях приняли участие около 10 000 человек, в том числе более 100 водолазов, десятки спасателей, представители около 100 правительственных учреждений, 900 полицейских и 2000 солдат. Потребовалось десять полицейских вертолетов, семь машин скорой помощи, более 700 водолазных баллонов и откачка более одного миллиарда литров воды из пещер.
Саман Кунан, 37-летний бывший морской котик Королевского военно-морского флота Таиланда , умер от удушья во время попытки спасения 6 июля, возвращаясь на плацдарм в пещере после доставки водолазных баллонов группе, оказавшейся в ловушке. В следующем году, в декабре 2019 года, водолаз-спасатель и морской котик Таиланда Бейрут Пакбара умер от заражения крови , заразившегося во время операции. [10] [11] [12]
Предыстория и исчезновение
Тхам Луанг Нанг Нон — карстовый пещерный комплекс под Дой Нанг Нон , горным хребтом на границе между Таиландом и Мьянмой . [13] Система имеет длину 10 километров (6,2 мили) и имеет множество глубоких углублений, узких проходов и туннелей, извивающихся под сотнями метров пластов известняка . Поскольку часть пещерной системы сезонно затоплена, у входа вывешен знак, запрещающий вход в пещеры в сезон дождей (июль – ноябрь). [14]
В субботу, 23 июня 2018 года, группа из 12 мальчиков в возрасте от 11 до 16 лет из местной юношеской футбольной команды «Дикие Кабаны» и их 25-летний помощник тренера Эккафон Кантавонг [15] пропали без вести после исследования пещеры. . По первым сообщениям, они планировали отпраздновать день рождения в пещере после футбольной тренировки и потратили значительную сумму денег на еду, но опровергли это на пресс-конференции после спасения. [16] Команда застряла в туннелях из-за внезапного и продолжительного дождя после того, как они вошли в пещеру. [17] Спасаясь от поднимающейся воды, они были вынуждены оставить некоторые запасы еды. [18] [19] [20] [21]
Около 19:00 в тот день главный тренер и основатель команды Ноппарат Кантхавонг ( тайский : นพรัตน์ กัณฑะวงษ์ ) проверил свой телефон и обнаружил около 20 пропущенных звонков от родителей, обеспокоенных тем, что их дети не вернулись. Ноппарат позвонил помощнику тренера Эккафону и нескольким ребятам, но не смог с ними связаться. В конце концов он добрался до Сонгпона Кантхавонга, 13-летнего члена команды, который сказал, что расстался с командой после тренировки и что остальные мальчики вошли в пещеры Тхам Луанг. Тренер помчался к пещерам и обнаружил возле входа брошенные велосипеды и сумки, из-под которых просачивалась вода. [22] Он предупредил власти о пропавшей группе, увидев невостребованные вещи команды. [23]
Члены команды
Члены попавшей в ловушку команды были следующими: [20] [24]
Помощник тренера и трое ребят не имели национальности. Главный тренер Ноппарат объяснил, что они из племен , проживающих на территории Таиланда, Мьянмы, Лаоса и Китая . Этот регион не имеет четких границ и людям не выдают паспорта. Безгражданство лишило их основных льгот и прав, включая возможность покинуть провинцию Чианграй. "Получить гражданство - самая большая надежда для ребят", - сказал главный тренер Ноппарат. «В прошлом у этих мальчиков были проблемы с поездками на матчи за пределы Чианграя из-за их статуса без гражданства». [32] После спасения команды тайские чиновники пообещали предоставить троим мальчикам и тренеру юридическую помощь в получении тайского гражданства. Этот процесс, по их словам, может занять до шести месяцев. [33] 26 сентября ребята и тренер получили тайское гражданство. [34]
Поиск
Британский спелеолог Верн Ансворт, который живет в Чианг Рае и хорошо знает пещерный комплекс, должен был совершить одиночное путешествие в пещеру 24 июня, когда ему позвонили по поводу пропавших мальчиков. [35] Ансворт посоветовал правительству Таиланда обратиться за помощью к Британскому совету по спасению пещер (BCRC). [35] [36] 25 июня прибыли водолазы ВМС Таиланда и начали обыскивать пещеру. [37] Морские котики Таиланда рассказали, что вода была настолько мутной, что даже при свете фонарей они не могли видеть, куда идут под водой. [38] После продолжительного дождя, который еще больше затопил вход, поиски пришлось временно прервать. [39] 27 июня прибыли трое спелеологов BCRC со специальным оборудованием, включая радиоприемники HeyPhone , [40] за которыми следовали отдельные группы дайверов в открытой воде . 28 июня к ним присоединилась группа ВВС США — как сообщается, параспасатели ВВС США [41] из 320-й специальной тактической эскадрильи, 31-й спасательной эскадрильи и 353-й группы специальных операций. К 29 июня прибыла группа дайверов из группы специального реагирования федеральной полиции Австралии , а в воскресенье, 1 июля, прибыла китайская команда дайверов из Пекинского фонда мира. [36] [42] [43] [44] [45]
Дайверы BCRC Ричард Стэнтон и Джон Волантен прошли через пещерный комплекс, разместив инструкции по дайвингу , при поддержке бельгийского спелеолога из Таиланда Бена Рейменантса [47] [48] [49] [50] и французского дайвера Максима Поляки. