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Пандемия COVID-19 в Малайзии

Пандемия COVID-19 в Малайзии была частью всемирной пандемии коронавирусной болезни 2019 года ( COVID-19 ), вызванной тяжелым острым респираторным синдромом коронавируса 2 ( SARS-CoV-2 ). По состоянию на 10 февраля 2023 года , с более чем 5 миллионами подтвержденных случаев COVID-19, максимумом примерно в 323 000 активных случаев, почти 40 000 смертей и более 66 миллионов тестов, страна занимала третье место по числу случаев COVID-19 в Юго-Восточной Азии после Вьетнама и Индонезии и четвертое место по числу смертей от COVID-19 в Юго-Восточной Азии после Индонезии, Филиппин и Вьетнама. [3] [2]

С января 2020 года медицинское реагирование и готовность к вспышке в Малайзии курирует генеральный директор здравоохранения Нур Хишам Абдулла в Министерстве здравоохранения четырех последовательных правительств во главе с кабинетами Махатхира , Мухиддина , Исмаила Сабри и Анвара Ибрагима . [4] Первые случаи в Малайзии были подтверждены среди путешественников из Китая в Джохоре через Сингапур 25 января 2020 года, [5] [6] [7] и продолжали ограничиваться несколькими завезенными случаями до марта 2020 года, когда возникло несколько местных кластеров. Наиболее заметным было религиозное собрание Таблиги Джамаат в Шри Петалинге , Куала-Лумпур, которое вызвало массовый всплеск местных случаев и завезенных случаев в соседние страны. [8] К концу марта общее число случаев возросло с менее 30 до более 2000 активных случаев во всех штатах и ​​федеральных территориях страны. [9]

В ответ на всплеск случаев заболевания в марте 2020 года правительство Малайзии во главе с премьер-министром Мухиддином Ясином ввело общенациональный карантин, известный как Приказ о контроле за перемещением (MCO), который вступил в силу 18 марта 2020 года. [10] [11] [12] [13] MCO, который должен был закончиться 31 марта 2020 года, был продлен до начала мая 2020 года. К началу мая MCO привел к постепенному снижению ежедневных случаев заражения. Правительство постепенно ослабляло ограничения карантина в поэтапной фазе; начиная с «Условного приказа о контроле за перемещением» (CMCO) от 4 мая 2020 года, который позволяет большинству секторов бизнеса возобновить работу в соответствии со строгими стандартными операционными процедурами (SOP), [14] за которым последовал «Приказ о контроле за восстановлением перемещения» (RMCO) от 10 июня 2020 года. [15] Правительство планировало отменить RMCO 31 августа 2020 года, но из-за постоянного выявления завозных случаев меры были продлены до конца года, при этом несколько секторов остались закрытыми, а строгие ограничения на поездки из нескольких стран остались в силе. [16] [17] [18]

Третья волна инфекций COVID-19 в стране произошла в результате выборов в штате Сабах в сентябре 2020 года и нескольких вспышек на предприятиях Top Glove в конце 2020 года. [19] [20] [21] [22] Правительство Малайзии отреагировало восстановлением ограничений CMCO в большинстве штатов с ноября 2020 года для борьбы со вспышкой. [23] [24] К середине января 2021 года давление COVID-19 на систему здравоохранения страны привело к повторному введению ограничений MCO в различных штатах и ​​федеральных территориях Малайзии, которые были продлены до 4 марта 2021 года. [25] [26] [27] 12 января 2021 года Ян ди-Пертуан Агонг также объявил чрезвычайное положение по всей стране , приостановив работу парламента и законодательных собраний штатов и предоставив правительству Мухиддина чрезвычайные полномочия до 1 августа 2021 года. [28]

В связи со снижением числа новых случаев к началу марта 2021 года правительство сняло ограничения MCO во всех штатах и ​​федеральных территориях. [29] Однако в середине апреля ограничения были восстановлены в нескольких штатах, поскольку число случаев заражения снова возросло. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] В связи с обнаружением в Малайзии новых вариантов SARS-CoV-2 и рекордным ростом ежедневных случаев заболевания и смертей от COVID-19 правительство снова ввело общенациональный MCO с 12 мая 2021 года. [36] [37] С 1 июня MCO был усилен до «полного карантина», который был продлен на неопределенный срок, поскольку серьезное и продолжающееся распространение варианта Delta привело к тому, что в некоторых регионах возможности системы здравоохранения Малайзии были исчерпаны. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42]

После высоких показателей вакцинации взрослого населения против COVID-19 и снижения числа тяжелых случаев заболевания с сентября 2021 года Малайзия объявила о своем намерении перейти к лечению COVID-19 как эндемического заболевания к концу октября 2021 года, при этом более общие ограничения будут смягчены. [43] [44] Пятая волна, вызванная вариантом Омикрон, привела к рекордным ежедневным случаям в феврале и марте 2022 года, [45] [46] но была отмечена меньшим числом госпитализаций и смертей, чем во время распространения варианта Дельта. [2] По состоянию на март 2022 года субвариант Омикрон BA.2, как прогнозировалось, станет доминирующим штаммом в стране. [47]

