Портал:Минералы

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Портал минералов

В геологии и минералогии минерал или минеральная разновидность — это, вообще говоря, твёрдое вещество с достаточно чётко определённым химическим составом и специфической кристаллической структурой , встречающееся в природе в чистом виде.

Геологическое определение минерала обычно исключает соединения, которые встречаются только в живых организмах . Однако некоторые минералы часто являются биогенными (например, кальцит ) или органическими соединениями в химическом смысле (например, меллит ). Более того, живые организмы часто синтезируют неорганические минералы (например, гидроксилапатит ), которые также встречаются в горных породах.

Понятие минерала отличается от камня , который представляет собой любой объемный твердый геологический материал, относительно однородный в достаточно большом масштабе. Порода может состоять из одного типа минерала или представлять собой совокупность двух или более различных типов минералов, пространственно разделенных на отдельные фазы .

Некоторые природные твердые вещества без определенной кристаллической структуры, например опал или обсидиан , правильнее называть минералоидами . Если химическое соединение встречается в природе с разными кристаллическими структурами, каждая структура считается отдельным видом минерала. Так, например, кварц и стишовит — два разных минерала, состоящие из одного и того же соединения — диоксида кремния . ( Полная статья... )

Минералогия — раздел геологии , специализирующийся на научном изучении химии , кристаллической структуры и физических (в том числе оптических ) свойств минералов и минерализованных изделий . Конкретные исследования в области минералогии включают процессы происхождения и образования минералов, классификацию минералов, их географическое распространение, а также использование. ( Полная статья... )

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Избранные статьи

Изображение 1

Малахит из Демократической Республики Конго.

Малахит – минерал гидроксид карбоната меди с формулой Cu 2 CO 3 (OH) 2 . Этот непрозрачный минерал с зелеными полосами кристаллизуется в моноклинной кристаллической системе и чаще всего образует ботриоидные , волокнистые или сталагмитовые массы в разломах и глубоких подземных пространствах, где уровень грунтовых вод и гидротермальные жидкости служат средством химического осаждения. Отдельные кристаллы редки, но встречаются от тонких до игольчатых призм. Встречаются также псевдоморфозы по более таблитчатым или глыбистым кристаллам азурита . ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

Кристалл апатита (CaF) (фторапатита) с двойными концами в кальците.

Апатит представляет собойгруппу фосфатных минералов , обычно гидроксиапатита , фторапатита и ^{хлорапатита} , с высокими концентрациями ионов OH- ^,F- ^иCl- соответственнов кристалле . Формула примеси трех наиболее распространенных конечных членов записывается как Ca ₁₀ ( PO 4 )₆ (OH,F,Cl)₂ , а формулы кристаллических ячеек отдельных минералов записываются как Ca₁₀ (PO₄ )₆ (OH)₂ , Ca₁₀ (PO₄ )₆ F₂ и Ca₁₀ (PO₄ )₆ Cl₂ . Минерал был назван апатитом немецким геологом Абрахамом Готтлобом Вернером в 1786 году, хотя конкретный минерал, который он описал, был переклассифицирован как фторапатит в 1860 году немецким минералогом Карлом Фридрихом Августом Раммельсбергом . Апатит часто путают с другими минералами. Эта тенденция отражена в названии минерала, которое происходит от греческого слова ἀπατάω (апатао), что означает обман . ( Полная статья... )
Image 3

A rich seam of iridescent opal encased in matrix

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO₂·nH₂O); its water content may range from 3 to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6 and 10%. Due to its amorphous property, it is classified as a mineraloid, unlike crystalline forms of silica, which are considered minerals. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in the fissures of almost any kind of rock, being most commonly found with limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.

The name opal is believed to be derived from the Sanskrit word upala (उपल), which means 'jewel', and later the Greek derivative opállios (ὀπάλλιος).