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] Поиски пришлось приостановить из-за погодных условий, так как осадки увеличили поток воды в пещере, где дайверы боролись с сильными течениями и плохой видимостью. [56] [57] Поиски возобновились 2 июля после улучшения погоды. Двенадцать мальчиков и тренер были обнаружены примерно в 22:00 [58] Стэнтоном и Волантеном, за чьими усилиями извне наблюдал дайвер BCRC Роберт Харпер. [59] Мальчики и тренер находились на узкой скальной полке примерно в 400 метрах (1300 футов) от камеры «Паттайский пляж», [58] [60] [61] названной в честь надземного пляжа в Таиланде . Волантен размещал в пещере ориентиры, чтобы помочь другим в навигации, когда у него закончилась очередь. Затем он выплыл на поверхность и вскоре нашел пропавшую группу, понюхав их, прежде чем услышать или увидеть. [62] [63] Уступ, где они были найдены, находится примерно в 4 километрах (2,5 мили) [64] от входа в пещеру. [65] Видео встречи, показывающее мальчиков и их взаимодействие с дайверами, было опубликовано в Facebook тайскими морскими котиками. [66] Бывший губернатор провинции Чианграй Наронгсак Осатанакорн [th] , который отвечал за спасательные работы, сказал: «Мы нашли их в безопасности. Но операция еще не окончена». [67] [68] Команды водолазов из Таиланда, США, Австралии и Китая при поддержке дайверов BCRC начали транспортировать баллоны для дайвинга в систему пещер и создали зону хранения запасов воздуха в камере 3. [48] [69]
3 июля к попавшей в ловушку группе присоединились трое морских котиков Таиланда, которые поддерживали их до спасения. В состав «морских котиков» входил врач тайской армии подполковник Пак Лохарачун из 3-го медицинского батальона, прошедший курс обучения «морских котиков». [70] [71] Тайские официальные лица сообщили репортерам, что спасатели проводили медицинский осмотр и лечение, а также развлекали мальчиков, и что ни один из пойманных в ловушку не находился в тяжелом состоянии. "Их кормили легкоусвояемой, высокоэнергетической пищей с витаминами и минералами под наблюдением врача", - сообщил журналистам контр-адмирал Апагорн Юконггео, командующий спецназом ВМС Таиланда . На видео, снятом спасателями и опубликованном через несколько часов тайскими морскими котиками, все двенадцать мальчиков и их тренер представились и указали свой возраст. Завернутые в аварийные одеяла и выглядящие хрупкими, все они поздоровались с внешним миром. «Саватди крап» , — сказал каждый мальчик, сложив ладони вместе , в традиционном тайском приветствии « вай» . [72] На втором видео видно, как их лечит медик. [73] Считалось, что некоторые члены группы не умели плавать, [74] что усложняло и без того трудное спасение. [75] Армейский врач обнаружил, что они пытались выкопать выход из пещеры. Члены команды каждый день копали обломки камней, создавая яму глубиной пять метров. [71]
Дайвер BCRC Джейсон Мэллинсон предложил мальчикам и тренеру возможность отправлять сообщения родственникам, используя свой мокрый блокнот . [56] Во многих записках говорилось, что они в безопасности, заверялось членов семьи, что все в порядке, и содержались слова любви, заверения и поддержки. [76]
Планирование и подготовка
У входа в пещеру был разбит логистический лагерь, в котором помимо спасателей разместились сотни волонтеров и журналистов. Объект был разделен на несколько зон: зоны ограниченного доступа для морских котиков Таиланда, другого военного персонала и гражданских спасателей; место, где родственники могут обеспечить им уединение; и зоны для прессы и широкой публики. [77]
По оценкам, в спасательных работах приняли участие 10 000 человек, в том числе более 100 водолазов, представители примерно 100 правительственных учреждений, 900 полицейских, 2000 солдат и многочисленные волонтеры. Оборудование включало десять полицейских вертолетов, семь полицейских машин скорой помощи и более 700 баллонов для дайвинга, из которых более 500 находились в пещере в любое время, а еще 200 стояли в очереди на заправку. Было удалено более миллиарда литров воды (что эквивалентно 400 бассейнам олимпийского размера). [78] [79]
Проблемы
Точка, где мальчики застряли, находилась примерно в 4 километрах (2,5 мили) [64] от входа и на 800–1000 метров (2600–3300 футов) ниже вершины горы. [80] Маршрут к ним имел несколько затопленных участков, некоторые с сильными течениями и нулевой видимостью, [81] и некоторые чрезвычайно узкие участки, самые маленькие из которых имели размеры всего 38 на 72 сантиметра (15 × 28 дюймов). [82] [83] [84] [85]
Путешествие по пещере мальчикам заняло шесть часов против течения и пять часов на выход по течению, [86] даже у опытных дайверов. [87]
С самого начала спасатели боролись с повышением уровня воды. Чтобы осушить пещеру, выше по течению была построена каменная отводная дамба, а также установлены системы для откачки воды из пещеры и отвода поступающих в нее потоков. 4 июля было подсчитано, что насосы откачивали из пещеры 1 600 000 л/ч (420 000 галлонов США в час), разрушая при этом близлежащие фермерские поля. [88] [89] Какое-то время добровольцы из лучших побуждений случайно закачивали воду обратно в грунтовые воды . [90] Благодаря периоду не по сезону засушливой погоды эти усилия снизили уровень воды на 1,5 сантиметра (0,6 дюйма) в час 5 июля, что позволило спасательным командам пройти 1,5 километра (0,93 мили) в пещеру. Однако ожидалось, что проливные дожди, запланированные на 8 июля, остановят или повернут вспять этот процесс и могут даже затопить позицию, где оказалась в ловушке команда. [91]
6 июля было обнаружено падение уровня кислорода в пещере, что вызвало опасения, что у мальчиков может развиться гипоксия , если они останутся там надолго. К 8 июля уровень кислорода составил 15%; уровень, необходимый для поддержания нормального функционирования человека, составляет от 19,5% до 23,5%. [92] Тайские военные инженеры попытались установить линию подачи воздуха к мальчикам, но от этой попытки отказались как от непрактичной. [56]
Параметры
По мере развития кризиса спасатели планировали несколько разных способов спасти команду и тренера. Основные варианты заключались в следующем: [87] [93] [94] [95]
Подождите конца сезона дождей; дайверы обеспечивают еду и воду.
