Портал:Полезные ископаемые

Темы портала: Деятельность; Культура; География; Здоровье; История; Математика; Природа; Люди; Философия; Религия; Общество; Технологии; Случайный портал

Портал минералов

В геологии и минералогии минерал или минеральный вид — это, в широком смысле, твёрдое вещество с достаточно определённым химическим составом и определённой кристаллической структурой , встречающееся в природе в чистом виде.

Геологическое определение минерала обычно исключает соединения, которые встречаются только в живых организмах. Однако некоторые минералы часто являются биогенными (например, кальцит ) или органическими соединениями в смысле химии (например, меллит ). Более того, живые организмы часто синтезируют неорганические минералы (например, гидроксилапатит ) , которые также встречаются в горных породах.

Понятие минерал отличается от скалы , которая представляет собой любой сплошной геологический материал, который относительно однороден в достаточно большом масштабе. Скала может состоять из одного типа минерала или может быть совокупностью двух или более различных типов минералов, пространственно разделенных на отдельные фазы .

Некоторые природные твердые вещества без определенной кристаллической структуры, такие как опал или обсидиан , правильнее называть минералоидами . Если химическое соединение встречается в природе с различными кристаллическими структурами, каждая структура считается отдельным минеральным видом. Так, например, кварц и стишовит — это два разных минерала, состоящие из одного и того же соединения, диоксида кремния . ( Полная статья... )

Минералогия — это раздел геологии, специализирующийся на научном изучении химии , кристаллической структуры и физических (включая оптические ) свойств минералов и минерализованных артефактов . Конкретные исследования в рамках минералогии включают процессы возникновения и образования минералов, классификацию минералов, их географическое распространение, а также их использование. ( Полная статья... )

Обновить с новыми вариантами ниже (очистить)

Избранные статьи

Изображение 1

Гранаты ( / ˈ ɡ ɑːr n ɪ t / ) представляют собой группу силикатных минералов , которые использовались со времен бронзового века в качестве драгоценных камней и абразивов .Все виды гранатов обладают схожими физическими свойствами и кристаллическими формами, но различаются по химическому составу . Различными видами являются пироп , альмандин , спессартин , гроссуляр (разновидностями которого являются гессонит или коричный камень и цаворит ), уваровит и андрадит . Гранаты образуют две серии твердых растворов : пироп-альмандин-спессартин (пиральспит) с составом в диапазоне [Mg,Fe,Mn] ₃ Al ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ ; и уваровит-гроссуляр-андрадит (уграндит) с составом в диапазоне Ca ₃ [Cr,Al,Fe] ₂ (SiO ₄ ) ₃ . ( Полная статья... )
Изображение 2

Chalcopyrite (/ˌkælkəˈpaɪˌraɪt, -koʊ-/ KAL-kə-PY-ryte, -⁠koh-) is a copper iron sulfide mineral and the most abundant copper ore mineral. It has the chemical formula CuFeS₂ and crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green-tinged black.

On exposure to air, chalcopyrite tarnishes to a variety of oxides, hydroxides, and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), chalcocite (Cu₂S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu₉S₅); carbonates such as malachite and azurite, and rarely oxides such as cuprite (Cu₂O). It is rarely found in association with native copper. Chalcopyrite is a conductor of electricity.

Copper can be extracted from chalcopyrite ore using various methods. The two predominant methods are pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy, the former being the most commercially viable. (Full article...)
Image 3

A natural diamond crystal

Diamond is a solid form of the element carbon with its atoms arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. Diamond as a form of carbon is a tasteless, odourless, strong, brittle solid, colourless in pure form, a poor conductor of electricity, and insoluble in water. Another solid form of carbon known as graphite is the chemically stable form of carbon at room temperature and pressure, but diamond is metastable and converts to it at a negligible rate under those conditions. Diamond has the highest hardness and thermal conductivity of any natural material, properties that are used in major industrial applications such as cutting and polishing tools. They are also the reason that diamond anvil cells can subject materials to pressures found deep in the Earth.

Because the arrangement of atoms in diamond is extremely rigid, few types of impurity can contaminate it (two exceptions are boron and nitrogen). Small numbers of defects or impurities (about one per million of lattice atoms) can color a diamond blue (boron), yellow (nitrogen), brown (defects), green (radiation exposure), purple, pink, orange, or red. Diamond also has a very high refractive index and a relatively high optical dispersion.

Most natural diamonds have ages between 1 billion and 3.5 billion years. Most were formed at depths between 150 and 250 kilometres (93 and 155 mi) in the Earth's mantle, although a few have come from as deep as 800 kilometres (500 mi). Under high pressure and temperature, carbon-containing fluids dissolved various minerals and replaced them with diamonds. Much more recently (hundreds to tens of million years ago), they were carried to the surface in volcanic eruptions and deposited in igneous rocks known as kimberlites and lamproites.