There are two broad classes of opal: precious and common. Precious opal displays play-of-color (iridescence); common opal does not. Play-of-color is defined as "a pseudo chromatic optical effect resulting in flashes of colored light from certain minerals, as they are turned in white light." The internal structure of precious opal causes it to diffract light, resulting in play-of-color. Depending on the conditions in which it formed, opal may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and the background color may be white, black, or nearly any color of the visual spectrum. Black opal is considered the rarest, while white, gray, and green opals are the most common. (Full article...)
Image 4

A lustrous crystal of zircon perched on a tan matrix of calcite from the Gilgit District of Pakistan

Zircon (/ˈzɜːrkɒn, -kən/) is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium. Its chemical name is zirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is ZrSiO4. An empirical formula showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr_1–y, REE_y)(SiO₄)_1–x(OH)_4x–y. Zircon precipitates from silicate melts and has relatively high concentrations of high field strength incompatible elements. For example, hafnium is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%. The crystal structure of zircon is tetragonal crystal system. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green.

The name derives from the Persian zargun, meaning "gold-hued". This word is changed into "jargoon", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word "zircon" is derived from Zirkon, which is the German adaptation of this word. Yellow, orange, and red zircon is also known as "hyacinth", from the flower hyacinthus, whose name is of Ancient Greek origin. (Full article...)
Image 5
A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter spots are columns of strontium atoms and darker ones are titanium-oxygen columns.

Crystallography is the experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids. Crystallography is a fundamental subject in the fields of materials science and solid-state physics (condensed matter physics). The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος (krústallos; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), with its meaning extending to all solids with some degree of transparency, and γράφειν (gráphein; "to write"). In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming that 2014 would be the International Year of Crystallography.

Before the development of X-ray diffraction crystallography (see below), the study of crystals was based on physical measurements of their geometry using a goniometer. This involved measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to each other and to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the symmetry of the crystal in question. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a stereographic net such as a Wulff net or Lambert net. The pole to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its Miller index. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established.

Crystallographic methods depend mainly on analysis of the diffraction patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type. X-rays are most commonly used; other beams used include electrons or neutrons. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of beam used, as in the terms X-ray crystallography, neutron diffraction and electron diffraction. These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways.
- X-rays interact with the spatial distribution of electrons in the sample.
- Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the strong nuclear forces, but in addition, the magnetic moment of neutrons is non-zero. They are therefore also scattered by magnetic fields. When neutrons are scattered from hydrogen-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels. However, the material can sometimes be treated to substitute deuterium for hydrogen. Because of these different forms of interaction, the three types of radiation are suitable for different crystallographic studies.
- Electrons are charged particles and therefore interact with the total charge distribution of both the atomic nuclei and the electrons of the sample.
It is hard to focus x-rays or neutrons, but since electrons are charged they can be focused and are used in electron microscope to produce magnified images. There are many ways that transmission electron microscopy and related techniques such as scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution electron microscopy can be used to obtain images with in many cases atomic resolution from which crystallographic information can be obtained. There are also other methods such as low-energy electron diffraction, low-energy electron microscopy and reflection high-energy electron diffraction which can be used to obtain crystallographic information about surfaces. (Full article...)
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Beachy Head is a part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation.

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum. (Full article...)
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Micas (/ˈmaɪkəz/ MY-kəz) are a group of silicate minerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into extremely thin elastic plates. This characteristic is described as perfect basal cleavage. Mica is common in igneous and metamorphic rock and is occasionally found as small flakes in sedimentary rock. It is particularly prominent in many granites, pegmatites, and schists, and "books" (large individual crystals) of mica several feet across have been found in some pegmatites.

Micas are used in products such as drywalls, paints, fillers, especially in parts for automobiles, roofing and shingles, as well as in electronics. The mineral is used in cosmetics and food to add "shimmer" or "frost." (Full article...)
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Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO₄·2H₂O. It is widely mined and is used as a fertilizer and as the main constituent in many forms of plaster, drywall and blackboard or sidewalk chalk. Gypsum also crystallizes as translucent crystals of selenite. It forms as an evaporite mineral and as a hydration product of anhydrite. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness defines gypsum as hardness value 2 based on scratch hardness comparison.