Обучите группу базовым навыкам дайвинга.
Найдите альтернативный вход в пещеру, который позволит легче сбежать; была обнаружена одна шахта, уходящая на глубину 900 метров. [96]
Пробурить спасательную шахту; В мягком известняке было пробурено более 100 шахт, но подходящего места не нашлось. [80] [84]
Постройте кислородную линию.
Постройте телефонный провод для связи.
Вариант для дайвинга
Многочисленные опасности — угроза более сильного дождя, падение уровня кислорода, а также сложность или невозможность найти или пробурить запасной выход — заставили спасателей принять решение о привлечении команды и тренера из опытных дайверов. [56] [97] Специалисты по спасению ВМС Таиланда и ВВС США встретились с министром внутренних дел Таиланда , который одобрил план. [56] [98] В пещерной системе работали 90 дайверов, 40 из Таиланда и 50 из других стран. [99] Первоначально средства массовой информации сообщили, что тайские военные заявили, что спасатели научат мальчиков базовым навыкам дайвинга, чтобы они могли совершить путешествие. [84] [94] [100] Однако потихоньку это было сочтено слишком рискованным, и вместо этого мальчики были полностью усыплены и находились без сознания во время путешествия. [101] [102] Организаторы построили макет узкого прохода со стульями, а дайверы тренировались с местными мальчиками в школьном бассейне. Затем эксперты тайских «морских котиков» и ВВС США усовершенствовали план использования команд водолазов для извлечения ослабленных мальчиков. [98]
Смерть дайвера-спасателя
5 июля в 20:37 Саман Кунан ( тайский : สมาน กุนัน ; родился 23 декабря 1980 года), 37-летний [104] бывший морской котик Таиланда , совершил погружение из камеры 3 в Т- перекресток недалеко от пляжа Паттайи для доставки трех баллонов с воздухом. [105] [106] Во время возвращения он потерял сознание под водой. Его приятель по дайвингу безуспешно пытался сделать искусственное дыхание . Кунана доставили в камеру 3, где снова попытались сделать искусственное дыхание, но его не удалось реанимировать, и около часа ночи 6 июля его констатировали мертвым. [105] [107]
Другой водолаз-спасатель и спецназ ВМС Таиланда, Бейрут Пакбара, умер в следующем году от септического шока после заражения неустановленной скрытой инфекцией крови во время спасательной операции. [112] [113]
Спасательная операция
Утром 8 июля официальные лица дали указание средствам массовой информации и всему второстепенному персоналу у входа в пещеру очистить территорию, поскольку спасательная операция была неизбежна из-за угрозы муссонных дождей позже на этой неделе, которые, как ожидалось, затопят пещеру. пещера до октября.
На первом этапе эвакуации 18 водолазов-спасателей, в том числе 13 международных спелеологов и пять морских котиков Таиланда, были отправлены в пещеры, чтобы вернуть мальчиков, при этом по одному дайверу сопровождал каждого мальчика во время погружения. [56] [114] [115] [116] Международную команду пещерных дайверов возглавляли четыре британских дайвера: Джон Волантен , Ричард Стэнтон , Джейсон Мэллинсон и Крис Джуэлл (каждому приписан мальчик) и два австралийца: Ричард Харрис , анестезиолог . и его друг Крейг Челлен , ветеринар. [50] [56] [117] Ирландец Джим Уорни стал дополнительным ведущим дайвером в последний день спасения, чтобы вернуть помощника тренера Эккафона, [118] и врач Харрис взял на себя ведущее спасение Понга. [25] : 268–270 Часть пути ведущих дайверов продлится более одного километра, пройдя по подводным маршрутам, при поддержке 90 тайских и иностранных дайверов в различных точках, которые проведут медицинские осмотры, пополнят запасы баллонов с воздухом и т. д. аварийные роли. [119]
Поступали противоречивые сообщения о том, что мальчиков спасали первыми самые слабые или самые сильные. Фактически, был порядок, какой мальчик вызвался первым. [16] «Я разговаривал с доктором Харрисом. Все были сильными, и никто не болел», - сказал Эккафон прессе. «У всех было сильное психическое состояние. Доктор Харрис сказал … предпочтений нет». Команда всей группой решила, что мальчики, которые жили дальше всех, должны уйти первыми. Эккафон также заявил на своей пресс-конференции 18 июля, не осознавая, что в то время их история привлекла внимание мировых средств массовой информации: «Мы думали, что, когда мы выберемся из пещеры, нам придется ехать домой на велосипеде ... поэтому люди тем, кто живет дальше всего, будет разрешено выйти первым ... чтобы они могли выйти и сказать всем, что мы были внутри, с нами все в порядке». [120]