Synthetic diamonds can be grown from high-purity carbon under high pressures and temperatures or from hydrocarbon gases by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Imitation diamonds can also be made out of materials such as cubic zirconia and silicon carbide. Natural, synthetic, and imitation diamonds are most commonly distinguished using optical techniques or thermal conductivity measurements. (Full article...)
Image 4

Brazilian trigonal hematite crystal

Hematite (/ˈhiːməˌtaɪt, ˈhɛmə-/), also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe₂O₃ and is widely found in rocks and soils. Hematite crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe
₂O
₃. It has the same crystal structure as corundum (Al
₂O
₃) and ilmenite (FeTiO
₃). With this it forms a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).

Hematite occurs naturally in black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish-brown, or red colors. It is mined as an important ore mineral of iron. It is electrically conductive. Hematite varieties include kidney ore, martite (pseudomorphs after magnetite), iron rose and specularite (specular hematite). While these forms vary, they all have a rust-red streak. Hematite is not only harder than pure iron, but also much more brittle. Maghemite is a polymorph of hematite (γ-Fe
₂O
₃) with the same chemical formula, but with a spinel structure like magnetite.

Large deposits of hematite are found in banded iron formations. Gray hematite is typically found in places that have still, standing water, or mineral hot springs, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America. The mineral may precipitate in the water and collect in layers at the bottom of the lake, spring, or other standing water. Hematite can also occur in the absence of water, usually as the result of volcanic activity.

Clay-sized hematite crystals also may occur as a secondary mineral formed by weathering processes in soil, and along with other iron oxides or oxyhydroxides such as goethite, which is responsible for the red color of many tropical, ancient, or otherwise highly weathered soils. (Full article...)
Image 5

Apatite (CaF) (fluorapatite) doubly-terminated crystal in calcite

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH⁻, F⁻ and Cl⁻ ion, respectively, in the crystal. The formula of the admixture of the three most common endmembers is written as Ca₁₀(PO4)₆(OH,F,Cl)₂, and the crystal unit cell formulae of the individual minerals are written as Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂, Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆F₂ and Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆Cl₂.

The mineral was named apatite by the German geologist Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1786, although the specific mineral he had described was reclassified as fluorapatite in 1860 by the German mineralogist Karl Friedrich August Rammelsberg. Apatite is often mistaken for other minerals. This tendency is reflected in the mineral's name, which is derived from the Greek word ἀπατάω (apatáō), which means to deceive. (Full article...)
Image 6
A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of strontium titanate. Brighter spots are columns of strontium atoms and darker ones are titanium-oxygen columns.

Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word crystallography is derived from the Ancient Greek word κρύσταλλος (krústallos; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and γράφειν (gráphein; "to write"). In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming 2014 the International Year of Crystallography.

Crystallography is a broad topic, and many of its subareas, such as X-ray crystallography, are themselves important scientific topics. Crystallography ranges from the fundamentals of crystal structure to the mathematics of crystal geometry, including those that are not periodic or quasicrystals. At the atomic scale it can involve the use of X-ray diffraction to produce experimental data that the tools of X-ray crystallography can convert into detailed positions of atoms, and sometimes electron density. At larger scales it includes experimental tools such as orientational imaging to examine the relative orientations at the grain boundary in materials. Crystallography plays a key role in many areas of biology, chemistry, and physics, as well new developments in these fields. (Full article...)
Image 7

Three varieties of beryl (left to right): morganite, aquamarine and emerald

Beryl (/ˈbɛrəl/ BERR-əl) is a mineral composed of beryllium aluminium silicate with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈. Well-known varieties of beryl include emerald and aquamarine. Naturally occurring hexagonal crystals of beryl can be up to several meters in size, but terminated crystals are relatively rare. Pure beryl is colorless, but it is frequently tinted by impurities; possible colors are green, blue, yellow, pink, and red (the rarest). It is an ore source of beryllium. (Full article...)
Image 8
Zeolite exhibited in the Estonian Museum of Natural History

Zeolite is a family of several microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts. They mainly consist of silicon, aluminium, oxygen, and have the general formula Mⁿ⁺
_1/n(AlO
₂)⁻
(SiO
₂)
_x･yH
₂O where Mⁿ⁺
_1/n is either a metal ion or H⁺.

The term was originally coined in 1756 by Swedish mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who observed that rapidly heating a material, believed to have been stilbite, produced large amounts of steam from water that had been adsorbed by the material. Based on this, he called the material zeolite, from the Greek ζέω (zéō), meaning "to boil" and λίθος (líthos), meaning "stone".