Fine-grained white or lightly tinted forms of gypsum known as alabaster have been used for sculpture by many cultures including Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient Rome, the Byzantine Empire, and the Nottingham alabasters of Medieval England. (Full article...)
Image 9

Quartz crystal cluster from Brazil

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO₄ silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar.

Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.

There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings, especially in Europe and Asia.

Quartz is the mineral defining the value of 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, a qualitative scratch method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion. (Full article...)
Image 10

Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO4)₄(OH)₈·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.

Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics into the market. The robin egg blue or sky blue color of the Persian turquoise mined near the modern city of Nishapur, Iran, has been used as a guiding reference for evaluating turquoise quality. (Full article...)
Image 11

Deep green isolated fluorite crystal resembling a truncated octahedron, set upon a micaceous matrix, from Erongo Mountain, Erongo Region, Namibia (overall size: 50 mm × 27 mm, crystal size: 19 mm wide, 30 g)

Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF₂. It belongs to the halide minerals. It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 4 as fluorite.

Pure fluorite is colourless and transparent, both in visible and ultraviolet light, but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental and lapidary uses. Industrially, fluorite is used as a flux for smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels. The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing fine chemicals. Optically clear transparent fluorite lenses have low dispersion, so lenses made from it exhibit less chromatic aberration, making them valuable in microscopes and telescopes. Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared ranges, where conventional glasses are too opaque for use. (Full article...)
Image 12
Mineralogy applies principles of chemistry, geology, physics and materials science to the study of minerals

Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. (Full article...)
Image 13

Rutile is an oxide mineral composed of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), the most common natural form of TiO₂. Rarer polymorphs of TiO₂ are known, including anatase, akaogiite, and brookite.

Rutile has one of the highest refractive indices at visible wavelengths of any known crystal and also exhibits a particularly large birefringence and high dispersion. Owing to these properties, it is useful for the manufacture of certain optical elements, especially polarization optics, for longer visible and infrared wavelengths up to about 4.5 micrometres. Natural rutile may contain up to 10% iron and significant amounts of niobium and tantalum.

Rutile derives its name from the Latin rutilus ('red'), in reference to the deep red color observed in some specimens when viewed by transmitted light. Rutile was first described in 1803 by Abraham Gottlob Werner using specimens obtained in Horcajuelo de la Sierra, Madrid (Spain), which is consequently the type locality. (Full article...)
Image 14
Zeolite is a family of several microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. They mainly consist of silicon, aluminium, oxygen, and have the general formula Mⁿ⁺
_1/n(AlO
₂)⁻
(SiO
₂)
_x･yH
₂O where Mⁿ⁺
_1/n is either a metal ion or H⁺. These positive ions can be exchanged for others in a contacting electrolyte solution. H⁺
exchanged zeolites are particularly useful as solid acid catalysts.

The term was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been stilbite, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek ζέω (zéō), meaning "to boil" and λίθος (líthos), meaning "stone".

Zeolites occur naturally, but are also produced industrially on a large scale. , 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) and receives a three-letter designation. (Full article...)
Image 15
Crystal structure of table salt (sodium in purple, chlorine in green)

In crystallography, crystal structure is a description of the ordered arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in a crystalline material. Ordered structures occur from the intrinsic nature of the constituent particles to form symmetric patterns that repeat along the principal directions of three-dimensional space in matter.

The smallest group of particles in the material that constitutes this repeating pattern is the unit cell of the structure. The unit cell completely reflects the symmetry and structure of the entire crystal, which is built up by repetitive translation of the unit cell along its principal axes. The translation vectors define the nodes of the Bravais lattice.

The lengths of the principal axes, or edges, of the unit cell and the angles between them are the lattice constants, also called lattice parameters or cell parameters. The symmetry properties of the crystal are described by the concept of space groups. All possible symmetric arrangements of particles in three-dimensional space may be described by the 230 space groups.

The crystal structure and symmetry play a critical role in determining many physical properties, such as cleavage, electronic band structure, and optical transparency. (Full article...)
Image 16

Galena with minor pyrite

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver.

Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite. (Full article...)
Image 17

Dolomite (white) on talc

Dolomite (/ˈdɒl.əˌmaɪt, ˈdoʊ.lə-/) is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg(CO₃)₂. The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite (see Dolomite (rock)). An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone. (Full article...)
Image 18

Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral. It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. Corundum has two primary gem varieties: ruby and sapphire. Rubies are red due to the presence of chromium, and sapphires exhibit a range of colors depending on what transition metal is present. A rare type of sapphire, padparadscha sapphire, is pink-orange.

The name "corundum" is derived from the Tamil-Dravidian word kurundam (ruby-sapphire) (appearing in Sanskrit as kuruvinda).

Because of corundum's hardness (pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 on the Mohs scale), it can scratch almost all other minerals. It is commonly used as an abrasive on sandpaper and on large tools used in machining metals, plastics, and wood. Emery, a variety of corundum with no value as a gemstone, is commonly used as an abrasive. It is a black granular form of corundum, in which the mineral is intimately mixed with magnetite, hematite, or hercynite.

In addition to its hardness, corundum has a density of 4.02 g/cm³ (251 lb/cu ft), which is unusually high for a transparent mineral composed of the low-atomic mass elements aluminium and oxygen. (Full article...)
Image 19

A sample of andesite (dark groundmass) with amygdaloidal vesicles filled with zeolite. Diameter of view is 8 cm.

Andesite (/ˈændəzaɪt/) is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition. In a general sense, it is the intermediate type between silica-poor basalt and silica-rich rhyolite. It is fine-grained (aphanitic) to porphyritic in texture, and is composed predominantly of sodium-rich plagioclase plus pyroxene or hornblende.

Andesite is the extrusive equivalent of plutonic diorite. Characteristic of subduction zones, andesite represents the dominant rock type in island arcs. The average composition of the continental crust is andesitic. Along with basalts, andesites are a component of the Martian crust.

The name andesite is derived from the Andes mountain range, where this rock type is found in abundance. It was first applied by Christian Leopold von Buch in 1826. (Full article...)
Image 20

Tourmaline (/ˈtʊərməlɪn, -ˌliːn/ TOOR-mə-lin, -⁠leen) is a crystalline silicate mineral group in which boron is compounded with elements such as aluminium, iron, magnesium, sodium, lithium, or potassium. This gemstone comes in a wide variety of colors.

The name is derived from the Sinhalese tōramalli (ටෝරමල්ලි), which refers to the carnelian gemstones. (Full article...)
Image 21

Garnets ( /ˈɡɑːrnɪt/) are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.

All species of garnets possess similar physical properties and crystal forms, but differ in chemical composition. The different species are pyrope, almandine, spessartine, grossular (varieties of which are hessonite or cinnamon-stone and tsavorite), uvarovite and andradite. The garnets make up two solid solution series: pyrope-almandine-spessartine (pyralspite), with the composition range [Mg,Fe,Mn]₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃; and uvarovite-grossular-andradite (ugrandite), with the composition range Ca₃[Cr,Al,Fe]₂(SiO₄)₃. (Full article...)
Image 22

Chalcopyrite (/ˌkælkəˈpaɪˌraɪt, -koʊ-/ KAL-kə-PY-ryte, -⁠koh-) is a copper iron sulfide mineral and the most abundant copper ore mineral. It has the chemical formula CuFeS₂ and crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green-tinged black.

On exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), chalcocite (Cu₂S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu₉S₅); carbonates such as malachite and azurite, and rarely oxides such as cuprite (Cu₂O). It is rarely found in association with native copper. Chalcopyrite is a conductor of electricity.

Copper can be extracted from chalcopyrite ore using various methods. The two predominant methods are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the former being the most commercially viable. (Full article...)
Image 23

Intergrowth of lustrous, cubic crystals of pyrite, with some surfaces showing characteristic striations, from Huanzala mine, Ancash, Peru. Specimen size: 7.0 × 5.0 × 2.5 cm

The mineral pyrite (/ˈpaɪraɪt/ PY-ryte), or iron pyrite, also known as fool's gold, is an iron sulfide with the chemical formula FeS₂ (iron (II) disulfide). Pyrite is the most abundant sulfide mineral.
Pyrite's metallic luster and pale brass-yellow hue give it a superficial resemblance to gold, hence the well-known nickname of fool's gold. The color has also led to the nicknames brass, brazzle, and brazil, primarily used to refer to pyrite found in coal.