Мальчики были одеты в гидрокостюм , жилет плавучести, ремни безопасности и полнолицевую маску с положительным давлением . Перед поездкой Харрис ввел мальчикам обезболивающий кетамин , в результате чего они «полностью потеряли сознание». [121] Это было сделано для того, чтобы не допустить паники во время путешествия, которая могла бы поставить под угрозу их жизнь и жизнь их спасателей. [25] : 99 Им также давали успокаивающее средство алпразолам и атропин, чтобы стабилизировать частоту сердечных сокращений и уменьшить выработку слюны, чтобы предотвратить удушье. [100] [25] : 129 [122] [123] К их передней части был прикреплен баллон с 80% кислорода, к спине была прикреплена ручка, и они были привязаны к водолазу на случай, если они потеряются в плохой видимости. Водолазы-спасатели описали каждого ребенка как «посылку». [56] [124] [125] [126] Правительство Таиланда предоставило Харрису и двум медицинским помощникам дипломатический иммунитет от судебных исков, [25] : 136–138 на случай, если что-то пойдет не так. [124] [127] [128] [129]
Анестезия длилась от 45 минут до часа, и дайверам, которых обучил Харрис, пришлось делать «дополнительные» инъекции кетамина в течение трехчасового путешествия. [102] [56] [130] Мальчиков выводили ныряльщики, которые держались за их спину или грудь, причем каждый мальчик находился либо справа, либо слева от дайвера, в зависимости от правил; в очень узких местах водолазы толкали мальчиков сзади. [56] [125] Водолазы осторожно проводили их через узкие проходы, чтобы не сместить маски о камни. Водолазы держали головы выше мальчиков, чтобы в условиях плохой видимости ныряльщики первыми ударялись головой о камни. [56] Дайверы знали, что мальчики дышат через выхлопные пузыри, которые они могли видеть и чувствовать. [124]
После непродолжительного погружения в сухую часть дайверов и мальчиков встретили трое дайверов, и с мальчиков сняли водолазное снаряжение. [122] Затем мальчиков перевезли на носилках на расстояние более 200 м (660 футов) по камням и песчаным холмам. Крейг Челлен осмотрел их, и их снаряжение для дайвинга было снова надето, прежде чем они снова погрузились в следующую секцию. [56] Мальчики приходили с интервалом в 45 минут. [131]
После того, как водолазы доставили их на плацдарм в камере 3, мальчиков провели по «гирлянде» сотни спасателей, расквартированных вдоль опасного пути к выходу из пещеры. [132] Мальчиков, завернутых в носилки, поочередно несли, скользили и застегивали на молнии по сложной сети шкивов, установленных скалолазами. [133] Многие участки от камеры 3 до входа в пещеру все еще были частично затоплены, и спасатели рассказали, что им приходилось часами перевозить мальчиков по скользким камням и мутной воде. [134] Путь от камеры 3 до входа в пещеру первоначально занял около четырех-пяти часов, но сократился до менее чем часа после недели осушения и расчистки грязевой тропы с помощью лопат. [132]
Власти предупредили, что эвакуация всех займет несколько дней, поскольку экипажам придется заменять баллоны с воздухом, снаряжение и другие принадлежности, а между каждым рейсом требуется от десяти до двадцати часов. [135] [136] [137] Вскоре после 19:00 местные власти сообщили, что два мальчика были спасены и доставлены в больницу Чианграй Прачанукро . [138] [139] [140] Вскоре после этого еще два мальчика вышли из пещеры и были осмотрены медицинскими работниками. [138] Низкий уровень воды сократил время, необходимое для спасательных работ. [141] Понижение уровня воды произошло из-за улучшения погоды и строительства плотины за пределами пещеры, чтобы контролировать уровень воды. [142]
9 июля из пещеры были спасены еще четыре мальчика. [143] 10 июля из пещеры были спасены последние четверо мальчиков и их тренер. [3] [4] [5] [144] [145] Опыт помог упростить процедуру спасения, поэтому общее время на эвакуацию мальчика сократилось с трех часов в первый день до чуть более двух часов в последний день, что позволило четверо мальчиков и тренер должны быть спасены. [116] [131] Трое морских котиков Таиланда и армейский врач, которые все время оставались с мальчиками, нырнули последними. Трое из этих дайверов добрались до камеры 3, присоединившись к ожидающим спасателям, когда насосы отключились по неизвестной причине, возможно, из-за прорыва водопроводной трубы. [146] [147] Уровень воды в камере 3 начал повышаться, что могло бы отрезать спасателям доступ к камере 2, камере 1 и входу в пещеру. [146] «Внезапно лопнула водопроводная труба, и главный насос перестал работать», - заявил дайвер. «Нам действительно пришлось бежать из третьей камеры ко входу, потому что уровень воды поднимался очень быстро — примерно на 50 см каждые 10 минут». [147] Это вынудило до 100 спасателей, все еще находившихся на расстоянии более 1,5 км (0,93 мили) внутри пещеры, спешно эвакуироваться, бросив спасательное оборудование внутри пещеры. [148] Последний дайвер вернулся в камеру 3, когда все готовились к выходу. [146] Спасателям удалось добежать до выхода из пещеры менее чем за час. [148]
Ряд СМИ сообщили о роли тренера Эккафона в спасении. Ранее он был буддийским монахом и руководил медитацией детей во время испытания. Он также передал сообщение, в котором извинился за то, что подверг детей опасности. [149] [150]
Восстановление