Zeolites occur naturally, but are also produced industrially on a large scale. As of December 2018^[update], 253 unique zeolite frameworks have been identified, and over 40 naturally occurring zeolite frameworks are known. Every new zeolite structure that is obtained is examined by the International Zeolite Association Structure Commission (IZA-SC) and receives a three-letter designation. (Full article...)
Image 9

Dolomite (white) on talc

Dolomite (/ˈdɒl.əˌmaɪt, ˈdoʊ.lə-/) is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally CaMg(CO₃)₂. The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite (see Dolomite (rock)). An alternative name sometimes used for the dolomitic rock type is dolostone. (Full article...)
Image 10

Turquoise is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a hydrous phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula CuAl₆(PO4)₄(OH)₈·4H2O. It is rare and valuable in finer grades and has been prized as a gemstone for millennia due to its hue.

Like most other opaque gems, turquoise has been devalued by the introduction of treatments, imitations, and synthetics into the market. The robin egg blue or sky blue color of the Persian turquoise mined near the modern city of Nishapur, Iran, has been used as a guiding reference for evaluating turquoise quality. (Full article...)
Image 11

Quartz crystal cluster from Brazil

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide). The atoms are linked in a continuous framework of SiO₄ silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2. Quartz is, therefore, classified structurally as a framework silicate mineral and compositionally as an oxide mineral. Quartz is the second most abundant mineral in Earth's continental crust, behind feldspar.

Quartz exists in two forms, the normal α-quartz and the high-temperature β-quartz, both of which are chiral. The transformation from α-quartz to β-quartz takes place abruptly at 573 °C (846 K; 1,063 °F). Since the transformation is accompanied by a significant change in volume, it can easily induce microfracturing of ceramics or rocks passing through this temperature threshold.

There are many different varieties of quartz, several of which are classified as gemstones. Since antiquity, varieties of quartz have been the most commonly used minerals in the making of jewelry and hardstone carvings, especially in Europe and Asia.

Quartz is the mineral defining the value of 7 on the Mohs scale of hardness, a qualitative scratch method for determining the hardness of a material to abrasion. (Full article...)
Image 12

Amethyst cluster from Artigas, Uruguay

Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz. The name comes from the Koine Greek αμέθυστος amethystos from α- a-, "not" and μεθύσκω (Ancient Greek) methysko / μεθώ metho (Modern Greek), "intoxicate", a reference to the belief that the stone protected its owner from drunkenness. Ancient Greeks wore amethyst and carved drinking vessels from it in the belief that it would prevent intoxication.

Amethyst, a semiprecious stone, is often used in jewelry. (Full article...)
Image 13

Corundum is a crystalline form of aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) typically containing traces of iron, titanium, vanadium, and chromium. It is a rock-forming mineral. It is a naturally transparent material, but can have different colors depending on the presence of transition metal impurities in its crystalline structure. Corundum has two primary gem varieties: ruby and sapphire. Rubies are red due to the presence of chromium, and sapphires exhibit a range of colors depending on what transition metal is present. A rare type of sapphire, padparadscha sapphire, is pink-orange.

The name "corundum" is derived from the Tamil-Dravidian word kurundam (ruby-sapphire) (appearing in Sanskrit as kuruvinda).

Because of corundum's hardness (pure corundum is defined to have 9.0 on the Mohs scale), it can scratch almost all other minerals. It is commonly used as an abrasive on sandpaper and on large tools used in machining metals, plastics, and wood. Emery, a variety of corundum with no value as a gemstone, is commonly used as an abrasive. It is a black granular form of corundum, in which the mineral is intimately mixed with magnetite, hematite, or hercynite.

In addition to its hardness, corundum has a density of 4.02 g/cm³ (251 lb/cu ft), which is unusually high for a transparent mineral composed of the low-atomic mass elements aluminium and oxygen. (Full article...)
Image 14

Fibrous tremolite asbestos on muscovite

Asbestos (/æsˈbɛstəs, æz-, -tɒs/ ass-BES-təs, az-, -⁠toss) is a naturally occurring, carcinogenic, fibrous silicate mineral. There are six types, all of which are composed of long and thin fibrous crystals, each fibre (particulate with length substantially greater than width) being composed of many microscopic "fibrils" that can be released into the atmosphere by abrasion and other processes. Inhalation of asbestos fibres can lead to various dangerous lung conditions, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. As a result of these health effects, asbestos is considered a serious health and safety hazard.

Archaeological studies have found evidence of asbestos being used as far back as the Stone Age to strengthen ceramic pots, but large-scale mining began at the end of the 19th century when manufacturers and builders began using asbestos for its desirable physical properties. Asbestos is an excellent thermal and electrical insulator, and is highly fire resistant, so for much of the 20th century, it was very commonly used around the world as a building material (particularly for its fire-retardant properties), until its adverse effects on human health were more widely recognized and acknowledged in the 1970s. Many buildings constructed before the 1980s contain asbestos.