The name pyrite is derived from the Greek πυρίτης λίθος (pyritēs lithos), 'stone or mineral which strikes fire', in turn from πῦρ (pyr), 'fire'. In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel; Pliny the Elder described one of them as being brassy, almost certainly a reference to what is now called pyrite.

By Georgius Agricola's time, c. 1550, the term had become a generic term for all of the sulfide minerals. (Full article...)
Image 24

Halite from the Wieliczka salt mine, Małopolskie, Poland

Halite (/ˈhælaɪt, ˈheɪlaɪt/), commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl). Halite forms isometric crystals. The mineral is typically colorless or white, but may also be light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials, impurities, and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals. It commonly occurs with other evaporite deposit minerals such as several of the sulfates, halides, and borates. The name halite is derived from the Ancient Greek word for "salt", ἅλς (háls). (Full article...)
Image 25
Green fluorite with prominent cleavage

Cleavage, in mineralogy and materials science, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite crystallographic structural planes. These planes of relative weakness are a result of the regular locations of atoms and ions in the crystal, which create smooth repeating surfaces that are visible both in the microscope and to the naked eye. If bonds in certain directions are weaker than others, the crystal will tend to split along the weakly bonded planes. These flat breaks are termed "cleavage". The classic example of cleavage is mica, which cleaves in a single direction along the basal pinacoid, making the layers seem like pages in a book. In fact, mineralogists often refer to "books of mica".

Diamond and graphite provide examples of cleavage. Each is composed solely of a single element, carbon. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded to four others in a tetrahedral pattern with short covalent bonds. The planes of weakness (cleavage planes) in a diamond are in four directions, following the faces of the octahedron. In graphite, carbon atoms are contained in layers in a hexagonal pattern where the covalent bonds are shorter (and thus even stronger) than those of diamond. However, each layer is connected to the other with a longer and much weaker van der Waals bond. This gives graphite a single direction of cleavage, parallel to the basal pinacoid. So weak is this bond that it is broken with little force, giving graphite a slippery feel as layers shear apart. As a result, graphite makes an excellent dry lubricant.

While all single crystals will show some tendency to split along atomic planes in their crystal structure, if the differences between one direction or another are not large enough, the mineral will not display cleavage. Corundum, for example, displays no cleavage. (Full article...)

Избранный минералог

Image 1
Готтлоб Эдуард Линк (20 февраля 1858, Отисхайм — 22 декабря 1947, Йена ) — немецкий минералог .

С 1879 года учился в политехническом колледже в Штутгарте , затем классы в университетах Страсбурга и Тюбингена . В 1888 году он получил степень по минералогии и петрографии в Страсбурге, где в 1894 году стал доцентом. Позже в том же году он был назначен профессором минералогии и геологии Йенского университета изанимал эту должность до выхода на пенсию в 1930 году. Пять раз он занимал должность ректора Йенского университета. ( Полная статья... )
Image 2
Hilary Bauerman (16 March 1835 – 5 December 1909) was an English metallurgist, mineralogist and geologist. (Full article...)
Image 3

William Hyde Wollaston FRS (/ˈwʊləstən/; 6 August 1766 – 22 December 1828) was an English chemist and physicist who is famous for discovering the chemical elements palladium and rhodium. He also developed a way to process platinum ore into malleable ingots. (Full article...)
Image 4

Lithograph of Zippe by Adolf Dauthage, 1860

Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe (František Xaver Zippe) (15 January 1791 – 22 February 1863), was a Bohemian natural philosopher, scientist and mineralogist. (Full article...)
Image 5
Jens Esmark

Jens Esmark (31 January 1763 – 26 January 1839) was a Danish-Norwegian professor of mineralogy who contributed to many of the initial discoveries and conceptual analyses of glaciers, specifically the concept that glaciers had covered larger areas in the past. (Full article...)
Image 6
James R. Gregory, circa 1880

James Reynolds Gregory (29 December 1832 – 15 December 1899) was a noted 19th-century British mineralogist. He founded a mineral specimen business in 1858 which is today known as Gregory, Bottley & Lloyd. Gregory's company had a reputation as one of the best in the business providing mineral samples for scientists as well as private collectors. He primarily bought his specimens at auction or from other collectors and dealers, rarely collecting from the field.