Власти Таиланда заявили, что спасенные мальчики могли есть рисовую кашу , но более сложные продукты им не давали в течение десяти дней. [151] Министерство здравоохранения Таиланда сообщило, что мальчики потеряли в среднем по 2 килограмма (4,4 фунта) каждый, но находились в «хорошем состоянии». [152] Их поместили на карантин, пока медицинские работники проверяли, не заразились ли они какими-либо инфекционными заболеваниями , и ожидалось, что они останутся в больнице не менее одной недели. [153] Из-за длительного пребывания во влажной пещерной среде чиновники были обеспокоены возможными инфекциями, такими как гистоплазмоз или лептоспироз . [154] Родители членов команды сначала приходили, глядя в окно, но если результаты лабораторных исследований окажутся отрицательными, им будет разрешено посетить лично в медицинском халате, маске и шапочке для волос. [155]
Мальчики носили солнцезащитные очки в качестве меры предосторожности, пока их глаза не привыкли к дневному свету. Были проведены детальные исследования их глаз, питания, психического здоровья и крови. Врач Министерства здравоохранения сообщил, что у всех мальчиков наблюдалось увеличение количества лейкоцитов , поэтому всей команде были даны профилактические дозы антибиотиков . [155]
Ответы
Местный
Жители провинции Чианграй вызвались готовить, убирать и иным образом поддерживать семьи пропавших без вести и спасательные команды в лагере у входа в пещеру. [13] Социальные сети использовались для привлечения внимания к попыткам спасения. [13] Одноклассники и учителя команды проводили время, воспевая и молясь за пропавших мальчиков. [156] Одноклассники одного из мальчиков сделали для него 1000 бумажных журавликов , молясь за его благополучное возвращение. [157] Местные школы жертвовали деньги, чтобы помочь родителям с оплатой жизни, поскольку многие из них перестали работать, чтобы следить за попытками спасения. [77]
29 июня премьер-министр Прают Чан-Оча посетил место поисков и посоветовал семьям мальчиков не терять надежду. [158] После смерти Самана Кунана король Маха Ваджиралонгкорн объявил, что будет спонсировать его похороны. [159]
После завершения спасательной операции у входа в пещеру собрались семьи мальчиков, командир спасательной службы, военные и тысячи добровольцев. Группа поблагодарила за спасенные жизни и попросила прощения у пещерной богини Джао Мэй Тхам за вторжение насосов, веревок и людей во время спасения. [160]
Opinions about the assistant coach
Some observers, primarily in Western media, questioned whether assistant coach Ekkaphon Kanthawong should face criminal charges for leading the group into the caves, despite the warning sign at the entrance stating that it is dangerous to enter between July and November.[161] The boys had entered the cave on 23 June.
Local communities, as well as the boys' parents, emphasised that they did not blame the boys or their coach, as the rain had arrived a month earlier than usual.[162] Vern Unsworth, a British caver mapping the cave, stated, "Nobody's to blame, not the coach, not the boys. They were just very unlucky... It wasn't just the rain that day, the mountain is like a sponge and waters from earlier rain were raising the levels." Unsworth said that he himself had been planning to make a solo venture into the complex on 24 June, when he received a telephone call saying the boys were missing there.[163]
While the police chief told newspaper Khao Sod that he "hadn't ruled out" pressing negligence charges against the coach for putting the team in danger, no calls were made to take legal action against him. A number of lawyers stated that the coach would probably not face criminal charges, since Thai law also takes into consideration whether a person has malicious intent. In mainstream media, Ekkaphon has widely been held "a hero" and was a "calm voice [that] helped boys to beat despair in the darkness."[164][165][166] The coach was reported to have treated the boys with care, giving them his food, helping them remain calm, and instructing them to drink the relatively clean water dripping from the cave walls instead of the murky floodwaters that trapped them.[citation needed]
When asked if Ekkaphon should be held legally responsible for negligence, Mongkhon Bunpiam, the father of 12-year-old Mongkhon, rejected the suggestion: "We would never do that... the boys love their coach... and we as parents don't want it either. Coach Eak has been good to my boy, and now I hear how he gave them hope, and kept them calm for so many days without food. I have great admiration for him."[164] Tanawut Vibulrungruang, father of 11-year old Chanin, was reported to be "touched by the actions of the team's coach. Without him... he doesn't know how the kids could have survived."[167] Head coach Nopparat said he would not have approved of the hike, but was confident in Ekkaphon's ability to take care of the boys. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha said that the emphasis should be on the rescue and the recovery of the team, and he asked the public to avoid a rush to judgment.[168][169][170]
International
Over the course of two weeks, hundreds of volunteers, military specialists and corporate experts arrived from around the world to offer assistance in the rescue.