The use of asbestos for construction and fireproofing has been made illegal in many countries. Despite this, around 255,000 people are thought to die each year from diseases related to asbestos exposure. In part, this is because many older buildings still contain asbestos; in addition, the consequences of exposure can take decades to arise. The latency period (from exposure until the diagnosis of negative health effects) is typically 20 years. The most common diseases associated with chronic asbestos exposure are asbestosis (scarring of the lungs due to asbestos inhalation) and mesothelioma (a type of cancer).

Many developing countries still support the use of asbestos as a building material, and mining of asbestos is ongoing, with the top producer, Russia, having an estimated production of 790,000 tonnes in 2020. (Full article...)
Image 15

A rich seam of iridescent opal encased in matrix

Opal is a hydrated amorphous form of silica (SiO₂·nH₂O); its water content may range from 3% to 21% by weight, but is usually between 6% and 10%. Due to its amorphous property, it is classified as a mineraloid, unlike crystalline forms of silica, which are considered minerals. It is deposited at a relatively low temperature and may occur in the fissures of almost any kind of rock, being most commonly found with limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.

The name opal is believed to be derived from the Sanskrit word upala (उपल), which means 'jewel', and later the Greek derivative opállios (ὀπάλλιος).

There are two broad classes of opal: precious and common. Precious opal displays play-of-color (iridescence); common opal does not. Play-of-color is defined as "a pseudo chromatic optical effect resulting in flashes of colored light from certain minerals, as they are turned in white light." The internal structure of precious opal causes it to diffract light, resulting in play-of-color. Depending on the conditions in which it formed, opal may be transparent, translucent, or opaque, and the background color may be white, black, or nearly any color of the visual spectrum. Black opal is considered the rarest, while white, gray, and green opals are the most common. (Full article...)
Image 16

Cinnabar crystals (1 cm) on quartz crystals. Almadén, Ciudad Real (Spain)

Cinnabar (/ˈsɪnəˌbɑːr/; from Ancient Greek κιννάβαρι (kinnábari)), or cinnabarite (/ˌsɪnəˈbɑːraɪt/), also known as mercurblende is the bright scarlet to brick-red form of mercury(II) sulfide (HgS). It is the most common source ore for refining elemental mercury and is the historic source for the brilliant red or scarlet pigment termed vermilion and associated red mercury pigments.

Cinnabar generally occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs. The mineral resembles quartz in symmetry and it exhibits birefringence. Cinnabar has a mean refractive index near 3.2, a hardness between 2.0 and 2.5, and a specific gravity of approximately 8.1. The color and properties derive from a structure that is a hexagonal crystalline lattice belonging to the trigonal crystal system, crystals that sometimes exhibit twinning.

Cinnabar has been used for its color since antiquity in the Near East, including as a rouge-type cosmetic, in the New World since the Olmec culture, and in China since as early as the Yangshao culture, where it was used in coloring stoneware. In Roman times, cinnabar was highly valued as paint for walls, especially interiors, since it darkened when used outdoors due to exposure to sunlight.

Associated modern precautions for the use and handling of cinnabar arise from the toxicity of the mercury component, which was recognized as early as ancient Rome. (Full article...)
Image 17

Deep green isolated fluorite crystal resembling a truncated octahedron, set upon a micaceous matrix, from Erongo Mountain, Erongo Region, Namibia (overall size: 50 mm × 27 mm, crystal size: 19 mm wide, 30 g)

Fluorite (also called fluorspar) is the mineral form of calcium fluoride, CaF₂. It belongs to the halide minerals. It crystallizes in isometric cubic habit, although octahedral and more complex isometric forms are not uncommon.

The Mohs scale of mineral hardness, based on scratch hardness comparison, defines value 4 as fluorite.

Pure fluorite is colourless and transparent, both in visible and ultraviolet light, but impurities usually make it a colorful mineral and the stone has ornamental and lapidary uses. Industrially, fluorite is used as a flux for smelting, and in the production of certain glasses and enamels. The purest grades of fluorite are a source of fluoride for hydrofluoric acid manufacture, which is the intermediate source of most fluorine-containing fine chemicals. Optically clear transparent fluorite has anomalous partial dispersion, that is, its refractive index varies with the wavelength of light in a manner that differs from that of commonly used glasses, so fluorite is useful in making apochromatic lenses, and particularly valuable in photographic optics. Fluorite optics are also usable in the far-ultraviolet and mid-infrared ranges, where conventional glasses are too opaque for use. Fluorite also has low dispersion, and a high refractive index for its density. (Full article...)
Image 18

Micas (/ˈmaɪkəz/ MY-kəz) are a group of silicate minerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into fragile elastic plates. This characteristic is described as perfect basal cleavage. Mica is common in igneous and metamorphic rock and is occasionally found as small flakes in sedimentary rock. It is particularly prominent in many granites, pegmatites, and schists, and "books" (large individual crystals) of mica several feet across have been found in some pegmatites.