Пандемия оказала серьезное экономическое воздействие , обесценив валюту Малайзии и сократив ее ВВП , [48] и имела далеко идущие последствия для малазийского общества . Начало пандемии в начале 2020 года совпало с изначально не связанным с ней политическим кризисом , который затруднил ранние ответные меры правительства, [49] а повторяющиеся волны COVID-19 и чрезвычайные меры усугубили продолжающуюся политическую нестабильность в течение 2020 и 2021 годов. [50] [51] Это привело к отставке Мухиддина после краха его правительства и назначению преемника правительства под руководством Исмаила Сабри Якоба в августе 2021 года. [52]

Программа вакцинации в стране , которая началась в конце февраля 2021 года, [53] полностью привила более 80% населения и 97% взрослых по состоянию на 24 апреля 2022 года . [2]

Номенклатура

Первоначально Министерство здравоохранения называло эту болезнь «новым коронавирусом 2019 года». [54] Некоторые СМИ называли эту болезнь «уханьским коронавирусом». [55] В начале вспышки малайзийские СМИ называли ее на малайском языке « radang paru-paru Wuhan », что означает «уханьская пневмония». [56] Затем некоторые СМИ изменили название на « radang paru-paru koronavirus baru » (новая коронавирусная пневмония) на малайском языке. [57] Министерство здравоохранения и большинство СМИ теперь называют болезнь «COVID-19», как было предложено Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ) 11 февраля 2020 года. [58]

Фон

12 января 2020 года Всемирная организация здравоохранения (ВОЗ) подтвердила, что новый коронавирус стал причиной респираторного заболевания у группы людей в городе Ухань, провинция Хубэй, Китай, о чем ВОЗ было сообщено 31 декабря 2019 года. [59] [60]

В отличие от вспышки атипичной пневмонии 2003 года , коэффициент летальности при COVID-19 был намного ниже, [61] [62], но передача была значительно выше, со значительным общим числом смертей. [63] [61]

Хронология передачи

Малайзия сообщила о первых трех случаях 25 января 2020 года, все из которых были гражданами Китая, посетившими страну. [64] [65] В Малайзии произошел всплеск случаев COVID-19 после четырехдневного мероприятия Tablighi Jamaat , которое проводилось в мечети «Masjid Jamek Sri Petaling » в Куала-Лумпуре с 27 февраля по 1 марта 2020 года. [49] [66] К 20 марта 48% случаев COVID-19 в стране (3347) были связаны с кластером таблиг в Шри-Петалинге. [67] В ответ на рост числа случаев заболевания в стране премьер-министр Мухиддин Яссин объявил, что Малайзия введет частичный карантин 18 марта 2020 года. [11] [12] 17 марта Малайзия сообщила о первых двух случаях смерти от коронавируса: 60-летний священник из баптистской церкви Эммануила в Кучинге , Саравак, и 34-летний участник джамаата Шри Петалинг таблиг из Джохор-Бару , Джохор . [68]

3 апреля был зарегистрирован всплеск в 217 новых случаев, в результате чего общее число достигло 3333. [69] Генеральный директор здравоохранения Нур Хишам Абдулла объяснил этот всплеск активным выявлением в районах, затронутых Усиленным приказом о контроле за передвижением , более строгой версией MCO. [70] В ответ на рост числа случаев правительство продлило действие приказа о контроле за передвижением до 28 апреля. [71]

1 мая премьер-министр Мухиддин Яссин объявил, что карантин в стране будет смягчен 4 мая, что позволит большинству предприятий возобновить работу, сохраняя запрет на массовые собрания. [72] С 21 мая всплеск случаев заболевания произошел среди задержанных в иммиграционных центрах содержания под стражей в Букит-Джалиле и Семенихе , Селангор , [73] [74] в результате чего общее число случаев возросло до 7819 случаев к 31 мая. [75]

20 июля премьер-министр Мухиддин объявил, что правительство Малайзии рассмотрит вопрос о введении обязательного ношения масок после возникновения 13 очагов после ослабления ограничений на поездки и бизнес в предыдущем месяце. [76] К 31 августа было зарегистрировано 160 активных случаев заболевания, а общее число случаев составило 9340. Выздоровели в общей сложности 9054 человека, а число погибших возросло до 127. [77]

At least two regional outbreaks have occurred since July 2020. In late July and August, several clusters emerged in Kedah and Sarawak.[78][79][80] In September 2020, a major outbreak in Sabah initially detected in two prisons led to a spike in community cases within that state. Following the 2020 Sabah state election, the number of cases rose across the country due to Sabah voters returning to work in other states. Malaysian authorities also attributed the surge of cases in Sabah to the entry of illegal immigrants from Indonesia.[81][82] The country passed the 10,000 cases mark on 16 September 2020, and 11 deaths, primarily in Kedah and Sabah, were reported between the month ends of August and September.[83]