When he was sent in 1868 by diamond merchant Harry Emmanuel of London's Hatton Garden to Hopetown, South Africa, to determine if claims of diamonds being found there were true, he investigated and reported back, that "The whole story of the Cape diamond discoveries is false, and is simply one of the many schemes for trying to promote the employment and expenditure of capital in searching for this pereachous [sic] substance in the colony". (Full article...)
Image 7
A page from Foshag's field book.

William Frederick Foshag (March 17, 1894 – May 21, 1956) was an American geologist and mineralogist.
He published nearly 100 papers and described 13 new minerals, including foshagite. (Full article...)
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August Ferdinand von Veltheim (18 September 1741 Harbke – 2 October 1801. Braunschweig) was a German mineralogist and geologist, and came from the aristocratic family of Veltheim. He was known as August Ferdinand Graf von Veltheim from 1798 after acquiring the title of 'Graf'.

He attended the Kloster Berge school (Pädagogium) near Magdeburg between 1756 and 1758. He was introduced to the world of mining by Friedrich Anton von Heynitz, a mining official and later Minister of Industry under Frederick the Great. In 1760 he enrolled for a course on mineralogy at the University of Helmstedt. In 1763 he became financial advisor to the Duke of Braunschweig, and in this capacity made numerous trips to mines and saltworks of the region in the company of his father Friedrich August von Veltheim (1709-1775). In 1766 he was promoted to Inspector of Mines in the mineral-rich mining district of the Harz Mountains. After the death of his first son and first wife in 1779, Veltheim resigned his post and for some years withdrew from public life.^{[circular reference]} (Full article...)
Image 9
Joseph (Joe) Anthony Mandarino OC, FRSC (20 April 1929 in Chicago, Illinois – 19 September 2007) was an American-Canadian mineralogist and crystallographer. (Full article...)
Image 10
Hans Morten Thrane Esmark (21 August 1801 – 24 April 1882) was a Norwegian priest and mineralogist. He is most noted for first locating the mineral thorite. (Full article...)
Image 11

Pauling in the 1940s

Linus Carl Pauling FRS (/ˈpɔːlɪŋ/; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics. New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time. For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of five people to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen, Frederick Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless). Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes, and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie.

Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology. His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. Pauling's approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms. (Full article...)
Image 12

Portrait by Joseph Karl Stieler (1843)

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 1769 – 6 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, philosopher, and linguist Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835). Humboldt's quantitative work on botanical geography laid the foundation for the field of biogeography, while his advocacy of long-term systematic geophysical measurement pioneered modern geomagnetic and meteorological monitoring.

Between 1799 and 1804, Humboldt travelled extensively in the Americas, exploring and describing them for the first time from a non-Spanish European scientific point of view. His description of the journey was written up and published in several volumes over 21 years. Humboldt was one of the first people to propose that the lands bordering the Atlantic Ocean were once joined (South America and Africa in particular). (Full article...)
Image 13
Günther Friedrich (15 April 1929 – 24 November 2014) was a German mineralogist and university professor at the RWTH University at Aachen. He was an expert in the field of the creation of marine Manganese nodule concretions. (Full article...)
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Friedrich Klockmann (12 April 1858, Schwerin – 17 November 1937, Aachen) was a German geologist and mineralogist.