Micas are used in products such as drywalls, paints, and fillers, especially in parts for automobiles, roofing, and in electronics. The mineral is used in cosmetics and food to add "shimmer" or "frost". (Full article...)
Image 19

Kaolinite (/ˈkeɪ.ələˌnaɪt, -lɪ-/ KAY-ə-lə-nyte, -⁠lih-; also called kaolin) is a clay mineral, with the chemical composition: Al₂Si₂O₅(OH)₄. It is a layered silicate mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet of silica (SiO₄) linked through oxygen atoms to one octahedral sheet of alumina (AlO₆).

Kaolinite is a soft, earthy, usually white, mineral (dioctahedral phyllosilicate clay), produced by the chemical weathering of aluminium silicate minerals like feldspar. It has a low shrink–swell capacity and a low cation-exchange capacity (1–15 meq/100 g).

Rocks that are rich in kaolinite, and halloysite, are known as kaolin (/ˈkeɪ.əlɪn/) or china clay. In many parts of the world kaolin is colored pink-orange-red by iron oxide, giving it a distinct rust hue. Lower concentrations of iron oxide yield the white, yellow, or light orange colors of kaolin. Alternating lighter and darker layers are sometimes found, as at Providence Canyon State Park in Georgia, United States.

Kaolin is an important raw material in many industries and applications. Commercial grades of kaolin are supplied and transported as powder, lumps, semi-dried noodle or slurry. Global production of kaolin in 2021 was estimated to be 45 million tonnes, with a total market value of $US4.24 billion. (Full article...)
Image 20

Magnetite from Bolivia

Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe²⁺Fe3+2O₄. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. With the exception of extremely rare native iron deposits, it is the most magnetic of all the naturally occurring minerals on Earth. Naturally magnetized pieces of magnetite, called lodestone, will attract small pieces of iron, which is how ancient peoples first discovered the property of magnetism.

Magnetite is black or brownish-black with a metallic luster, has a Mohs hardness of 5–6 and leaves a black streak. Small grains of magnetite are very common in igneous and metamorphic rocks.

The chemical IUPAC name is iron(II,III) oxide and the common chemical name is ferrous-ferric oxide. (Full article...)
Image 21
Mineralogy applies principles of chemistry, geology, physics and materials science to the study of minerals

Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. (Full article...)
Image 22

Galena with minor pyrite

Galena, also called lead glance, is the natural mineral form of lead(II) sulfide (PbS). It is the most important ore of lead and an important source of silver.

Galena is one of the most abundant and widely distributed sulfide minerals. It crystallizes in the cubic crystal system often showing octahedral forms. It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite. (Full article...)
Image 23

Graphite specimen

Graphite (/ˈɡræfaɪt/) is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in the excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3 million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Under extremely high pressures and extremely high temperatures it converts to diamond. Graphite's low cost, thermal and chemical inertness and characteristic conductivity of heat and electricity finds numerous applications in high energy and high temperature processes. (Full article...)
Image 24

Beachy Head is a part of the extensive Southern England Chalk Formation.

Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk is common throughout Western Europe, where deposits underlie parts of France, and steep cliffs are often seen where they meet the sea in places such as the Dover cliffs on the Kent coast of the English Channel.

Chalk is mined for use in industry, such as for quicklime, bricks and builder's putty, and in agriculture, for raising pH in soils with high acidity. It is also used for "blackboard chalk" for writing and drawing on various types of surfaces, although these can also be manufactured from other carbonate-based minerals, or gypsum. (Full article...)
Image 25

Malachite from the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Malachite is a copper carbonate hydroxide mineral, with the formula Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂. This opaque, green-banded mineral crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system, and most often forms botryoidal, fibrous, or stalagmitic masses, in fractures and deep, underground spaces, where the water table and hydrothermal fluids provide the means for chemical precipitation. Individual crystals are rare, but occur as slender to acicular prisms. Pseudomorphs after more tabular or blocky azurite crystals also occur. (Full article...)

Избранный минералог

Image 1

Антонио Д'Акиарди (28 ноября 1839, Пиза — 10 декабря 1902, Пиза) — итальянский геолог , палеонтолог и минералог, известный своими минералогическими и палеонтологическими исследованиями Тосканы . Он был отцом минералога Джованни Д'Акиарди [it] и художника Пьетро Д'Акиарди .