Australia: Six Australian Federal Police (AFP) Specialist Response Group divers, one Navy Clearance diver, one Australian Medical Assistance Team (AUSMAT) member and Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Crisis Response Team officers. Up to 20 Australians were involved at the cave site.[171][172]Doctor Richard Harris, an anaesthetist, was part of the medical team that determined the boys' fitness to make the 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) journey. Harris and his diving partner, retired veterinarian Doctor Craig Challen, both cave diving specialists, played key roles in the rescue. The Thai government provided Harris with diplomatic immunity to protect him in case anything went wrong with the sedation.[56][127]
Belgium: Ben Reymenants, the owner of a diving school in Phuket, contributed in cave diving capacity.[173]
Canada: Erik Brown, a dive instructor from Vancouver, participated on the cave diving team.[174]
China: A six-man team from the volunteer rescue organisation the Beijing Peaceland Foundation arrived on 29 June.[45] The team brought rescue equipment including an underwater robot, diving equipment and a three-dimensional imager.[173] A second Chinese team arrived on 30 June from the Green Boat Emergency Rescue organisation with expertise in search and rescue on mountains and in caves.[175]
Czech Republic: The government of the Czech Republic offered to provide a Czech manufacturer's high-performance pumps; the state has four such pumps, each with an output of 400 litres per second (1,440,000 L/h (380,000 US gal/h)).[176] Upon inspection at the site, however, it was determined heavy-duty pumps could not be used due to unsuitable terrain.[177]
Denmark: Two Danish divers, Ivan Karadžić, who runs a diving center with Finnish Mikko Paasi, and Claus Rasmussen, a diving instructor, participated in the cave diving team.[174]
Finland: Diver Mikko Paasi came to assist with rescue efforts.[178]
France: Diver Maksym Polejaka assisted with the rescue efforts.[179][180]
Ireland: Diver Jim Warny assisted with the rescue efforts.[118]
India: Experts from the pump manufacturer Kirloskar Brothers provided technical advice on drainage and pumps.[181]
Israel: Diver Rafael Aroush joined the diving team while emergency mobile communication devices were donated by Maxtech NetWorks.[182]
Japan: Divers and engineers, including Shigeki Miyake, a drainage specialist of the Japan International Cooperation Agency in Thailand, assisted in efforts to pump water out of the cave.[183]
Laos: Members of the Vientiane Rescue contributed to search and rescue efforts.[184][185][186]
Netherlands: Drainage specialists were sent to aid water pumping efforts.[187]
New Zealand: Diver Ross Schnauer assisted with the rescue efforts.[188]
Ukraine: Divers Vsevolod Korobov and Maksym Polejaka came to assist with rescue efforts.[190]
United Kingdom: The British Cave Rescue Council sent eight experienced cave rescue divers, some familiar with caves in Thailand, to lead the diving team; three cave rescue personnel; and special equipment.[117][191][192][193] Vernon Unsworth, a British man living in the area, was the first person with caving expertise on the site.[194]John Volanthen and Rick Stanton discovered the boys and led the cave diving team.[195][196][197][198][199] Chris Jewell and Jason Mallinson brought 500 kilograms (1,100 lb) of diving equipment.[194][200] Other divers involved included Connor Roe and Josh Bratchley. Other cave rescue personnel, Mike Clayton, and Gary Mitchell provided surface control for the divers, along with Robert Harper who had initially deployed among the first three UK divers.[59][201] Tim Acton deployed as a friend of the Thai Navy SEALs.[202]
United States: On 28 June, the US military's Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) deployed 36 personnel from Okinawa, including airmen from 353rd Special Operations Group and the 31st Rescue Squadron. According to Military.com, they joined seven other personnel, including a member of Joint US Military Advisory Group Thailand. Pentagon spokesman Colonel Rob Manning said that US personnel had "staged equipment and prepared the first three chambers of the cave for safe passage. The US contingent assisted in transporting the evacuees through the final chambers of the system, and provided medical personnel and other technical assistance to the rescue efforts."[203]
Volunteers, teams and technical specialists from countries including Germany,[204] Myanmar,[58] the Philippines,[205] Singapore,[206] Spain,[207] Sweden,[208] and Ukraine,[209] also participated in the operation. France offered to send a team of specialists and equipment, but Thai authorities believed that adequate resources were already on site.[210]
The ordeal captured the media's attention from around the world. Over a period of three weeks, articles relating to the incident dominated the top stories section at many major news publications.[211]
Sports world
FIFA president Gianni Infantino invited the children and coach to the World Cup final if circumstances allowed.[212] However, as the entire team was hospitalised for at least a week, they could only watch the match on television.[213]FC Barcelona invited the team to play in their international academy tournament in 2019 and to watch a first-team game at their home stadium, Camp Nou.[214]England and Manchester City F.C. defender Kyle Walker said that he wanted to send the team shirts after noticing that one of the rescued boys was wearing a Three Lions jersey.[215] In October 2018, the boys travelled to the UK as guests at Old Trafford for the Manchester United F.C. home match against Everton F.C. in the Premier League.[216][217] The boys were invited by the IOC to the opening ceremony of the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires.[218]
Elon Musk
On 3 July 2018, a Twitter user asked whether Elon Musk could "assist in anyway [sic] to get the 12 Thailand boys and their coach out of the cave."[219] The following day, Musk replied: "I suspect that the Thai govt has this under control, but I'm happy to help if there is a way to do so."[220]
By 6 July, Musk commented that engineers from SpaceX and the Boring Company were headed to Thailand to assist in the rescue.[221]