Throughout December, the total number of cases climbed rapidly, reaching the 100,000 mark on 24 December.[84] On 23 December, the Malaysian Health Ministry confirmed that it had identified a new COVID-19 strain dubbed the "A701B" strain.[85]

By 6 January 2021, the number of recovered had exceeded 100,000. On the same day, the Director General reported there were 252 active clusters in Malaysia.[86] By 25 January 2021, Malaysia ranked 29th in a list of countries with the highest number of infections over a two-week period published by Johns Hopkins University, with 48,625 new infections during that period.[87] On 18 February, the death toll exceeded the 1,000 mark, reaching 1,005 deaths.[88]

By 22 May, the total number of cases had reached the 500,000 mark, reaching 505,115.[89] By 2 June 2021, the total number of recoveries had exceeded the 500,000 mark, reaching 501,898.[90] On 28 June, the death toll exceeded 5,000, reaching 5,001.[91]

On 26 July, the total number of cases exceeded the one million mark, reaching 1,013,438.[92] By 5 August, the death toll had reached the 10,000 mark, reaching 10,019.[93] By 7 August, the total number of recoveries had reached the 1 million mark, reaching 1,009,343.[94]

By 11 September, the death toll had exceeded 20,000, reaching 20,419.[95] By 14 September, the total number of cases exceeded the two million mark, reaching 2,011,440.[96] By 27 September, the total number of recoveries exceeded the two million mark, reaching 2,005,942.[97] On 21 November, Malaysia's death toll exceeded the 30,000 thresholds, reaching 30,002.[98]

On 13 February 2022, the total number of cases in Malaysia exceeded the 3 million mark, reaching 3,040,235.[99] By 24 February, the total number of recoveries had reached the 3 million mark, reaching 3,018,172.[100]

Federal government responses

Movement Control Order

Temperature checkup at a McDonald's restaurant in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur during movement control order.

2020

Beginning on 15 March, Malaysia saw a significant jump in active cases. The Prime Minister of Malaysia held a live nationwide telecast on 16 March 2020 at 10:00 pm (UTC+8) to announce the decision of the federal government in implementing the Movement Control Order (MCO). Based on the live address that evening, six restrictions have been imposed:

  1. The public is prohibited from mass gatherings or attending massive events including religious, sports, social and cultural activities. All worshipping locations and business premises should be closed except for supermarkets, public markets, grocery stores and convenience stores that sell everyday necessities. For Muslims, all religious activities in mosques including Friday prayers are adjourned in line with the decision made on 15 March 2020 by the Special Muzakarah Committee Meeting of the National Fatwa Council (MKI).[101]
  2. Malaysians returning from abroad are required to undergo health checks and self-quarantine for 14 days.[101]
  3. Tourists and foreign visitors are restricted to enter the country.[101]
  4. Closure of all kindergartens, government and private schools, including daily schools, boarding schools, international schools, tahfiz centres and other primary, secondary and pre-university institutions.[101]
  5. Closure of all public and private higher education institutions (IPTs) and skill training institutes.[101]
  6. Closure of all government and private premises except for essential services (water, electricity, energy, telecommunications, postal, transportation, irrigation, oil, gas, fuel, lubricants, broadcasting, finance, banking, health, pharmacy, fire, prison, port, airport, safety, defence, cleaning, retail and food supply).[101]

The order was originally to be in effect from 18 March to 31 March,[11][12] but has been extended four times as additional two-week "phases" over the course of two months:

2021

2022

Emergency powers

On 25 October 2020, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Sultan Abdullah of Pahang rejected Prime Minister Muhyiddin's request for him to declare a state of emergency in response to a spike in COVID-19 cases throughout Malaysia.[140]

On 16 December, Prime Minister Muhyiddin invoked a state of emergency to stop by-elections scheduled to be held in the Bugaya constituency of Sabah and the Gerik constituency in Perak scheduled for January 2021. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong Abdullah had assented to the request to impose the states of emergency within these two electorates in response to a third wave of infections, which had risen to a total of 86,000 cases and 422 deaths by 16 December.[20]

On 12 January 2021, King Abdullah of Pahang declared a national state of emergency until at least 1 August 2021 to curb the spread of COVID-19 and in response to a political crisis involving Prime Minister Muhyiddin's Perikatan Nasional government. Under this state of emergency, parliament and elections were suspended while the Malaysian government was empowered to introduce laws without approval.[141][142]

On 26 July, the Minister in the Prime Minister's Department of Parliament and Law, Takiyuddin Hassan, announced that the emergency ordinance and its subsequent rules and guidelines had been revoked on 21 July by the federal government. However, when questioned by the opposition on whether the Yang di-Pertuan Agong's consent was given for the revocation, their calls were not answered by the government.[143]