В 1859 году он получил докторскую степень в области наук в Университете Пизы , после чего работал ассистентом по химии (с 1861 года). Через три месяца после этого назначения он потерял способность видеть левым глазом из-за лабораторного несчастного случая, связанного с азотной кислотой . Впоследствии он отказался от своей карьеры в области химии и вместо этого посвятил свое внимание геологии и минералогии, став учеником Джузеппе Менегини . Позже он стал профессором геологии в Павии , а в 1874 году был назначен профессором минералогии в Пизанском университете. В 1881 году он основал лабораторию минералогии в Пизе. ( Полная статья... )
Image 2
Solvay Conference on Physics in Brussels 1951. Left to right, sitting: Crussaro, N.P. Allen, Cauchois, Borelius, Bragg, Moller, Sietz, Hollomon, Frank; middle row: Rathenau,^(nl) Koster, Rudberg,^(sv), Flamache, Goche, Groven, Orowan, Burgers, Shockley, Guinier, C.S. Smith, Dehlinger, Laval, Henriot; top row: Gaspart, Lomer, Cottrell, Homes, Curien

Hubert Curien (30 October 1924 – 6 February 2005) was a French physicist and a key figure in European science politics, as the President of CERN Council (1994–1996), the first chairman of the European Space Agency (ESA) (1981–1984), and second President of the Academia Europæa and a President of Fondation de France. (Full article...)
Image 3

George Washington Carpenter (July 31, 1802 – June 7, 1860) was an American scientist. (Full article...)
Image 4
Maynard Bixby (June 28, 1853 – February 18, 1935) was an American mineralogist and mineral collector. (Full article...)
Image 5
Charles Thompson Prewitt (March 3, 1933 – April 28, 2022) was an American mineralogist and solid state chemist known for his work on structural chemistry of minerals and high-pressure chemistry. (Full article...)
Image 6
Adolf Knop (12 January 1828, in Altenau – 27 December 1893, in Karlsruhe) was a German geologist and mineralogist.

He studied mathematics and sciences at the University of Göttingen, where he was a pupil of chemist Friedrich Wohler and mineralogist Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann. From 1849 he taught classes at the vocational school in Chemnitz. In 1857 he became an associate professor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Giessen, where in 1863 he attained a full professorship. In 1866 he relocated to Karlsruhe as a professor at the Polytechnic school. In 1878 he succeeded Moritz August Seubert as manager of the Grand Ducal Natural History Cabinet. (Full article...)
Image 7

Georges Friedel

Georges Friedel (19 July 1865 – 11 December 1933) was a French mineralogist and crystallographer. (Full article...)
Image 8
Jean-André Mongez (21 November 1750 – May 1788) was a French priest and mineralogist. He is presumed to have died at Vanikoro, on the La Pérouse expedition. (Full article...)
Image 9

Bragg in 1915

Sir William Lawrence Bragg (31 March 1890 – 1 July 1971) was an Australian-born British physicist and X-ray crystallographer, discoverer (1912) of Bragg's law of X-ray diffraction, which is basic for the determination of crystal structure. He was joint recipient (with his father, William Henry Bragg) of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1915, "For their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"; an important step in the development of X-ray crystallography.

Bragg was knighted in 1941. As of 2024, he is the youngest ever Nobel laureate in physics, having received the award at the age of 25. Bragg was the director of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, when the discovery of the structure of DNA was reported by James D. Watson and Francis Crick in February 1953. (Full article...)
Image 10
Joseph (Joe) Anthony Mandarino OC, FRSC (20 April 1929 in Chicago, Illinois – 19 September 2007) was an American-Canadian mineralogist and crystallographer. (Full article...)
Image 11
Stanley Robert Mitchell (12 February 1881 – 22 March 1963) was an Australian commercial metallurgist as well as an amateur mineralogist and ethnologist. (Full article...)
Image 12
Vesselina Vassileva Breskovska (Bulgarian: Веселина Василева Бресковска) (December 6, 1928, Granit, Stara Zagora Province, Bulgaria – August 12, 1997, Sofia, Bulgaria) was a 20th-century Bulgarian geologist, mineralogist and crystallographer. (Full article...)
Image 13
Émile Bertrand (1844–1909) was a French mineralogist, in honour of whom bertrandite was named by Alexis Damour. He also gave his name to the Bertrand lens or phase telescope.

He studied at the Ecole des Mines in Paris and was a co-founder of the Société française de minéralogie et de cristallographie [fr]. He wrote a book on the application of microscopy to mineralogical studies, "De l'Application du microscope à l'étude de la minéralogie" (1878); published a translation of Ernst Mach's work on the history of mechanics, "La mécanique: exposé historique et critique de son développement" (1904); and is credited with the design of a refractometer. (Full article...)
Image 14
Ernst Erhard Schmid

Ernst Erhard Friedrich Wilhelm Schmid (22 May 1815 in Hildburghausen – 16 February 1885 in Jena) was a German paleontologist. He was the son of law professor Karl Ernst Schmid (1774–1852).