He studied geology and mineralogy at the Bergakademie in Clausthal and at the University of Rostock, receiving his doctorate in 1881. Following graduation he worked for the Prussian Geological Survey, based in Berlin. From 1887 he taught classes in mineralogy and geology at the academy in Clausthal, and in 1892 attained the title of professor. From 1899 he worked as a professor at the technical university in Aachen, where in 1917/18 he served as academic rector. (Full article...)
Image 15
Sjur Aasmundsen Sexe (14 August 1808 – 17 February 1888) was a Norwegian mineralogist and educator. (Full article...)
Image 16

Franz Ernst Neumann.
Portrait by Carl Steffeck (1886)

Franz Ernst Neumann (11 September 1798 – 23 May 1895) was a German mineralogist and physicist. (Full article...)
Image 17
Gustav von Leonhard

Gustav von Leonhard (12 November 1816 in Munich – 27 December 1878 in Heidelberg) was a German mineralogist and geologist. He was the son of mineralogist Karl Cäsar von Leonhard.

He studied mineralogy and related sciences at the University of Heidelberg, receiving his doctorate in 1840. He continued his education in Berlin, and in 1841 obtained his habilitation at Heidelberg. In 1853 he became an associate professor of mineralogy at the University of Heidelberg. (Full article...)
Image 18
Alexander von Schrenk

Alexander Gustav von Schrenk (4 February 1816 – 25 June 1876) was a Baltic German-Russian naturalist born near Tula in what was then the Russian Empire. He was a brother to zoologist Leopold von Schrenck (1826–1894).

From 1834 to 1837, he studied sciences at the University of Dorpat (Tartu), later spending several years as an assistant at the botanical garden in St. Petersburg. He was habilitated for mineralogy at Dorpat, where from 1849 he served as a lecturer. From 1858 he spent the next ten years at his wife's manor in Pühajärve (Heiligensee), Livonia, returning to Dorpat in 1868, where he died several years later. (Full article...)
Image 19
Enrico Clerici (15 October 1862 – 26 August 1938) was an Italian mineralogist and geologist. From 1903 on he worked at the University of Rome. He published in 1907 the composition of a solution with a density of 4.25 g/cm³ at 20 °C, to determine the density of minerals. The Clerici solution is a mixture of thallium formate (Tl(CHO₂)) and thallium malonate (Tl(C₃H₃O₄)) in water. (Full article...)
Image 20
Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951. Left to right, sitting: Crussaro, N.P. Allen, Cauchois, Borelius, Bragg, Moller, Sietz, Hollomon, Frank; middle row: Rathenau,^(nl) Koster, Rudberg,^(sv), Flamache, Goche, Groven, Orowan, Burgers, Shockley, Guinier, C.S. Smith, Dehlinger, Laval, Henriot; top row: Gaspart, Lomer, Cottrell, Homes, Curien

Hubert Curien (30 October 1924 – 6 February 2005) was a French physicist and a key figure in European science politics, as the President of CERN Council (1994–1996), the first chairman of the European Space Agency (ESA) (1981–1984), and second President of the Academia Europæa and a President of Fondation de France. (Full article...)
Image 21
Vesselina Vassileva Breskovska (Bulgarian: Веселина Василева Бресковска) (December 6, 1928, Granit, Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria – August 12, 1997, Sofia, Bulgaria) was a 20th-century Bulgarian geologist, mineralogist and crystallographer. (Full article...)
Image 22
Hans Schneiderhöhn (2 June 1887, in Mainz – 5 August 1962, in Sölden) was a German geologist and mineralogist who specialized in ore microscopy. (Full article...)
Image 23

William Walter Jefferis (January 12, 1820 – February 23, 1906) was an American mineralogist and curator of the William S. Vaux Collection of minerals and artifacts at the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences from 1883 to 1898. He personally collected and cataloged 35,000 mineral specimens, which he sold to the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in 1905. (Full article...)
Image 24

Eilhard Mitscherlich (1794–1863)

Eilhard Mitscherlich (German pronunciation: [ˈaɪ̯lhaʁt ˈmɪtʃɐlɪç]; 7 January 1794 – 28 August 1863) was a German chemist, who is perhaps best remembered today for his discovery of the phenomenon of crystallographic isomorphism in 1819. (Full article...)
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Justus Ludwig Adolf Roth (September 15, 1818, Hamburg – April 1, 1892) was a German geologist and mineralogist. (Full article...)