Bans on mass gathering events

Immediately after the spikes of the cases related to the Sri Petaling Tabligh event, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that religious, social and sports mass gatherings must be cancelled or postponed until 30 April 2020.[144][145] However, the end date for the ban on mass gathering events are subject to revision depending on the situation of the outbreak.[146] In addition, Registrar of Societies (RoS) bans all parties registered with RoS from organising any meeting and activities until 30 June 2020.[147]

On 4 February 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that Chinese New Year family reunion dinners would only be allowed at their residences among family members from the same household.[148] These "standard operating procedures" were criticised by several politicians and public figures including Deputy national unity minister Ti Lian Ker and Member of Parliament Ong Kian Ming as "culturally insensitive" and unnecessary.[149] The National Unity Ministry subsequently allowed Chinese New Year family reunions of 15 family members living within a 10 km radius that did not involve interstate or inter-district travel.[150]

Disinformation

Some people have been arrested for allegedly spreading false information about the COVID-19 pandemic.[151][152] As of May 17, 2020, police and the Malaysian Communication and Multimedia Commission (MCMC) have opened 265 investigations on COVID-19-related fake news. A total of 30 people have been charged, 11 were served with a warning notice and 18 others pleaded guilty.[153]

On 11 March 2021, the government announced the Emergency (Essential Powers) (No.2) Ordinance 2021, which states that those who spread "fake news" "by any means, with intent to cause, or which is likely to cause fear or alarm to the public" could face a fine of RM100,000 or three years imprisonment or both.[154]

Medical responses

The medical response and preparedness for the outbreak in Malaysia are overseen by Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah under the Health Ministry of four successive governments. Preparations to stockpile equipment, detect and monitor cases, and treat COVID-19 patients were reported to have been initiated as early as 6 January 2020, following a World Health Organization (WHO) report on a late-December 2019 outbreak of "pneumonia of unknown cause" in the city of Wuhan in Hubei, China.[155]

Face masks

On 23 July 2020, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that it will be compulsory for people to wear face masks in public spaces such as markets and public transportation from 1 August, with violators facing a RM1,000 (US$235) fine.[156]

On 27 April 2022, the Malaysian Government confirmed that it would lift face mask requirements for outdoor settings from early May 2022.[139]

On 7 September 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin announced that face masks would be optional for most indoor spaces excluding health facilities such as hospitals, clinics, nursing homes and public transportation.[157]

Testing and treatment centres

On 5 January 2020, the National Crisis Preparedness and Response Centre (CPRC) under the Ministry of Health Malaysia began operation.[158] By early February 2020, 57 hospitals were reported to provide screening services for coronavirus,[158] while among them, 26 government hospitals are responsible for the confirmation of coronavirus and the suspected patients.[159][160] With the rapid increase of infections, a further total of 409 sites across the country have been gazetted by the federal government as quarantine zones for coronavirus patients comprising public universities, community colleges, technical institutes, former National Service (PLKN) camps, training centres, polytechnics and hotels owned by federal ministries, departments, agencies and statutory bodies.[161] As of 2 May 2020, 5,484 beds at 40 hospitals, 3,873 beds (in addition to 2,100 beds on standby) at 26 hospital extension centres/low-risk COVID-19 centres, 422 ICU beds, and 1,059 ventilators have been allocated for COVID-19 patients.[162]

Based on the January 29 circular from the Malaysia Ministry of Health, foreigners in Malaysia would not have to pay for COVID-19 testing or outpatient treatment at government hospitals. This announcement was reiterated by the Director-General of Health Dr Noor Hisham Abdullah on March 23, 2020, when asked to clarify a statement made by the Prime Minister that foreigners would have to pay for COVID-19 testing.[163]

On 8 April 2020, a consortium of associated laboratories in Malaysia comprising Gribbles Pathology, Quantum Diagnostics and Clinipath Malaysia launched the country's largest COVID-19 collection and testing programme to increase testing capacity.[164] Malaysian public universities have also been providing research and scientific capacity with 10 diagnostic laboratories at public higher learning institutions in the country nationwide have been called as part of a joint initiative by the Higher Education and Science, Technology and Innovation Ministries to help the Health Ministry in conducting coronavirus tests daily.[165] Despite further capabilities to conduct more tests, the Health Ministry had stated that the country is yet to find its suitable rapid test kits to solve the increasing backlog of pending result cases along with the revelation that the existing supply of coronavirus reagents test kits could only last for another week which causing the Health Ministry to source from other countries including Singapore.[166][167] As a response, the Federation of Chinese Associations Malaysia (Hua Zong) has called on the federal government to ensure sufficient coronavirus test kit reagents for the country especially among Malaysia's eastern states of Sabah and Sarawak which are reportedly struggling to source test kit reagents.[167]

The Solidarity trial, launched by WHO to research and compare the safety and effectiveness of treatment protocols which included chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, interferon-beta, lopinavir/ritonavir and remdesivir, would be conducted in nine government hospitals across the country.[168]