He studied natural sciences at the universities of Jena and Vienna, receiving his doctorate in 1839. In 1843 he became an associate professor at Jena, where with Matthias Jakob Schleiden, he founded a physiological institute. At the institute he dealt with subjects that included mineralogy, geology, chemistry and physics. In 1856 he was appointed a professor of natural sciences at the University of Jena. (Full article...)
Image 15
Gustav von Leonhard

Gustav von Leonhard (12 November 1816 in Munich – 27 December 1878 in Heidelberg) was a German mineralogist and geologist. He was the son of mineralogist Karl Cäsar von Leonhard.

He studied mineralogy and related sciences at the University of Heidelberg, receiving his doctorate in 1840. He continued his education in Berlin, and in 1841 obtained his habilitation at Heidelberg. In 1853 he became an associate professor of mineralogy at the University of Heidelberg. (Full article...)
Image 16

Lithograph of Zippe by Adolf Dauthage, 1860

Franz Xaver Maximilian Zippe (František Xaver Zippe) (15 January 1791 – 22 February 1863), was a Bohemian natural philosopher, scientist and mineralogist. (Full article...)
Image 17

Portrait of Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale College Class of 1870

Edward Salisbury Dana (November 16, 1849 – June 16, 1935) was an American mineralogist and physicist. He made important contributions to the study of minerals, especially in the field of crystallography. (Full article...)
Image 18
Otto Heinrich Erdmannsdörffer (11 March 1876, Heidelberg – 19 April 1955, Heidelberg) was a German mineralogist and petrographer, known for his analysis of rocks and minerals found in the Odenwald, the Black Forest and the Harz Mountains. He was the son of historian Bernhard Erdmannsdörffer.

He studied natural sciences at the universities of Heidelberg and Strasbourg, receiving his doctorate in 1900. For the next twelve years he worked as a research assistant at the Prussian Geological Survey, and in the meantime, obtained his habilitation in mineralogy and petrology from the University of Berlin (1908). In 1912 he was appointed chair of mineralogy and petrology at the Technical University of Hannover, and in 1926 returned to Heidelberg, where he succeeded Ernst Anton Wülfing as director of the mineralogical-petrographic institute. In 1932 he was named academic rector at Heidelberg. (Full article...)
Image 19
Friedrich Rinne

Friedrich Wilhelm Berthold Rinne (16 March 1863 in Osterode am Harz – 12 March 1933 in Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German mineralogist, crystallographer and petrographer. (Full article...)
Image 20
Johann Karl Wilhelm Voigt (20 February 1752 in Allstedt – 2 January 1821 in Ilmenau) was a German mineralogist and mining engineer.

He initially studied law at the University of Jena, then in 1776 enrolled at the Mining Academy in Freiberg as a pupil of Abraham Gottlob Werner. He later relocated to Weimar, where in 1783 he was named secretary of the Bergwerkskommission (mining commission). During his time spent in Weimar he developed a close friendship with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe — through Voigt, Goethe received an education in mineralogy. From 1789 to 1821, he served as Bergrath (councillor of mines) in Ilmenau. (Full article...)
Image 21
Gottlob Eduard Linck (20 February 1858, Ötisheim – 22 December 1947, Jena) was a German mineralogist.

From 1879, he studied at the polytechnic college in Stuttgart, followed by classes at the Universities of Strasbourg and Tübingen. In 1888 he was habilitated for mineralogy and petrography at Strasbourg, where in 1894, he became an associate professor. Later the same year, he was named professor of mineralogy and geology at the University of Jena, a position he maintained until his retirement in 1930. On five occasions, he served as university rector at Jena. (Full article...)
Image 22
Paula Hahn-Weinheimer (1917 – 2002) was a German geochemist. (Full article...)
Image 23

Forchhammer, c. 1850

Johan Georg Forchhammer (26 July 1794 – 14 December 1865) was a Danish mineralogist and geologist. (Full article...)
Image 24
Carte-de-visite

Victor Mordechai Goldschmidt (10 February 1853 – 8 May 1933) was a German mineralogist, natural philosopher and art collector. He produced a nine-volume atlas of crystal forms (Atlas der Krystallformen) from 1913 to 1923 which was influential in establishing the field of crystallography. He introduced what are now called Goldschmidt symbols Φ and ρ (borrowed from astronomy) for the gnomonic angles of crystals. In 1933, he was dismissed from his position at the University of Heidelberg due to his Jewish origins and he died shortly afterwards while in exile in Salzburg. His wife Leontine committed suicide when faced with deportation to a concentration camp. (Full article...)
Image 25
Walter Frederick Ferrier (1865–1950) was a Canadian geologist and mining engineer.