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Ресурсы редактора и информацию о сотрудничестве с другими редакторами в улучшении статей Википедии, посвященных минералам, см. в WikiProject Rocks and Minerals .

Общие изображения

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей в Википедии, посвященных минералам.

Image 1Черный андрадит, конечный член группы ортосиликатных гранатов. (из Минерала )
Image 2Гипсовая пустынная роза (из Минерала )
Image 3Натролит — минеральный ряд группы цеолитов; этот образец имеет очень выраженную игольчатую форму кристаллов. (из Минерала )
Image 4Красная киноварь (HgS), ртутная руда, на доломите. (из Минерала )
Image 5Эгирин , железо-натриевый клинопироксен, относится к подклассу иносиликата. (из Минерала )
Image 6Мусковит, минеральный вид группы слюды, подкласса слоистых силикатов (от Mineral ).
Image 7Когда минералы реагируют, продукты иногда принимают форму реагента; Минерал продукта называется псевдоморфозой реагента (или после него). Здесь изображена псевдоморфоза каолинита по ортоклазу . Здесь псевдоморфа сохранила карловарское двойникование , обычное для ортоклаза. (из Минерала )
Image 8Пример эльбаита, разновидности турмалина, с характерными цветными полосами. (из Минерала )
Image 9Контактные близнецы, как видно из шпинели (от Mineral )
Image 10Кристалл сфалерита, частично заключенный в кальцит, из девонской формации Милуоки в Висконсине (из минерала )
Image 11Асбестиформный тремолит , часть группы амфиболов подкласса иносиликата (от Mineral )
Image 12Топаз имеет характерную ромбическую вытянутую форму кристалла. (из Минерала )
Image 13Карнотит (желтый) — радиоактивный урансодержащий минерал. (из Минерала )
Image 14Пирит имеет металлический блеск. (из Минерала )
Image 15Кристаллы серандита , натролита , анальцима и эгирина из Мон-Сен-Илера, Квебек, Канада (из Mineral )
Image 16Сланец — метаморфическая горная порода , характеризующаяся обилием пластинчатых минералов. В этом примере в породе присутствуют заметные порфиробласты силлиманита размером до 3 см (1,2 дюйма). (из Минерала )
Image 17Розовые кубические кристаллы галита (NaCl; класс галогенидов) на матрице нахколита (NaHCO ₃ ; карбонат и минеральная форма бикарбоната натрия, используемая в качестве пищевой соды ). (из Минерала )
Image 18Алмаз — самый твердый природный материал, его твердость по шкале Мооса равна 10. (из минерала ).
Image 19Набор для измерения твердости по шкале Мооса, содержащий по одному образцу каждого минерала по десятибалльной шкале твердости (по шкале Мооса ).
Image 20Эпидот часто имеет характерный фисташково-зеленый цвет. (из Минерала )
Image 21Пирит (из блеска (минералогия) )
Image 22Гюбнерит , богатый марганцем конечный член серии вольфрамита , с небольшим количеством кварца на заднем плане (из минерала ).
Image 23Самородное золото. Редкий экземпляр крепких кристаллов, растущих из центральной ножки, размером 3,7 х 1,1 х 0,4 см, из Венесуэлы. (из Минерала )
Image 24Галенит , PbS, — минерал с высоким удельным весом. (из Минерала )
Image 25Идеальная базальная спайность, наблюдаемая в биотите (черный), и хорошая спайность, видимая в матрице (розовый ортоклаз ). (из Минерала )

Вы знали ...?

... что после того, как шахтный туннель был вырыт недалеко от Серро-де-Паско в Перу, на стенах образовался первый известный образец паскоита (пример на фото) ?
...что название минерала скрутинитит отражает усилия, затраченные на то, чтобы отличить его от платтнерита – другой формы диоксида свинца ?
…что кристаллическая симметрия меланофлогита меняется в зависимости от гостей , оказавшихся внутри него?
... что минерал месселит был описан в 1890 году, дискредитирован в 1940 году, восстановлен и назван неомесселитом в 1955 году, а к 1959 году снова назван месселитом ?