On 3 July 2020, Minister of Health Adham Baba announced that both Malaysian citizens and foreign nationals travelling to Malaysia would be required to pay fees when undergoing COVID-19 tests under the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases (Fee for Coronavirus Diseases 2019 (COVID-19) Detection Test) Regulations 2020, which came into effect on 29 June.[169]

On 24 December 2020, Malaysian Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that the National Security Council would require the compulsory screening of all foreign workers from 1 January 2021 so that action can be taken against employers who refuse to have their workers tested.[170]

By 16 May 2021, Health Director-General Noor Hisham Abdullah confirmed that intensive care unit (ICU) occupancy rates at hospitals in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Penang, Sarawak, Kedah, and Perak had reached 80% due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Some hospitals have used up all their ICU beds to treat COVID-19 patients.[171] As a result, Malaysian authorities have been forced to deploy military-built hospitals and field hospitals. The Health Ministry has been forced to postpone elective surgery operations while semi-emergencies have been transferred out of COVID-19 hospitals.[172]

By 15 July 2021, hotels were being converted into quarantine and treatment centres for low-risk COVID-19 patients due to a rapid increase in nationwide cases placing a strain on the country's hospitals.[173] Hospitals across the country particularly the Klang Valley were also forced to turn away patients due to a shortage of intensive care unit beds and staff to adequately care for the patients. Health workers and medical professionals have reported experiencing "burnout" and compassion fatigue. The surge in cases throughout 2021 has been attributed to the government's less stringent lockdown measures and an earlier decision to allow 18 manufacturing sectors to reopen under 60% capacity, creating favourable conditions for virus outbreaks in factories and workers' dormitories.[174]

On 26 July 2021, thousands of junior doctors working on contracts went on an ethical strike to protest against the government system of absorbing medical officers into permanent positions within the country's healthcare which were implemented in 2016 and also harsh working conditions including 36-hour shifts.[175][176] The strike was organised anonymously after the junior doctors' grievances were not resolved. Striking doctors dressed in black marched out of several hospitals including Kuala Lumpur Hospital and Sungai Buloh Hospital. Director-General of Health Noor Hisham Abdullah urged doctors not to join the strike while police in KL confirmed they would investigate some of the organisers. The strike campaign amidst reports of overcrowding and unsanitary conditions at quarantine centres.[177][178] BBC News also reported that undertakers and funeral workers were overwhelmed with requests to bury patients, many of whom had died at home.[178]

Vaccination efforts

Between November 2020 and January 2021, the Malaysian government entered into agreements with several governments, international organizations, and companies including the Chinese government, AstraZeneca, COVAX, Pfizer, Pharmaniaga Berhad and Duopharma to procure various COVID-19 vaccine stocks for the country.[179][180][181][182] In late January 2021, a COVID-19 vaccine developed by the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences' Institute of Medical Biology became the first COVID-19 vaccine trial in Malaysia.[183]

In early February 2021, the Science, Technology and Innovation Minister Khairy Jamaluddin was appointed as the Coordinating Minister for the immunization program.[184] The COVID-19 Vaccine Supply Access Guarantee Special Committee (JKJAV) was also established to facilitate the procurement of COVID-19 vaccine supplies for the country. On 11 February, the Special Committee on Ensuring Access to COVID-19 Vaccine Supply announced that COVID-19 vaccines would be distributed freely to both citizens and resident foreigners.[185] The government also launched a twelve-month immunization program between 24 February 2021 and February 2022, with Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin being the first individual in Malaysia to receive the COVID-19 vaccine when it was broadcast live nationwide.[186]

In early September 2021, Minister of International Trade and Industry Mohamed Azmin Ali announced that Malaysia would start treating the COVID-19 pandemic as an endemic disease from late October 2021 due to a high vaccination rate.[187]

Anti-viral pills

On 2 October 2021, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin confirmed that the Malaysian government was negotiating with Merck & Co to procure stocks of its antiviral molnupiravir pills for treating COVID-19.[188]

Travel and border control policies

Travel restrictions

Temporary Prohibition released by the State Secretary of the Government of Sabah and Sarawak Disaster Management Committee of the Government of Sarawak.

Under the Movement Control Order put in place on 18 March 2020, all citizens were prohibited from leaving the country while foreigners were also prohibited from entering the country.[189]

Since the first wave of the virus was reported, thermal scanners were introduced at border points with the Malaysian health authorities placed on high alert.[190] After the ban on travellers from Hubei on 27 January, the Malaysian federal government extended its ban to the Chinese provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang on 9 February.[191] The state of Sabah expanded their travel restriction to all points of entry by air, sea or land starting 8 February, involving everyone except Sabahan citizens with recent travel history to mainland China within 14 days, while Sabahan citizens with such travel history must undergo a 14-day quarantine at home.[192] The state of Sarawak closed its borders to all Chinese visitors with immediate effect on 1 February, except for people with employment passes, student passes or long-term social visit passes. However, those visitors were required to undergo self-quarantine at home for 14 days.[193] With the increasing cases in South Korea, both Sabah and Sarawak governments began to extend their travel restrictions into the country from 1 March.[194][195] On 4 March, Sarawak further added Italy and Iran into its travel restrictions list.[196]