On 7 July, Musk revealed that he and his team planned to build a "tiny, kid-sized submarine" made from the liquid oxygen transfer tube from a Falcon rocket. The submarine would be light enough to be carried by two divers and small enough to fit through the narrow gaps.[222] Later that day, Musk mentioned that construction on the submarine was complete and that it was being shipped to Thailand.[223] On 8 July, Musk shared a video of the submarine being tested in a pool through a simulated narrow passage.[224]
By 9 July, Musk had arrived at the rescue site and visited Cave 3. He commented that the "mini-sub" was ready if needed and that it would be left in Thailand should it be needed for the rescue or for future events.[225] However, the submarine was not used during the rescue, as it was deemed impractical by those in command of the rescue.[226] Vern Unsworth, one of the British volunteer cave rescue divers, ridiculed the "mini-sub" as a PR-stunt, in retaliation for which Musk publicly accused Unsworth of paedophilia, and hired a private investigator in an attempt to discredit him.[227] Musk issued a public apology to Unsworth after Unsworth unsuccessfully sued him for defamation.[228]
Timeline
23 June 2018 (2018-06-23): The team entered the Tham Luang cave shortly after practice and prior to heavy rain. Later, the mother of one of the boys reported to local police that her son was missing after he failed to arrive home. Local police investigated and found shoes and bicycles near the entrance of the cave after rumours spread about them going into the Tham Luang cave.[229]
24 June 2018 (2018-06-24): Handprints and footprints of the boys were found by officials. A vigil is held outside the cave by relatives.[229]
25 June 2018 (2018-06-25): Thai Navy SEAL divers enter the cave to search for the team.[229]
26 June 2018 (2018-06-26): Having arrived at a T-junction, divers were pushed back due to floodwaters. The floodwaters blocked an elevated air pocket near Pattaya Beach, where divers believe the team may have been stranded.[229]
27 June 2018 (2018-06-27): British and a US military team of divers and experts were sent to Thailand to help with the search. Divers re-entered but quickly retreated due to another flooding.[229][230]
28 June 2018 (2018-06-28): Heavy rains caused the rescue operation to stop temporarily. In order to drain the water, pumps were delivered. Drones were dispatched to assist more than 600 people in search of new vents in the cave roof.[229][230]
30 June 2018 (2018-06-30): The search resumed after divers took advantage of a brief pause in the rainfall. They advanced further, but still were far from where they believed the boys might be stranded.[229]
1 July 2018 (2018-07-01): As divers went deeper into the cave, they used Chamber 3 as an operating base to store diving cylinders and other supplies which were replenished by support divers transiting back and forth to the entrance.[229]
2 July 2018 (2018-07-02): The team were found alive on elevated land in the evening at around 20:20[58] by the British diving team, including Richard Stanton and John Volanthen, 400 m (1,300 ft) further than Pattaya Beach. Communication was difficult since only Adun spoke English.[229]
3 July 2018 (2018-07-03): Seven Thai Navy divers, including Doctor Pak Loharnshoon and a medic, went to deliver food, medicine and supplies to the boys, including high-calorie gels and paracetamol.[229] Four of them, including Loharnshoon, volunteered to stay with the boys inside the cave for a week until all 12 were extracted.[231] They would be the last people to exit the cave.[232]
4 July 2018 (2018-07-04): The team was taught how to use a full face diving mask and breathing apparatus. Rescue teams worked on continuing to pumping water from the cave; they had already pumped out over 30 million gallons.[229]
5 July 2018 (2018-07-05): The rescue was forced to move more quickly due to expected rain. Another group searched the mountains for any new cracks or openings.[229]
6 July 2018 (2018-07-06): Saman Kunan, a former Thai navy diver and volunteer of the rescue mission, died between 01:00 and 02:00 after losing consciousness while placing diving cylinders underwater along the route to the stranded boys.[233] Authorities urged that the rescue happen faster, due to oxygen levels falling to 15%, well below the 21% "safe zone."
7 July 2018 (2018-07-07): The rescue chief claimed that it was not suitable for the team to dive yet. More than 100 vents were being drilled in a third attempt to reach the team. However, an accident to a rescue vehicle injured six people, and the effort was called off.[citation needed] A letter appeared from the coach of the team, apologising to the boys' parents along with letters from the boys to their parents.[20][229]
8 July 2018 (2018-07-08): An international contingent of 13 specialist divers and five Thai Navy SEALs,[115] including four British and two Australian divers[117] went into the cave to begin bringing the boys to safety.[234] Since the most difficult parts of the passage were too narrow for more than one rescuer, each boy was assigned to the responsibility of a single rescue diver. Adding to each solo rescuer's challenge was that, in order to prevent underwater panic and eliminate body movements that would endanger the rescue, each child was put under general anesthesia just prior to being extricated.[235] So in addition to manipulating the boy through narrow cave sumps, the diver also had to monitor the consciousness and breathing of a medical patient.[25]: 165–166 The first boy was reported to have come out about 17:40, and the fourth one was reported to have exited about 19:50,[236] though not all sources agree. The four boys were taken to Chiang Rai Prachanukroh, a local hospital. It was announced that divers would not resume the rescue for at least another 10 hours, as they needed to replenish supplies.[229]
9 July 2018 (2018-07-09): Four more boys were confirmed to be out of the cave and then taken to the hospital. It was also announced that the boys would be kept in quarantine.[237]
10 July 2018 (2018-07-10): The remaining four boys and their coach were rescued.[3][4][5][238] It was later confirmed that all of the rescue divers had also successfully exited the cave.[238][239]