He graduated from McGill University's school of mining engineering. He was a tireless mineral collector and was known for walking straight into mining offices to request specimens. Consequently, he created large collections of mineral specimens of a quality still admired to this day. Many classic specimens would never be in collections had it not been for his effort and skill.
The mineral specimens he amassed were instrumental in creating the mineral collections of the Smithsonian in Washington DC, the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, University of Alberta, and the museum particularly dear to his heart, the Redpath Museum at McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. (Full article...)

Связанные порталы

Примите участие

Для получения ресурсов редактора и сотрудничества с другими редакторами по улучшению статей Википедии, связанных с минералами, см. WikiProject Rocks and minerals .

Общие изображения

Ниже приведены изображения из различных статей Википедии, посвященных минералам.

Image 1Натролит — это минеральный ряд в группе цеолитов; этот образец имеет ярко выраженную игольчатую кристаллическую структуру. (из Mineral )
Image 2Карнотит (желтый) — радиоактивный урансодержащий минерал. (из раздела Минерал )
Image 3Топаз имеет характерную орторомбическую удлиненную форму кристалла. (из Mineral )
Image 4Пирит имеет металлический блеск. (из раздела Минерал )
Image 5Шкала Мооса против абсолютной твёрдости (из минерала )
Image 6Кристалл сфалерита, частично заключенный в кальцит из девонской формации Милуоки в Висконсине (из Mineral )
Image 7Розовые кубические кристаллы галита (NaCl; класс галогенидов) на матрице нахколита (NaHCO3 _; карбонат и минеральная форма бикарбоната натрия, используемая в качестве пищевой соды ). (из Mineral )
Image 8Контактные двойники, как видно в шпинели (из Mineral )
Image 9Черный андрадит, конечный член группы ортосиликатных гранатов. (из раздела «Минерал» )
Image 10Кристаллы серандита , натролита , анальцима и эгирина из Мон-Сен-Илер, Квебек, Канада (из раздела «Минерал» )
Image 11Красная киноварь (HgS), ртутная руда, на доломите. (из Mineral )
Image 12Асбестовый тремолит , часть группы амфиболов в подклассе иносиликатов (из Mineral )
Image 13Гюбнерит , богатый марганцем конечный член ряда вольфрамита , с небольшим количеством кварца на заднем плане (из раздела Минерал )
Image 14Эпидот часто имеет характерный фисташково-зеленый цвет. (из Mineral )
Image 15Сланец — метаморфическая порода, характеризующаяся обилием пластинчатых минералов. В этом примере порода имеет заметные порфиробласты силлиманита размером до 3 см (1,2 дюйма). (из Mineral )
Image 16Пирит (из Lustre (минералогия) )
Image 17Набор для определения твердости по шкале Мооса, содержащий по одному образцу каждого минерала по десятибалльной шкале твердости (по шкале Мооса )
Image 18Идеальная базальная спайность, как видно в биотите (черный), и хорошая спайность, видимая в матрице (розовый ортоклаз ). (из Mineral )
Image 19Гипсовая пустынная роза (из Mineral )
Image 20Алмаз — самый твёрдый природный материал, его твёрдость по шкале Мооса составляет 10. (из раздела «Минерал» )
Image 21Эгирин , железо-натриевый клинопироксен, является частью подкласса иносиликатов. (из Mineral )
Image 22Пример эльбаита, разновидности турмалина, с характерной цветовой полосатостью. (из раздела «Минерал» )
Image 23Галенит , PbS, — минерал с высоким удельным весом. (из Mineral )
Image 24Самородное золото. Редкий образец крепких кристаллов, растущих из центрального стебля, размером 3,7 x 1,1 x 0,4 см, из Венесуэлы. (из раздела «Минерал» )
Image 25Мусковит, минеральный вид из группы слюд, входящий в подкласс филлосиликатов (из Mineral )
Image 26Когда минералы реагируют, продукты иногда принимают форму реагента; продукт-минерал называется псевдоморфозой (или после) реагента. Здесь проиллюстрирована псевдоморфоза каолинита после ортоклаза . Здесь псевдоморфоза сохранила Карлсбадское двойникование , распространенное в ортоклазе. (из Mineral )

Вы знали ...?

... что , хотя марганцевый везувиан изучается с 1883 года, манганвезувиан (на фото) не был описан до 2002 года?
... что минерал рапидкрикит был обнаружен в Юконе , Канада, в 1983 году?
... что коллинзит был обнаружен в Британской Колумбии и назван в честь директора Геологической службы Канады ?