On 5 March, Malaysia added seven regions towards its travel restriction list, which include Lombardy, Veneto and Emilia-Romagna in Italy; Hokkaido in Japan; and Tehran, Qom and Gilan in Iran.[197] By 10 March, Sabah also began to add Italy and Iran into its restrictions list.[198] On 11 March, Malaysia announced a full restriction on foreign nationals directly from Italy, Iran and South Korea starting from 13 March, while Malaysians from those countries will be quarantined for 14 days.[199] Following the 13 March Denmark lockdown, Malaysia has added the country into its travel ban list effective from 14 March.[200]

On 6 April, visitors from the following regions can enter Malaysia by air exclusively: Angola, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, DR Congo, Ivory Coast, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda and Western Sahara.[201]

On 16 May, the Malaysian Government announced that it would be allowing "Malaysia My Second Home" (MM2H) programme members who were stranded overseas to return to Malaysia from 17 May. However, they must undergo testing for COVID-19 in the place that they are in and must be certified free of the coronavirus in order to enter Malaysia. They will also be quarantined for 14 days.[202]

On 1 September, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that long-term pass holders from India, Indonesia and the Philippines would be unable to enter Malaysia due to a spike of cases in those countries effective 7 September.[203]

On 7 September, the Immigration Department banned nationals from 23 countries with a high number of COVID-19 cases including the United States, Brazil, India, Russia, Peru, Colombia, South Africa, Mexico, Spain, Argentina, Chile, Iran, Bangladesh, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, France, Turkey, Italy, Germany, Iraq, Philippines and Indonesia. The ban includes permanent residents, participants of the "Malaysia My Second Home" program, expatriates, professional visit pass holders, the spouses of Malaysian citizens, and students.[204]

On 10 October 2021, Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all interstate and international travel restrictions has been lifted for citizens and residents fully vaccinated against COVID-19 since 90% of its adult population had been fully vaccinated.[205][206] While citizens and residents of all states and territories welcomed and enjoyed this decision, Sabah is the only state that defers the application of this decision.[207] Sabah resumes inter-district travel on 14 October and will allow interstate and international travels on 1 November.[208]

On 7 November, the United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur confirmed that Malaysians travelling to the US could show their proof of vaccination on the MySejahtera app as well as a negative COVID-19 test.[209]

On 8 November, the Malaysian and Singaporean governments reached an agreement to establish a quarantine free-travel lane for fully vaccinated travellers between Kuala Lumpur International Airport and Changi International Airport, which comes into effect on 29 November.[210]

On 28 December, the Malaysian Government lifted its travel ban on travellers from South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Malawi, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho and Namibia; stating that the Omicron variant had spread beyond Southern Africa.[211]

On 12 January 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin confirmed that travellers heading to Malaysia who are fully vaccinated and have previously contracted COVID-19 do not need to undergo mandatory quarantine. Travellers would have to present evidence that they had been fully vaccinated. Those who had been infected with COVID-19 had to present evidence they had been infected 11 to 60 days prior to travel to Malaysia and a "fit to travel" letter from the health facility where they were treated.[212]

On 27 April 2022, Health Minister Khairy Jamaluddin said Malaysia will remove pre-flight and on-arrival testing requirements for fully vaccinated travellers and those who have just recovered from COVID-19 beginning on May 1. Masks would remain mandatory for indoor activities and on public transport, he said.[139]

Overseas travel alert and quarantine arrangements

The following are warnings and quarantine arrangements for inbound and outbound travel:

Repatriation of Malaysian nationals abroad

The Malaysian government has made the repatriation of its citizens abroad a priority; beginning with the first repatriations from China.[222] During the first repatriation, two persons were found to be infected with the virus and were subsequently quarantined and treated in the country until they have fully recovered.[223][224]

On 21 March, a total of 212 Malaysians arrived from Uzbekistan through a flight sponsored by the Uzbekistan government which is also being used to repatriate Uzbek citizens in Malaysia.[215] On that same day, 372 Malaysians departed Tamil Nadu on two chartered flights. On 22 March, it was reported that the Malaysian government was waiting for the Indian government's permission to organise six more flights to evacuate Malaysians still in India.[225]

On 31 March, Deputy Foreign Minister Kamaruddin Jaffar confirmed that 4,374 Malaysians were stranded abroad due to the travel restrictions and delays created by the global coronavirus pandemic. This figure only consists of Malaysians who had bought return tickets but were unable to return due to travel restrictions. According to Kamaruddin, 2,156 Malaysians are stranded in India, 680 in Indonesia, 337 in Thailand, 226 in Australia, 153 in New Zealand, 128 in Pakistan, and 121 in Saudi Arabia.[218]