December 2019 (2019-12): Thai Navy SEAL Beirut Pakbara dies from blood infection contracted during the cave rescue.[240]
Legacy
The head of the rescue mission and former governor of Chiang Rai province, Narongsak Osatanakorn [th], said that the cave system would be turned into a living museum to highlight how the operation unfolded. Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha acknowledged the statement but highlighted the concerns for tourist safety, stating that precautions would have to be added and correctly implemented both inside and outside to safeguard tourists.[241][242]
Following the incident, Thailand's Navy SEALs will include cave-diving in their training to be better prepared for similar emergencies.[243]
Three of the boys and their assistant coach were stateless, and officials promised that they would be granted Thai citizenship within six months.[33] On 26 September, the four were granted Thai citizenship.[34] The Thai government has vowed to end statelessness by 2024.[244]
Media
Books
Aquanaut: A Life Beneath The Surface – The Inside Story of the Thai Cave Rescue (2021) by Rick Stanton
Thirteen Lessons that Saved Thirteen Lives: The Thai Cave Rescue (2021) by John Volanthen
2018: Against The Elements: Tham Luang Cave Rescue, a documentary with exclusive interviews produced by Channel News Asia in Singapore.[245]
2018: Thai Cave Rescue, an episode of science television series Nova (season 45, episode 14).[246]
2019: The Cave, a feature film written and directed by Thai-Irish filmmaker Tom Waller. It features many of the real-life cave divers as themselves.[247]
2019: 13 LOST - The Untold Story of the Thai Cave
2021: The Rescue, a National Geographic documentary released on 8 October 2021. The film made use of body-cam footage recorded by the divers involved in the operation.[248]
2022: Thirteen Lives, an Amazon Original film directed by Ron Howard (with a screenplay by William Nicholson) was released in theaters in July 2022 and on Amazon Prime in August 2022. The film rights were acquired in 2020 from Pure Flix.[249] Filming began in Queensland, Australia in March 2021.[250]
2022: Thai Cave Rescue, a Netflix limited series was released on 22 September 2022. It is the only dramatic production that was granted access to the members of the Wild Boars.[248]
2022: The Trapped 13: How We Survived The Thai Cave, a Netflix documentary was released on 5 October 2022. The documentary features interviews with selected members of the Wild Boars team.[251]
Song
A song about the rescue, "Heroes of Thailand" was written on 16 July 2018 by British music producer Will Robinson,[252] with English and North Thailand dialect lyrics and was performed by the Isan Project featuring Ronnarong Khampha.[253]
Belgium: On 22 November 2018, Belgian diver Jim Warny was made a Knight of the Order of Leopold for his rescue efforts.[256]
China: On 18 July 2018, the Thai Ambassador to Beijing hosted a luncheon for the Beijing Peaceland Foundation and Green Boat Emergency Rescue organization.[257]
On 13 July 2018, the Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy, in a letter of commendation, posthumously promoted former Navy SEAL Saman Kunan, who had died on 6 July, to Lieutenant Commander, and on 14 July, King Maha Vajiralongkorn awarded him with the Knight Grand Cross of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant.[108][109] Commander of the Navy SEALs, Rear Admiral Apakorn Youkongkaew, and Navy SEAL Special Captain Anan Surawan, Commander of the First Special Warfare Corps, were cited in the letter of commendation by the Commander-in-Chief for their "outstanding performance, which sets the best example for others in the Thai Navy to follow".[108][258] RADM Youkongkaew had commanded the overall activities of all divers during the operation and CAPT Surawan had commanded the operational center in Chamber 3.[258] The commendation stated that 127 current and former Navy SEAL members and a 32-member medical team had participated in the rescue.[108]
On 7 September 2018, the Thai government hosted a reception for all Thai and foreign officials and personnel involved in the rescue. His Majesty the King granted a royal decoration, The Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn, to 188 people who were involved in the rescue of the football team—114 foreigners and 74 Thais.[259] The Royal Thai Government Gazette has officially published the list of recipients of the Order of the Direkgunabhorn for Tham Luang cave rescue on 21 March 2019.[260]
On 24 July 2018, Prime MinisterTheresa May hosted a reception at 10 Downing Street with the Thai Ambassador for the British Cave Rescue Council divers and personnel involved in the rescue.[261][262]
In November 2018, the British cave rescue team were given the Pride of Britain 2018 award for "Outstanding Bravery". The rescued children attended the award ceremony in London.[263]
Stanton, Volanthen, Harris, Mallinson and Jewell were the first ever recipients of the Medal of Valor from the Professional Association of Diving Instructors, an American organization.[266]
On 5 January 2019, the Asian Football Federation awarded the Wild Boars a two-year support program, which provided the club with technical support, training equipment and 100 Molten match balls a year. Three of the boys and their coach were invited to watch the match between Thailand and India at the 2019 AFC Asian Cup in the United Arab Emirates on 6 January 2019 as guests of honor.[267]
See also
Modesto Varischetti – Italian miner who survived being trapped in a flooded mine (1907)
Alpazat cave rescue – Six British soldiers trapped in a flooded Mexican cave (2004)
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nl:Categorie:Reddingsactie in Doi Nang Non
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ru:Категория:Спасательная операция в пещере Тхам Луанг
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2018 Tham Luang cave rescue.
Out of The Dark – Four Corners on YouTube documentary (55:44); 17 July 2018; ABC News (Australia)
The Thai Kids Talk – live press conference with English translation (1:31:32; 18 July 2018; ABC News (Australia) on ABC iview) alternative link on Facebook
Thai cave rescue on YouTube – Rick Stanton account (03:42; 17 July 2018; ITV-News)