On 5 April, Deputy Foreign Minister Kamaruddin announced that the government had brought back 4,811 stranded Malaysians from affected countries. He also upgraded the number of Malaysians stranded abroad to 2,298: 1,016 in India, 172 in Thailand, 136 in New Zealand, 128 in Pakistan, 122 in Vietnam, 83 in Saudi Arabia, 77 in Australia, 66 in the Philippines, 65 in Sri Lanka, and 43 in Nepal.[226]

On 6 May 2021, Foreign Minister Hishamuddin Hussein confirmed that the Malaysian government would begin evacuating citizens from the northern and western regions of India via New Delhi and Mumbai in response to a surge of cases in those regions.[227]

Domestic travel

On 7 June 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin announced that interstate travel would be allowed from 10 June except in areas classified under the Enhanced Movement Control Order (EMCO).[228]

On 13 June, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that Malaysians from peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Labuan would be allowed to enter Sarawak without having to seek permission from the Sarawak Disaster Management Committee (SDMC) and take COVID-19 PCR tests prior to leaving for the state.[229]

On 15 June, Health Minister Adham Baba proposed retaining a ban on interstate travel during the Eid al-Fitr period in response to rising cases that week.[230]

In March 2021, Sabah's districts were grouped into "zones" by the state government during the recovery movement control order, and travel was possible within these zones instead of just within districts. This was in part to boost domestic tourism and was seen as successful by the government.[231]

On 8 May 2021, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob confirmed that all interstate and inter-district travel without police approval would be banned across the country from 10 May to 6 June 2021.[232]

Overseas travel and quarantine

On 31 March 2020, Defence Minister Datuk Seri Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all Malaysians returning from overseas would have to undergo a compulsory two-week quarantine at designated quarantine centres around the country.[233]

On 5 April 2020, the Johor Immigration Department announced that Malaysians with Singaporean work permits would be required to take swab tests in Singaporean clinics and hospitals to show that they are free of the coronavirus in order to return to Johor.[234]

On 18 April, the United States Embassy in Kuala Lumpur advised US nationals in Malaysia wishing to return home to make commercial arrangements as soon as possible unless they had made plans to remain in Malaysia. The US Embassy also clarified that the United States Government was not planning to charter flights to evacuate its citizens.[235]

On 27 June, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and his Singaporean counterpart Lee Hsien Loong agreed that their governments would collaborate to establish a Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA) allowing residents from both nations who hold long-term immigration passes for business and work purposes in the other country to periodically return to their home countries for short-term home leave.[236]

On 14 July, Malaysian Foreign Minister Hishammuddin Hussein and Singaporean Foreign Minister Vivian Balakrishnan announced that cross-border travel and traffic between the two countries will resume on 10 August 2020 under two schemes: the Reciprocal Green Lane (RGL) and the Periodic Commuting Arrangement (PCA). The Reciprocal Green Lane will allow essential business and official travel between the two countries while the Periodic Commuting Arrangement will allow Singaporean and Malaysian residents who hold long-term immigration business and work passes to enter for work purposes.[237][238]

On 23 July, Senior Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob announced that all travellers entering Malaysia would have to undergo mandatory quarantine at hotels and quarantine centres commencing 24 July.[239] On 30 July, Immigration Department director-general Datuk Khairul Dzaimee warned that foreigners refusing to pay the mandatory quarantine costs of RM 4,700 would have their long-term social visa passes revoked. Malaysians only have to pay half the quarantine cost.[240]

On 13 December, the Director General of Health Noor Hisham announced that the Health Ministry has reduced the quarantine period from two weeks to 10 days for all travellers and close contacts of COVID-19-positive patients.[241]

On 30 January 2021, the Singaporean Government announced that it would suspend its reciprocal "travel bubble" agreement with Malaysia in response to a spike of cases worldwide and the emergence of new variants.[242]

On 23 March, the Singaporean and Malaysian Foreign Ministers Vivian Balakrishnan and Hishamuddin Hussein announced that the two governments plan to recognise each other's COVID-19 vaccine certificates with the goal of restoring cross-border travel in the near future.[243] As of September 2021, the two governments have not yet reached to a conclusion on reopening borders. The Malaysian Foreign Minister, Saifuddin Abdullah said that Malaysia will continue negotiating with Singapore on border reopening.[244]

From September 21 onwards, fully vaccinated travellers entering Malaysia will be able to apply for home quarantine via a new portal on the Ministry of Health's website. However, they will require to make a Pre-departure Covid PCR test and will have to apply 7–10 days before their intended travel.[245]

On 24 September, National Recovery Council chairman Muhyiddin Yassin confirmed that Malaysia and Singapore would recognise each other's vaccination certificates to facilitate movement between the two countries.[246]

On 24 November, the Malaysian and Singaporean governments agreed to establish a land Vaccinated Travel Lane (VTL) between the two countries from 29 November. Under the arrangement, 2,880 vaccinated Malaysian and Singaporean citizens, permanent residents, and long-term pass holders would be able to cross the Johor–Singapore Causeway each day.[247]

On 26 November, the Government imposed temporary travel restrictions on foreign travellers from South Africa, Botswana, Eswatini, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia and Zimbabwe in response to the detection of a new COVID-19 variant known as the Omicron variant. Malaysian national and permanent residents will be allowed to enter Malaysia but will have to undergo 14 days of mandatory quarantine.[248]

On 8 March 2022, Prime Minister Ismail announced that Malaysia's borders would be fully reopened to all travellers from 1 April. Fully vaccinated travellers will be allowed to enter the country without having to undergo quarantine.[249]

Impact

Economic impact

I think it's very contained right now and there's ... no cause for panic at all, but we cannot be complacent about this and we'll continue to be on serious alert.

—Malaysia Health Minister Dzulkefly Ahmad during the conversation with CNBC on the situation of the outbreak in Malaysia, 19 February 2020.[250]

The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the Malaysian economy. By late January 2020, the Malaysian Bursa Malaysia stock market had tumbled as investors sold their stocks in response to the economic uncertainty caused by the pandemic.[251] By February 2021, the country's gross domestic product (GDP) had shrunk 3.4% in the fourth quarter from last year. In addition, the Malaysian economy contracted 5.6% for all of 2020, its worst performance since the 1998 Asian Financial Crisis.[252]

Numerous sectors including the entertainment, retail, hospitality, and tourism sectors were affected by various lockdown and social distancing restrictions in response to outbreaks of COVID-19 throughout 2020 and 2021.[253][254][255] In addition, panic buying created a shortage of commodities such as surgical masks and hand sanitisers.[256][257] In response, the government banned the export of facemasks and took steps to import more facemasks.[258]

The pandemic also drew attention to workplace safety and the exploitation of migrant workers working in Malaysian industries. In response to the emergence of COVID-19 clusters among migrant workers, the Malaysian government was forced to take steps to improve their welfare and take action against "errant" employers.[259][260] By 12 March 2021, 608,093 foreign workers had been screened for COVID-19, with 9,653 of them testing positive.[261]

On 27 September 2021, Malaysia's Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob said the country's financial position was expected to improve in 2023, with the economy targeted to grow 4.5%-5.5% per year for the next five years. Malaysia posted average annual growth of 2.7% between 2016 and 2020, due in large part to a 5.6% contraction last year due to the outbreak of COVID-19.

Social impact

The COVID-19 pandemic led to social distancing restrictions on a wide range of activities including the registration of births, marriages, and deaths, religious gatherings, education, and sporting events.[262][263][264][265][266] All sports and co-curricular activities in schools were postponed with immediate effects as announced by the country Ministry of Education.[267][266] All sports and co-curricular activities in schools were postponed with immediate effects as announced by the country Ministry of Education.[267]

Due to a decline in cases in May and June 2020, most places of worship and schools were allowed to reopen under certain health and social distancing restrictions.[268][269][270] Following a third wave of infections that began in September 2020, most places of worship and schools closed and shifted to online services and classes.[271][272]

Political impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted and affected the political system of Malaysia, causing suspensions of legislative activities and isolation of multiple politicians due to fears of spreading the virus. The onset of the pandemic coincided with a political crisis in early 2020 which continued into 2021 as the spread of COVID-19 and emergency government measures exacerbated initially unrelated political instability, culminating in the resignation of Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin and his cabinet in August 2021. Numerous elections have been postponed or suspended after the 2020 Sabah state election was blamed for a major outbreak in the state that led to the country's third wave. Several politicians have tested positive for COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021.

Aid and relief efforts

The Malaysian Government along with various non-governmental organisations (NGOs), companies, and foreign governments introduced a range of relief programs to address the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. On 23 March, the Government allocated RM600 million to the Ministry of Health for the purchase of equipment and to hire medical personnel. It also allowed contributors of the Employees Provident Fund (EPF) to withdraw up to RM500 per month for 12 months.[273] On 27 March 2020, Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin introduced an economic stimulus package known as the Prihatin ("caring package") worth RM250 billion.[274]

In addition to the federal government's efforts to provide financial relief to small traders, victims and frontline health staff, the 13 state governments launched their own stimulus packages and financial aid in the form of rental waivers and deferment of student loan repayments to help their citizens to cope throughout the virus outbreak.[275] In addition, the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister, and all other ministers and deputy ministers announced that they would contribute two months of their salaries to the COVID-19 Fund of Malaysia.[276]

Between January and March 2020, the Sabah state government and various NGOs raised aid and medical supplies for China, which was seriously affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.[277][278] Following the rise in COVID-19 cases in Malaysia, the Chinese government reciprocated Malaysia's earlier help by assisting in the distribution of aid and medical supplies in Malaysia.[279][280] In addition, Malaysia received aid from the United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Taiwan, Turkey and the multinational corporation McDonald's.[281][282][283][284][285][excessive citations]

Mercy Malaysia, the Malaysian Red Crescent Society along with various banks and telecommunications companies also provided customers with various forms of financial assistance and discounted services during the pandemic.[286][287][288][289]

Statistics

See also

References

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Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia.